Cosmology, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics

István Horváth

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„Astro” Nobel Prizes in Physics

1936 Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson

1967 Hans A. Bethe

1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish

1978 Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert W. Wilson

1983 S. Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler

1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor

2002 R. Davis, M. Koshiba, R. Giacconi

2006 John C. Mather, George F. Smoot 11. Zimányi Winter School 2

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Hubble 1923

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Andromeda Galaxy

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Hubble’s law (1929)

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Hubble time and the age of the Universe

Hubble const. Hubble time Universe’s age H 1/H 2/3H km/sMpc Gyr Gyr 50 19.5 13.04 65 15 10.0 70 9.3 75 8.7 100 9.8 6.52 500 2 1.3

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Expanding Universe

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1948: Gamow and Alpher: Big Bang theory of the Universe Remaining radiation about 5 Kelvin. (now called CMB)Penzias and Wilson found it. Nobel Prize 1978!

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COBE (November 18, 1989)

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April 23, 1992,

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Power Spectra

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General Relativity, A. Einstein 1916Einstein eq.

Friedmann solutions 1922

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deceleration parameter

Friedmann eq.

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Standard Cosmology.

if k = 0 and Λ = 0 the critical density

radiation wi = 1/3

nonrelativistic matter wi = 0

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Different Universe models

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„History” I.

1938 Walter Baade: SN as distant indicator

1983 Nobel Prize Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 Solar mass) Fowler nuclear reactions (SN Ia)

80’ British-Danish 1.5 m telescope 2 high-z SN for two years, one is Ia z=0.31 For a good statistics, 200 years needed

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Distant supernovae (HST NASA)

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Ia supernova

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„History” II.

1988 Saul Perlmutter (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Supernova Cosmology Project (first high z 1992)

1993 Hamuy and Mark Phillips standardization

1994 Schmidt and Robert Kirshner High-z Supernova Search Team „The HZT article is based on observations of 16

SNe Ia mainly analyzed by Adam Riess”11. Zimányi Winter School 27

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Ia supernovae (Riess et al.)

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Ia supernovae (Riess et al.)

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MTA KTM CsKI Szeminárium 3811. Zimányi Winter School 38

From I. Csabai. The SDSS team was asked.

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1990Nature.343..726B pencil beamLarge-scale distribution of galaxies at the Galactic poles

Broadhurst, T. J.; Ellis, R. S.; Koo, D. C.; Szalay, A. S.

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1992Ap&SS.191..107PPaal, G.; Horvath, I.; Lukacs, B.

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Cosmological constant needed

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Thank you Thank you very much! very much!

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