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Cost of Construction Labor

and Equipment

Cost of Construction Labor

and Equipment

17/12/2013 Emad Elbeltagi 2

Steps of cost estimateSteps of cost estimate

� Review the bidding documents. Check for general conditions,

specifications and drawings. If any discrepancies exist, record

them and check with the architect or engineer.

� Review the drawings to visualize the building size, height,

shape, function and so on. Start with floor plans, cross-

sections, exterior finish system, and the roof

� Review structural drawings to get acquainted with specified

systems

� Review mechanical, electrical, fire extinguisher, and security

drawings

� Start identifying work to be done by general contractor and

work to be done by subcontractors

� Review the bidding documents. Check for general conditions,

specifications and drawings. If any discrepancies exist, record

them and check with the architect or engineer.

� Review the drawings to visualize the building size, height,

shape, function and so on. Start with floor plans, cross-

sections, exterior finish system, and the roof

� Review structural drawings to get acquainted with specified

systems

� Review mechanical, electrical, fire extinguisher, and security

drawings

� Start identifying work to be done by general contractor and

work to be done by subcontractors

Detailed Cost EstimatingDetailed Cost Estimating

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Steps of cost estimateSteps of cost estimate� Read and study thoroughly the specifications for the work to

be done by the general contractor and those related to any

subcontracted work

� Visit the project site and have with you the project manager

or field engineer

� Call a meeting with the personnel who will hold the key

supervisory positions. Establish with them the general

guidelines for quantities take off and pricing

� Develop a list of subcontractors. Notify subcontractors and

suppliers that the company is preparing a proposal and ask if

they intend to submit bids

� Develop a list of items to be considered for site overhead and

general overhead that need to be priced later

� Read and study thoroughly the specifications for the work to

be done by the general contractor and those related to any

subcontracted work

� Visit the project site and have with you the project manager

or field engineer

� Call a meeting with the personnel who will hold the key

supervisory positions. Establish with them the general

guidelines for quantities take off and pricing

� Develop a list of subcontractors. Notify subcontractors and

suppliers that the company is preparing a proposal and ask if

they intend to submit bids

� Develop a list of items to be considered for site overhead and

general overhead that need to be priced later



Steps of cost estimateSteps of cost estimate� Start the quantities takeoff for the category of construction

work selected to be done in house

� When taking off quantities, break each item down by size,

type of material, and workmanship. Also list the type of

construction equipment needed for each phase

� Condense quantities from the work up sheet by work category

and transfer them to a summary sheet for pricing

� Pricing means the cost of materials, labor, and construction

equipment. The prices used are from company available cost

files adjusted to a particular location, or from quotes from

suppliers and subcontractors

� Start the quantities takeoff for the category of construction

work selected to be done in house

� When taking off quantities, break each item down by size,

type of material, and workmanship. Also list the type of

construction equipment needed for each phase

� Condense quantities from the work up sheet by work category

and transfer them to a summary sheet for pricing

� Pricing means the cost of materials, labor, and construction

equipment. The prices used are from company available cost

files adjusted to a particular location, or from quotes from

suppliers and subcontractors


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Sources of cost informationSources of cost information� Published price books such as US Means. Price books are

published annually and contain a range of prices for standard

bills of quantities items

� Priced bills of quantities from previous projects. Adjust these

costs to location, time, etc.

� Cost analysis produced in-house, this is the most reliable

source of cost information, partly due to the fact that it is

easier to ensure good quality control on the data. Also data

presented in this format will be easily understood and

interpreted. A disadvantage is the time and cost taken to

prepare and store the information

� Published price books such as US Means. Price books are

published annually and contain a range of prices for standard

bills of quantities items

� Priced bills of quantities from previous projects. Adjust these

costs to location, time, etc.

� Cost analysis produced in-house, this is the most reliable

source of cost information, partly due to the fact that it is

easier to ensure good quality control on the data. Also data

presented in this format will be easily understood and

interpreted. A disadvantage is the time and cost taken to

prepare and store the information



� Construction is still remains as one of the few handcrafted

products

� Construction industry is one of the most labor-intensive

industries in the world

� The labor cost component of a building project often ranges from

30 to 50%

� A construction project is divided into work packages. These work

packages assigned individual worker or a crew

� A crew is a tem of workers and equipment

� Construction is still remains as one of the few handcrafted

products

� Construction industry is one of the most labor-intensive

industries in the world

� The labor cost component of a building project often ranges from

30 to 50%

� A construction project is divided into work packages. These work

packages assigned individual worker or a crew

� A crew is a tem of workers and equipment

Construction LaborConstruction Labor

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Labor Productivity (Production rates)Labor Productivity (Production rates)

� Productivity is the ratio of input versus the respective output. In

construction, the input is the work hours of a worker or a crew,

The output is the amount of work produced

� Construction productivity = quantity of work produced / time

� Example: If a bricklayer can lay 500 bricks in 8 hours, then, the

associated construction productivity is 500 bricks divided by 8

hours, which is 62 bricks per bricklayer hour

� Productivity is the ratio of input versus the respective output. In

construction, the input is the work hours of a worker or a crew,

The output is the amount of work produced

� Construction productivity = quantity of work produced / time

� Example: If a bricklayer can lay 500 bricks in 8 hours, then, the

associated construction productivity is 500 bricks divided by 8

hours, which is 62 bricks per bricklayer hour



Labor Productivity (Production rates)Labor Productivity (Production rates)

� Productivity is sometimes named as production rates

� A production rate is defined as the number of units of work

produced by a person in a specified time

� Production rates may also specify the time in man-hours or man-

days required to produce a specified number of units of work

� Production rates varies between labors, different projects,

weather conditions, work environment, etc.

� Productivity is sometimes named as production rates

� A production rate is defined as the number of units of work

produced by a person in a specified time

� Production rates may also specify the time in man-hours or man-

days required to produce a specified number of units of work

� Production rates varies between labors, different projects,

weather conditions, work environment, etc.


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Production rates sourcesProduction rates sources� Production rates can be determined from published sources such

as Means’ Building Construction Cost Data and Walker’s Building

Estimator’s Reference Book, etc.

� Means provides the crew types as well as two forms of production

rate: the daily output (unit/day) and labor hours (hr/unit)

� Production rates can be determined from published sources such

as Means’ Building Construction Cost Data and Walker’s Building

Estimator’s Reference Book, etc.

� Means provides the crew types as well as two forms of production

rate: the daily output (unit/day) and labor hours (hr/unit)



Production rates sourcesProduction rates sources

� Line 09210-100-0900, the daily output is 72.74 m2 and the labor

hours for one m2 is 0.550 hours. The bare labor cost for the line

item is $13.70/m2.

� Line 09210-100-0900, the daily output is 72.74 m2 and the labor

hours for one m2 is 0.550 hours. The bare labor cost for the line

item is $13.70/m2.


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Production rates sourcesProduction rates sources� The crew type for work in line 09210-100-0900 is Crew J-1

� Weighted wage rate = (26.65*3+22.35*2)/5 = $24.93/hr

� Bare labor unit cost = 24.93 * 40 / 72.74 = $13.7/m2

� Example: if the unit production for painting a wall is 0.55 hour per

m2. If the local wage rate including benefits is LE30 per hour, the

unit labor cost becomes LE16.50 per m2

� The crew type for work in line 09210-100-0900 is Crew J-1

� Weighted wage rate = (26.65*3+22.35*2)/5 = $24.93/hr

� Bare labor unit cost = 24.93 * 40 / 72.74 = $13.7/m2

� Example: if the unit production for painting a wall is 0.55 hour per

m2. If the local wage rate including benefits is LE30 per hour, the

unit labor cost becomes LE16.50 per m2



Estimating work durationEstimating work duration� Determining the work duration for a task involves knowledge of

the quantity of work and the production rate for the specific crew

that will perform the work

� The quantity of work associated with the material quantity is

determined by the quantity take off


as Means’ Building Construction Cost Data, etc.

� Work duration = quantity of work / number of crews × production rate

� Determining the work duration for a task involves knowledge of

the quantity of work and the production rate for the specific crew

that will perform the work

� The quantity of work associated with the material quantity is

determined by the quantity take off


as Means’ Building Construction Cost Data, etc.

� Work duration = quantity of work / number of crews × production rate


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Estimating work duration: ExamplesEstimating work duration: Examples

� Find the duration of an interior and exterior painting activities with

quantities of 440 m2 and 378 m2 respectively, using crews of 11

m2/hours and 14 m2/hours for the interior and exterior painting

activities respectively

� Interior painting duration = 440 / 11 = 40 hours

� Exterior painting duration = 378 / 14 = 27 hours

� Total work hours = 67 hours

� Find the duration of an interior and exterior painting activities with

quantities of 440 m2 and 378 m2 respectively, using crews of 11

m2/hours and 14 m2/hours for the interior and exterior painting

activities respectively

� Interior painting duration = 440 / 11 = 40 hours

� Exterior painting duration = 378 / 14 = 27 hours

� Total work hours = 67 hours



Estimating work duration: ExamplesEstimating work duration: Examples� What is the duration in days to install 6000 square feet of walls

shuttering if:

� A. Crew of 2 carpenters is used with output of 2000 square feet/day

� B. Productivity is measured as 0.008 man-hour/square feet. Number

of carpenters =3, and number of working hours/day = 8 hours

� A. Duration = 6000 / 200 = 3 days

� B. Total man-hours needed = 6000 × 0.008 = 48 man-hours (if

one man used); Duration = 48 / 8 = 6 days (if one man used);

Duration using 3 men = 6 / 3 = 2 days

� What is the duration in days to install 6000 square feet of walls

shuttering if:

� A. Crew of 2 carpenters is used with output of 2000 square feet/day

� B. Productivity is measured as 0.008 man-hour/square feet. Number

of carpenters =3, and number of working hours/day = 8 hours

� A. Duration = 6000 / 200 = 3 days

� B. Total man-hours needed = 6000 × 0.008 = 48 man-hours (if

one man used); Duration = 48 / 8 = 6 days (if one man used);

Duration using 3 men = 6 / 3 = 2 days


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Estimating labor costEstimating labor cost

� Labor costs in construction are determined by two factors:

monetary and productivity

� The monetary factor is related to hourly wage rates, wage

premiums, insurance and taxes

� Calculating labor cost requires the knowledge of the total work

hours or labor hours needed to perform all the tasks and then

applying the corresponding wage rates

� Total cost of labor = total work hour × wage rate

� Labor costs in construction are determined by two factors:

monetary and productivity

� The monetary factor is related to hourly wage rates, wage

premiums, insurance and taxes

� Calculating labor cost requires the knowledge of the total work

hours or labor hours needed to perform all the tasks and then

applying the corresponding wage rates

� Total cost of labor = total work hour × wage rate



Estimating labor cost: ExampleEstimating labor cost: Example

� An ironworker works 10hr/day, 6 days/week. A base wage of

LE20.97/hr is paid for all straight-time work, 8 hr/day, 5

day/week. An overtime rate of one time and one-half is paid

for all hours over 8 hr/day, Saturday through Wednesday, and

double time is paid for all Thursday work. The social security

tax is 7.65% and the unemployment tax is 3% of actual

wages. The rate for worker’s compensation insurance is

LE12.5 per LE100 of base wage. Calculate the average hourly

cost to hire the ironworker

� An ironworker works 10hr/day, 6 days/week. A base wage of

LE20.97/hr is paid for all straight-time work, 8 hr/day, 5

day/week. An overtime rate of one time and one-half is paid

for all hours over 8 hr/day, Saturday through Wednesday, and

double time is paid for all Thursday work. The social security

tax is 7.65% and the unemployment tax is 3% of actual

wages. The rate for worker’s compensation insurance is

LE12.5 per LE100 of base wage. Calculate the average hourly

cost to hire the ironworker


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Estimating labor cost: Example 1Estimating labor cost: Example 1� Actual hours = 10 × 6 = 60 hr

� Pay hours = weekly straight time + weekly overtime +

Thursday overtime = 5×8×1 + 5×2×1.5 + 10×2 = 75 hr

� Taxes are paid on actual wage and insurance is paid on base

wage

� Average hourly pay = (75/60) × LE20.97 = LE26.21/hr

� Social security tax= 26.21 × 0.0765 = 2.01

� Unemployment tax = 26.21 × 0.03 = 0.79

� Compensation= 12.5/100 × 20.97 = 2.62

� Then, the average hourly cost = LE 31.63/hr

� Actual hours = 10 × 6 = 60 hr

� Pay hours = weekly straight time + weekly overtime +

Thursday overtime = 5×8×1 + 5×2×1.5 + 10×2 = 75 hr

� Taxes are paid on actual wage and insurance is paid on base

wage

� Average hourly pay = (75/60) × LE20.97 = LE26.21/hr

� Social security tax= 26.21 × 0.0765 = 2.01

� Unemployment tax = 26.21 × 0.03 = 0.79

� Compensation= 12.5/100 × 20.97 = 2.62

� Then, the average hourly cost = LE 31.63/hr



Estimating labor cost: Example 2Estimating labor cost: Example 2

� The construction of a reinforced concrete wall involves placing 660

m3 concrete, fixing 50 ton of steel, and 790 m2 of formwork. The

following information belongs to the jobs involved in this activity:

� A 6 man concrete crew can place 16 m3 of concrete/day

� A steel-fixer and assistant can fix 0.5 ton of reinforcement/day

� A carpenter and assistant can fix and remove 16 m2 of

shuttering/day

� Calculate the duration of the activity considering the steel-fixer as

the critical resource

� The construction of a reinforced concrete wall involves placing 660

m3 concrete, fixing 50 ton of steel, and 790 m2 of formwork. The

following information belongs to the jobs involved in this activity:

� A 6 man concrete crew can place 16 m3 of concrete/day

� A steel-fixer and assistant can fix 0.5 ton of reinforcement/day

� A carpenter and assistant can fix and remove 16 m2 of

shuttering/day

� Calculate the duration of the activity considering the steel-fixer as

the critical resource


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Estimating labor cost: Example 2Estimating labor cost: Example 2

� Using one steel-fixer: duration = 50 / 0.5 = 100 days

� Using one carpenter: duration = 790 / 16 = 49.4 days

� Using one concreting crew: duration = 660 / 16 = 41.25

days

� Then, for a balanced mix of resources, use 2 steel-fixer

crews, one carpenter crew, and cone concreting crew.

Accordingly, the activity duration = 50 / 0.5 x 2 = 50 days

� Using one steel-fixer: duration = 50 / 0.5 = 100 days

� Using one carpenter: duration = 790 / 16 = 49.4 days

� Using one concreting crew: duration = 660 / 16 = 41.25

days

� Then, for a balanced mix of resources, use 2 steel-fixer

crews, one carpenter crew, and cone concreting crew.

Accordingly, the activity duration = 50 / 0.5 x 2 = 50 days



� Modern construction is characterized by the increasing utilization

of equipment to accomplish numerous construction activities

� In a construction project, equipment costs are typically divided

into portions

� The first and bigger portion covers the cost of equipment and

represents the cost of acquiring and operating the

equipment during the construction processes

� The second and smaller portion covers the cost of hand tools.

This represents a smaller portion of the project cost and is often

calculated as a percentage of payroll costs

� Modern construction is characterized by the increasing utilization

of equipment to accomplish numerous construction activities

� In a construction project, equipment costs are typically divided

into portions

� The first and bigger portion covers the cost of equipment and

represents the cost of acquiring and operating the

equipment during the construction processes

� The second and smaller portion covers the cost of hand tools.

This represents a smaller portion of the project cost and is often

calculated as a percentage of payroll costs

Construction EquipmentConstruction Equipment

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� Equipment are classified based on their use as specific use or

general use

� Specific use equipment is only for specific construction operations

and is removed from the job site after the task is completed

� Its usage is shorter term when compared to general use

equipment

� The most equipment-intensive operations are: site work, concrete

and metal works. Some typical equipment used for site work

includes: tractors, scrapers, front shovels, hoes, loaders and

backhoe loaders, hauling units, and compactors

� Equipment are classified based on their use as specific use or

general use

� Specific use equipment is only for specific construction operations

and is removed from the job site after the task is completed

� Its usage is shorter term when compared to general use

equipment

� The most equipment-intensive operations are: site work, concrete

and metal works. Some typical equipment used for site work

includes: tractors, scrapers, front shovels, hoes, loaders and

backhoe loaders, hauling units, and compactors

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentEquipment classificationEquipment classification


� on General use equipment has shared utilization by all

subcontractors the construction site and is not associated with

any particular work item or items

� These pieces of equipment are kept on the site over a longer

period of time, throughout almost the entire construction phase

� Some examples of general use equipment include: cranes, air

compressors, light towers, forklifts and pumps

� on General use equipment has shared utilization by all

subcontractors the construction site and is not associated with

any particular work item or items

� These pieces of equipment are kept on the site over a longer

period of time, throughout almost the entire construction phase

� Some examples of general use equipment include: cranes, air

compressors, light towers, forklifts and pumps

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentEquipment classificationEquipment classification

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� Many factors can influence the selection of equipment on a

construction site: site conditions, the nature of the work,

and equipment characteristics

� Site conditions such as: types of material to be handled,

onsite physical constraints, and hauling distances

� The compaction of clayey soil is done best with a sheep’s foot

roller, whereas more sandy soil is best compacted with a vibratory

roller

� site area and layout, surface condition, topography, and adjacent

neighborhood

� Many factors can influence the selection of equipment on a

construction site: site conditions, the nature of the work,

and equipment characteristics

� Site conditions such as: types of material to be handled,

onsite physical constraints, and hauling distances

� The compaction of clayey soil is done best with a sheep’s foot

roller, whereas more sandy soil is best compacted with a vibratory

roller

� site area and layout, surface condition, topography, and adjacent

neighborhood

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentEquipment SelectionEquipment Selection


� The bearing capacity of the soil; low bearing capacity soil may

require track-type instead of wheel-type equipment

� The neighborhood of the construction site, such as other

buildings and traffic in the area, as it can also offer obstacles to

equipment movement or certain construction operations

� Hauling distances, for short hauls a loader can pick up the load

and move it to a dump area. Longer hauling distances, a dump

truck can be used for hauling and dumping

� The longer the hauling distance, the more advantage is in using

higher capacity hauling units since they can be more cost

effective

� The bearing capacity of the soil; low bearing capacity soil may

require track-type instead of wheel-type equipment

� The neighborhood of the construction site, such as other

buildings and traffic in the area, as it can also offer obstacles to

equipment movement or certain construction operations

� Hauling distances, for short hauls a loader can pick up the load

and move it to a dump area. Longer hauling distances, a dump

truck can be used for hauling and dumping

� The longer the hauling distance, the more advantage is in using

higher capacity hauling units since they can be more cost

effective


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� The payload, the total quantity of work, and the schedule

� the particular crane selected must be able to lift the maximum

load the work may require

� A higher quantity of work can influence and justify the selection

of higher capacity equipment

� On some projects, costs may not be the governing constraint;

instead, the construction schedule might be

� A tighter schedule often requires higher productivity

units, such as those with higher power, bigger capacity, more

mobility

� The payload, the total quantity of work, and the schedule

� the particular crane selected must be able to lift the maximum

load the work may require

� A higher quantity of work can influence and justify the selection

of higher capacity equipment

� On some projects, costs may not be the governing constraint;

instead, the construction schedule might be

� A tighter schedule often requires higher productivity

units, such as those with higher power, bigger capacity, more

mobility



� Equipment characteristics are related to equipment

capabilities (capacities and versatility) and costs

� Capacity can be in the form of maximum allowable payload and

maximum volume that can be handled

� Versatility refers to the degree of applicability of a unit to

perform many different operations

� Versatility can make a piece of equipment more useful on a site,

thus replacing the need for more specialized units.

� The selected pieces of equipment that produce the lowest cost

are ideal for the project

� Equipment characteristics are related to equipment

capabilities (capacities and versatility) and costs

� Capacity can be in the form of maximum allowable payload and

maximum volume that can be handled

� Versatility refers to the degree of applicability of a unit to

perform many different operations

� Versatility can make a piece of equipment more useful on a site,

thus replacing the need for more specialized units.

� The selected pieces of equipment that produce the lowest cost

are ideal for the project


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� Construction equipment could be purchased or rented

� The choice between purchase and rental depends on the amount

of time the equipment will be used in the contractor’s operations

� If extensive use of the equipment is required, the equipment is

always purchased

� If the equipment is to be used a limited amount of time, it is

typically rented

� The purchase of equipment represents a capital investment by

the construction contractor

� Construction equipment could be purchased or rented

� The choice between purchase and rental depends on the amount

of time the equipment will be used in the contractor’s operations

� If extensive use of the equipment is required, the equipment is

always purchased

� If the equipment is to be used a limited amount of time, it is

typically rented

� The purchase of equipment represents a capital investment by

the construction contractor

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentRenting versus purchasing EquipmentRenting versus purchasing Equipment


� No need to maintain a large inventory of specialized equipment

� Continuous access to the newest and most efficient items of

available equipment

� No need for equipment warehouse and storage facilities

� Reduced need to employ maintenance staff and operate facilities

for their use

� Equipment cost accounting is simpler when equipment is rented

� No need to maintain a large inventory of specialized equipment

� Continuous access to the newest and most efficient items of

available equipment

� No need for equipment warehouse and storage facilities

� Reduced need to employ maintenance staff and operate facilities

for their use

� Equipment cost accounting is simpler when equipment is rented

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentRenting advantagesRenting advantages

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� Factors pertaining to ownership and economics make purchasing

alternative more favorable

� Steady use for certain equipment, owing such equipment may be

financially better

� Ownership shows financial stability

� Owners ask contractors who bid on their projects to list the

company-owned equipment, bid evaluation

� Decisions on maintenance and servicing can be easily made

� Absolute control on the use and disposition of equipment

� Factors pertaining to ownership and economics make purchasing

alternative more favorable

� Steady use for certain equipment, owing such equipment may be

financially better

� Ownership shows financial stability

� Owners ask contractors who bid on their projects to list the

company-owned equipment, bid evaluation

� Decisions on maintenance and servicing can be easily made

� Absolute control on the use and disposition of equipment

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentPurchasing advantagesPurchasing advantages


� The value of money is dependent on the time at which it is

received

� Investing a current amount of money, P, for n years, with interest

rate (i) will result in a future amount, F

F = P × (1 + i)n

� The present value (the discounted value), P, of a future some of

money, F, that will be received after n years if the discount rate is

”i”

P = F / (1 + i)n

� The value of money is dependent on the time at which it is

received

� Investing a current amount of money, P, for n years, with interest

rate (i) will result in a future amount, F

F = P × (1 + i)n

� The present value (the discounted value), P, of a future some of

money, F, that will be received after n years if the discount rate is

”i”

P = F / (1 + i)n

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentTime value of MoneyTime value of Money

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� The Future Value, F, of a uniform annual payment, C, is calculated

at the end of the period, n, in which the last payment occurs with

an investment rate i

� The annual uniform amount, C, to be invested at the end of each

period in order to produce a fixed amount, F, at the end of n

periods with interest rate i (Sinking fund equation)

� The Future Value, F, of a uniform annual payment, C, is calculated

at the end of the period, n, in which the last payment occurs with

an investment rate i

� The annual uniform amount, C, to be invested at the end of each

period in order to produce a fixed amount, F, at the end of n

periods with interest rate i (Sinking fund equation)



� The present value, P, of a future amount of money, F, from a

uniform series payments, C

� the value of a uniform series payment, C, when the present sum,

P, (capital recovery equation)

� The present value, P, of a future amount of money, F, from a

uniform series payments, C

� the value of a uniform series payment, C, when the present sum,

P, (capital recovery equation)


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� Estimating equipment cost involves identifying the

ownership and operating costs

� Ownership costs include: initial cost, financing (investment)

costs, depreciation costs and taxes and insurance costs

� The operating costs include: maintenance and repair costs,

storage costs and fuel and lubrication costs

� Estimating equipment cost involves identifying the

ownership and operating costs

� Ownership costs include: initial cost, financing (investment)

costs, depreciation costs and taxes and insurance costs

� The operating costs include: maintenance and repair costs,

storage costs and fuel and lubrication costs

Equipment CostsEquipment CostsEstimating Equipment CostEstimating Equipment Cost


� The initial cost is the total cost required to purchase a piece of

equipment

� This initial cost is the basis for determining other costs related to

ownership as well as operating costs

� Generally, initial cost is made up of: price at the factory or used

equipment price, extra options and accessories, sales tax, freight

and assembly or setup charges

� The initial cost is very straight forward, whereas the other costs

require more analysis and computation

� The initial cost is the total cost required to purchase a piece of

equipment

� This initial cost is the basis for determining other costs related to

ownership as well as operating costs

� Generally, initial cost is made up of: price at the factory or used

equipment price, extra options and accessories, sales tax, freight

and assembly or setup charges

� The initial cost is very straight forward, whereas the other costs

require more analysis and computation

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentInitial costInitial cost

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� The purchase of construction equipment requires a significant

investment of money. This money either be borrowed from a

lender, or it will be taken from reserve fund of the contractor

� In order to calculate the cost of finance, both the purchase price,

P, and the salvage value, F, should be converted into uniform

annual values

� The purchase of construction equipment requires a significant

investment of money. This money either be borrowed from a

lender, or it will be taken from reserve fund of the contractor

� In order to calculate the cost of finance, both the purchase price,

P, and the salvage value, F, should be converted into uniform

annual values

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentInvestment cost (Cost of finance)Investment cost (Cost of finance)


� An excavator purchase price is LE460,000 and its salvage value is

LE40,000 after 10 years of useful life. Find the annual cost of

finance of this excavator if the annual interest rate is 15%

� P = 460,000; F = 40,000; n = 10; i = 15%

� Annual cost of finance = LE47,684/year

� An excavator purchase price is LE460,000 and its salvage value is

LE40,000 after 10 years of useful life. Find the annual cost of

finance of this excavator if the annual interest rate is 15%

� P = 460,000; F = 40,000; n = 10; i = 15%

� Annual cost of finance = LE47,684/year

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentInvestment cost (Example)Investment cost (Example)

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� The depreciation in defined as “the decrease in market value of

an asset”

� A machine may depreciate because it is wearing out and no

longer performing its function as well as when it was new

� Another aspect of depreciation is that caused by obsolescence

� A machine is described as obsolete when the function it performs

can be done in some better manner

� A machine may be in excellent working condition, yet may still be

obsolete. For example, electronic machines, computers

� The depreciation in defined as “the decrease in market value of

an asset”

� A machine may depreciate because it is wearing out and no

longer performing its function as well as when it was new

� Another aspect of depreciation is that caused by obsolescence

� A machine is described as obsolete when the function it performs

can be done in some better manner

� A machine may be in excellent working condition, yet may still be

obsolete. For example, electronic machines, computers

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciationDepreciation


� The initial value represents the purchase price of an asset

� Salvage value represents the expected price for selling the asset

at the end of its useful life

� The book value represents the current value in the accounting

systems

� The book value equals the initial value of the asset minus all the

depreciation costs till given time

� The market value represents the value of the asset if it is sold in

the free market

� The initial value represents the purchase price of an asset

� Salvage value represents the expected price for selling the asset

at the end of its useful life

� The book value represents the current value in the accounting

systems

� The book value equals the initial value of the asset minus all the

depreciation costs till given time

� The market value represents the value of the asset if it is sold in

the free market

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciationDepreciation

20


� The simplest and best known of the various depreciation methods

� The straight-line method assumes linear depreciation or the

depreciation cost is allocated equally over the asset useful life

� (Annual depreciation charge) Dn = (P – F) / N

� Example: If the purchase price of an equipment is LE60,000 and

its salvage value after 8 years is LE6,000, calculate the annual

depreciation and the book value of the equipment each year

� Total depreciation = 60000 – 6000 = LE54,000

� Annual depreciation = 54000 / 8 = LE6,750

� The simplest and best known of the various depreciation methods

� The straight-line method assumes linear depreciation or the

depreciation cost is allocated equally over the asset useful life

� (Annual depreciation charge) Dn = (P – F) / N





� Annual depreciation = 54000 / 8 = LE6,750

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciation: straight-line method Depreciation: straight-line method


Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciation: straight-line method Depreciation: straight-line method

Year Annual depreciation Book value

0 0 60,000

1 6,750 53,250

2 6,750 46,500

3 6,750 39,750

4 6,750 33,000

5 6,750 26,250

6 6,750 19,500

7 6,750 12,750

8 6,750 6,000

21


� This method results in faster depreciation at the early life of an

asset

� Each year, the depreciation is computed as the remaining

life at the beginning of the year divided by the

sum of the years digits for the total life, multiplied by the

total amount of depreciation

� Dn = (Remaining useful life at beginning of a year / Sum of years

digits) × (P – F)

� This method results in faster depreciation at the early life of an

asset

� Each year, the depreciation is computed as the remaining

life at the beginning of the year divided by the

sum of the years digits for the total life, multiplied by the

total amount of depreciation

� Dn = (Remaining useful life at beginning of a year / Sum of years

digits) × (P – F)

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciation: Sum-of-years digitsDepreciation: Sum-of-years digits





� P = 60,000; F = 6,000; N = 8


� Sum-of-years digits = 8 (8 + 1) / 2 = 36 years

� Depreciation = (8-n+1)/36 x 54000

� Calculate for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8




� P = 60,000; F = 6,000; N = 8


� Sum-of-years digits = 8 (8 + 1) / 2 = 36 years

� Depreciation = (8-n+1)/36 x 54000

� Calculate for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8


22



YearRemaining life /

sum-of-years

Annual

depreciationBook value

0 0 0 60,000

1 8/36 12,000 48,000

2 7/36 10,500 37,500

3 6/36 9,000 28,500

4 5/36 7,500 21,000

5 4/36 6,000 15,000

6 3/36 4,500 10,500

7 2/36 3,000 7,500

8 1/36 1,500 6,000


� This method assumes that the asset initial value – the salvage

value are converted into a series of uniform payments over the

asset life

� The amount of yearly depreciation is invested in a compound

manner for the remaining period

� Dn = C × (1 + i)n-1 ; n = 1, 2, 3, …….. ……., N

� This method assumes that the asset initial value – the salvage

value are converted into a series of uniform payments over the

asset life

� The amount of yearly depreciation is invested in a compound

manner for the remaining period

� Dn = C × (1 + i)n-1 ; n = 1, 2, 3, …….. ……., N

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciation: Sinking fundDepreciation: Sinking fund

−+×−=

1)1()(

ni

iFPC

23


� Example: Assume the same previous example with interest rate of

10%

� P = 60,000; F = 6,000; N = 8; i =10%

� C = (60000 – 6000) × [(0.1) / (1.18 – 1)] = LE4,722

� At the first year: D1 = LE4,722

� At the second year: D2 = 4722 × (1.1) = LE5,194

� At the third year: D3 = 4722 × (1.1)2 = LE5,714

� …

� At the eighth year: D8 = 4722 × (1.1)7 = LE9,202

� Example: Assume the same previous example with interest rate of

10%

� P = 60,000; F = 6,000; N = 8; i =10%

� C = (60000 – 6000) × [(0.1) / (1.18 – 1)] = LE4,722

� At the first year: D1 = LE4,722

� At the second year: D2 = 4722 × (1.1) = LE5,194

� At the third year: D3 = 4722 × (1.1)2 = LE5,714

� …

� At the eighth year: D8 = 4722 × (1.1)7 = LE9,202




Year Annual depreciation Book value

0 0 60,000

1 4,722 55,278

2 5,194 50,084

3 5,714 44,370

4 6,285 38,085

5 6,913 31,172

6 7,605 23,567

7 8,365 15,202

8 9,202 6,000

24


Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentDepreciation: ComparisonDepreciation: Comparison

Age

Book value

Salvage value

Initial value

Sinking fund

Sum-of years

Straight- line


� Operating cost accrue only when the equipment is used, whereas

ownership costs accrue whether or not the equipment is used

� Operating costs include maintenance and repairs, fuel, oil and

lubricants

� The cost for maintenance and repairs include the expenditures for

parts and labor required to keep the equipment in good condition

� The annual cost of maintenance and repairs is often expressed as

a percentage of purchase prices or as a percentage of the

straight-line depreciation costs

� Operating cost accrue only when the equipment is used, whereas

ownership costs accrue whether or not the equipment is used

� Operating costs include maintenance and repairs, fuel, oil and

lubricants

� The cost for maintenance and repairs include the expenditures for

parts and labor required to keep the equipment in good condition

� The annual cost of maintenance and repairs is often expressed as

a percentage of purchase prices or as a percentage of the

straight-line depreciation costs

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentOperating CostsOperating Costs

25


� Fuel consumption: a gasoline engine consume approximately 0.06

gallon of fuel for each horsepower-hour. A diesel engine consume

approximately 0.04 gallon of fuel for each horsepower-hour

� Lubricating oil consumption: The quantity of lubricating oil

consumed by an engine varies with the engine size , the capacity,

the equipment condition and number of hours between oil change

� Cost of rubber tires: tires life usually not be the same as the

equipment on which they are used

� Thus, the cost of depreciation and repairs for tires should be

estimated separately from the equipment

.

� Fuel consumption: a gasoline engine consume approximately 0.06

gallon of fuel for each horsepower-hour. A diesel engine consume

approximately 0.04 gallon of fuel for each horsepower-hour

� Lubricating oil consumption: The quantity of lubricating oil

consumed by an engine varies with the engine size , the capacity,

the equipment condition and number of hours between oil change

� Cost of rubber tires: tires life usually not be the same as the

equipment on which they are used

� Thus, the cost of depreciation and repairs for tires should be

estimated separately from the equipment

.

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentOperating CostsOperating Costs


� Calculate the ownership cost per hour for an excavator powered

by a 250-hp engine based on the following data:

� Purchase price (P) = LE420,000; Salvage value (F) = LE250,000

� Operation factor = 50%; Useful life (N) = 6 years

� Working hours per year = 2000

� Maintenance and repair costs = 110% of annual depreciation

� Diesel fuel price = 3.8/gallon

� Fuel consumption = 0.04 gallon/hp/hr

� Lube oil cost = 10% of fuel; Interest rate (i) = 10%

.

� Calculate the ownership cost per hour for an excavator powered

by a 250-hp engine based on the following data:

� Purchase price (P) = LE420,000; Salvage value (F) = LE250,000

� Operation factor = 50%; Useful life (N) = 6 years

� Working hours per year = 2000

� Maintenance and repair costs = 110% of annual depreciation

� Diesel fuel price = 3.8/gallon

� Fuel consumption = 0.04 gallon/hp/hr

� Lube oil cost = 10% of fuel; Interest rate (i) = 10%

.

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentExampleExample

26


� Depreciation (assume straight-line) = (420000 – 250000) / 6 =

LE28333.33/year

� Annual investment = (420000 × 0.2296 – 70000) – (250000 ×

0.1296 – 41666.67) = 26432 – (- 9264.82) = LE35696.82/year

� Maintenance and repair cost = 1.1 × 28333.33 =

LE31166.67/year

� Then, the total yearly costs = 28333.33 + 35696.82 + 31166.67

= LE95196.81/year

� Depreciation (assume straight-line) = (420000 – 250000) / 6 =

LE28333.33/year

� Annual investment = (420000 × 0.2296 – 70000) – (250000 ×

0.1296 – 41666.67) = 26432 – (- 9264.82) = LE35696.82/year

� Maintenance and repair cost = 1.1 × 28333.33 =

LE31166.67/year

� Then, the total yearly costs = 28333.33 + 35696.82 + 31166.67

= LE95196.81/year

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentSolutionSolution

−

−−

−

−=

6

250000

1)11(

10250000

6

420000

1)11(

)11(10420000

66

6

.

.

.

..investmentAnnual


� Accordingly, the hourly cost = 95196.81 / 2000 = LE47.6/hr

� Fuel consumption = 250 × 0.04 × 0.5 = 5 gallon/hr

� Fuel cost = 5 × 3.8 = LE19/hr

� Lubricate oil cost = 19 × 0.1 = LE1.9/hr

� Finally, the total hourly cost = 47.6 + 19 + 1.9 = LE68.5/hr

� Accordingly, the hourly cost = 95196.81 / 2000 = LE47.6/hr

� Fuel consumption = 250 × 0.04 × 0.5 = 5 gallon/hr

� Fuel cost = 5 × 3.8 = LE19/hr

� Lubricate oil cost = 19 × 0.1 = LE1.9/hr

� Finally, the total hourly cost = 47.6 + 19 + 1.9 = LE68.5/hr

Construction EquipmentConstruction EquipmentSolutionSolution

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Cost of Construction Labor and Equipment - Delta Univdeltauniv.edu.eg/new/engineering/wp-content/uploads/Cost...1 Cost of Construction Labor and Equipment 17/12/2013 Emad Elbeltagi