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8/4/2019 Cost of Capital Note
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COST OF CAPITAL
COST OF CAPITAL:
Cost of capital is the minimum return that a coy should make on its investment toearn the cash-flow out of which provider of fund can be paid their return. The cost of
capital is therefore the rate of return that the business must pay to satisfy the
investors.
ELEMENTS OF COST OF CAPITAL:
The cost of capital has 3 elements:
The Risk Free Rate Of Return: This is the minimum in return that would be required
from an investment if it were to be completely free from risk and that is why it isknown as the risk free rate of return, example is the return on government bond.
Premium For Business Risk: This is an increase in the required rate of return due
to the uncertainty about the future and about a firms business prospects. As a result
of uncertainty and risk, the return expected by investor is higher than the risk free
return.
Premium For Financial Risk: This relates to the danger of high debt level (High
Gearing).The higher the company Gearing, the greater will be financial risk to
Ordinary Shareholders, and this should be reflected in higher risk premium andtherefore a higher cost of capital.
COST OF ORDINARY SHARE CAPITAL
The cost of ordinary share capital is the minimum return expected by the providers of
Equity Capital within the business. Fund from Equity Shareholder are obtained at via
new issues of shares or from retained earnings. Both of which has a cost. The cost
of Ordinary Share capital can be calculated using the following Models:
1.DIVIDEND VALUATION MODEL:
Is a model that is used to estimate the cost of Equity on the assumption of the
market value of shares is directly related to the expected future dividend on the
shares
If the expected future dividend per-share is constant, then the ex-dividend share
price will be calculated:
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FORMULAR:
Po = d + d + d +.........=(1+Ke) (1+Ke)
2 (1+Ke)
3
By substitution ke= d/po
Where the dividend is expected to increase year by year and not remain constant in
perpetuity, the market price of the share is the present value of the discounted future
cash-flow of revenue from the share.
FORMULAR:
Po = dO (1+g) + do (1+g)2 +............
(1+Ke) (1+Ke)2
By substitution also Po = dO (1+g) = d1(Ke-g) (Ke-g)
And both Ke and g are expressed as proportionsWhere: Po is the current market price (ex div)
Do is the current net dividendKe is the cost of Equity capitalg is the expected annual growth in divided payment proportions
WEAKNESS OF DIVIDEND GROWTH AND ODD
It assumes there are issues cost for new shares.
It does not make allowance for the efficiency of tax.
It does not incorporate risk.
Capital gain is not accounted for by D.G.M. (Director General Manager).
Dividend growth calculation is only in approximation
2. THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM)
Is a model that is used to calculate the cost of equity and which incorporates risk
This model is based on comparison of the systematic risk of individual investment
with the risks of all shares in the market (trying to compare the risk of a company to
the risk on the market).
Systematic Risk: Market risks are unavoidable and non diversifiable risk that is
general to the market as a whole.
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Unsystematic Risk: Otherwise known as Business risk are avoidable non
diversifiable risk the applies to a single investment or class of investment an can be
reduced or eliminated by diversification.
Beta Factor: Is the measure of the systematic risk of a security relative to the
market portfolio. BF measures shares validity in terms of market risk. If a share price
were to rise or fall at double the market rate, it would have a beta of 2. Conversely, if
the share moves at half the market rate, the beta factor would be 0.5.
CAPM IN INVESTMENT APPRAISAL
CAPM can also be used to calculate projects specific cost of capital. The required
project is based on the expected market return, risk free return and the Beta factor of
the project.
LIMITATION OF CAPM IN INVESTMENT
The need to determine the risk free rate of return may vary with term of
lending
The need to determine the excess return [Rm-Rf] r(isk premium)
It is hard to estimate return on project market return and probabilities under
different economic environment
GEARED AND UNGEARED BETA
When an investment has a different business and financial Risk from the existingbusiness the GEARED BETA may be used to obtain an appropriate rate of return
using the formula below
Ba = Ve *Be + Ve BdVe+Vd (1-T) Ve+Vd (1-T)
Where Ba= is the asset or Geared betaBe= is the Equity or Geared beta
Bd= is the Beta factor of debt capital in the companyVe= is market value of Equity in the GearedVd= is the market value of debt in the Geared CompanyT is the tax rate.
Debt is assumed to be risk free and its beta Bd is taken to be zero which reduces theformula to
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COST OF DEBT
This represent the return that must be paid the lenders .these debt can either be
redeemable or irredeemable debt.i.e the cost of continuing to use the finance that
redeemed security at their current market price
IRREDEEMABLE DEBT CAPITAL this is interest paid in perpetuity to lender of debt
capital and its determine as
Kd= i or i [1-T]Po Po
Where kd = cost of irredeemable debtI = interest
Po = ex-interest current price of debt
REDEEMABLE COST OF DEBT: The cost of redeemable debt is calculated byconsidering all the interest payable and the capital sum be paid on redemption.
IRR=LR+ NPVLR (HR-LR)%NPVLR+NPVHR)
Where LR = the lower rate of returnHR = the higher rate of return
NPVLR = the NPV obtained using the lower rate
NPVHR = the NPV obtained using the lower rate
CONVERTIBLE DEBT: This represent debt which convey on the holder the right toconvert into other security usually equity at a specific time. The cost of convertibledebt will depend on whether the conversion is likely to happen or not.If conversion is expected the IRR method for calculating the cost of redeemable debtis used, but:
The years to redemption is replaced by the year conversion.
The redemption value is replaced by conversion value.
P0 (1+g)n
RWhere
Po = is the current price of or the share ex-divg = is the expected annual growth in share priceR = no of shares to be received on conversionN = no of years to conversion.
*If Conversion is not expected, the conversion value is ignored and the bond is to
rated as redeemable debt.
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THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL:
This is the average cost of companys finance weighted according to the proportion
each element bears to the total pool of capital. It is calculated by weighting the cost
of the individual sources of finance according to their relative importance and the
source of finance.
In most cases it will be difficult to associate a particular project with a particular
source of finance because a companys fund is viewed as a pool of resources.
Money is withdrawn from the pool to invest in new projects, and added to the pool as
new finance is raised. it is therefore it will be appropriate to use an average cost of
capital as the discounted rate. WACC is calculated as
WACC = WACC == Ve *Ke + Ve Kd(1-T)
Ve+Vd Ve+Vd
Ve= the market value of Equity
Vd = the market value of Debt
Ke= the cost of Equity Capital
Kd= the cost of Debt
T= is the rate of company tax