Cosmic Rays under the KneeCosmic Rays under the Knee

Piergiorgio Picozza INFN & University of Rome “ Tor Vergata”

21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium Košice, Slovakia

9 - 12 September 2008

High Z[ENTICE, ECCO]

Isotopic

composition [ACE]

Solar Modulation

AntimatterDark Matter

[BESS, PAMELA, AMS]

Elemental Composition

[CREAM, ATIC, TRACER, NUCLEON,CALET, ACCESS?, INCA?,

Extreme Energy CR[AUGER, EUSO, TUS/KLYPVE, OWL??]

An OverviewAn Overview

Elemental Composition

Antimatter and Dark Matter research

Solar modulation

ACCESS ACE AMS-02 ATIC BESS CALET CREAM HEAO HIMAX INCA

JACEE NUCLEON PAMELA PPB-BETS PROTON sat. RUNJOB SOKOL TIGER TRACER

Elemental CompositionElemental CompositionDirect ExperimentsDirect Experiments

What Kind of Data?What Kind of Data?

C.R. energy spectra

C.R. relative abundances

Secondary/primary C.R. fluxes ratios

ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1 ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1

proton

ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1 ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1

He

ATIC 2ATIC 2

ATIC 2 Average MassATIC 2 Average Mass

astro-ph/0612377

CREAM 1-2 CREAM 1-2

Energy SpectraTRACER 2003

Astrophysical Journal 678, 262 (2008)

Fit > 20 GeV / amu

Γ = 2.65 ± 0.05

Spectral Indices vs ChargeTRACER 2003

No evidence for any Z dependence in the spectral indices.

Points to common origin for all species.

TRACER 2003 Comparison with Air-showers

TRACER – single element (O, Fe) Airshowers : CNO group, Fe Group

Some comparisonsSome comparisons

Wefel credit

CREAM 2 CREAM 2

TIGERTIGER Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder

Secondaries / primaries Secondaries / primaries i.e. Boron/ Carbon to constrain propagation parametersi.e. Boron/ Carbon to constrain propagation parameters

D. Maurin, F. Donato R. Taillet and P.Salati ApJ, 555, 585, 2001 [astro-ph/0101231]

F. Donato et.al, ApJ, 563, 172, 2001 [astro-ph/0103150]

AstrophysicAstrophysicB/CB/C

constraintsconstraints

Nuclear Nuclear cross cross

sections!!sections!!

B/C Ratio Antiproton flux

Diffusion Halo ModelDiffusion Halo Model

CREAM CREAM

δδ = = 0.33 top0.33 top 0.6 med.0.6 med. 0.7 bot.0.7 bot.

astro-ph/0808.1718

ATIC ATIC

B/C selected experimentsB/C selected experiments

CREAM 2 CREAM 2 astro-ph/0808.1718 ATIC

Elemental CompositionElemental Composition

Direct measurements well determine C.R. elemental composition under the knee.

As a result important hints to acceleration processes and propagation of cosmic rays through the ISM are obtained.

New data on secondary to primary (B/C) ratio in cosmic rays fluxes are providing unique tools to characterize the diffusion properties of ISM.

AMSPAMELA AMS PAMELA AMS in Spacein Space

AcceleratorsAccelerators

The Big Bang origin of the Universe requires matter and antimatter

to be equally abundant at the very hot beginning

Search for the existence of anti Universe Search for th

e origin of th

e Universe

Search for the existence of Antimatter in the Search for the existence of Antimatter in the UniverseUniverse

4% 23% 73%

(GLAST AMS-02)

Signal (supersymmetry)…

… and background

Antimatter and Dark Matter Research

- BESS (93, 95, 97, 98, BESS (93, 95, 97, 98,

2000)2000)

- IMAX (1992)IMAX (1992)

- Heat (94, 95, 2000)Heat (94, 95, 2000)

- BESS LDF (2004)BESS LDF (2004)

- ATIC (2001, 2003, 2005)ATIC (2001, 2003, 2005)

- PPB-BETS (2004)PPB-BETS (2004)

- AMS-01 (98) AMS-01 (98)

Wizard Collaboration

- - MASS – 1,2 (89,91)MASS – 1,2 (89,91)

--TrampSI (93)TrampSI (93)

-CAPRICE (94, 97, 98)CAPRICE (94, 97, 98)

AntimatterAntimatter

“We must regard it rather an accident that the Earth and presumably the whole Solar System contains a preponderance of negative electrons and positive protons. It is quite possible that for some of the stars it is the other way about” P. Dirac, Nobel lecture (1933)

Secondary production Bergström et al. ApJ 526 (1999) 215

Secondary production (upper and lower limits)Simon et al. ApJ 499 (1998) 250.

from χχ annihilation (Primary production m(c) = 964 GeV)

Ullio : astro-ph/9904086

P

astro-ph/0805.1754

Antiproton-Proton RatioAntiproton-Proton Ratio

Positron - Electron ratioPositron - Electron ratio

Positrons with HEAT Positrons with HEAT

PAMELAPAMELAPPayload for ayload for AAntimatter ntimatter MMatter atter EExploration and xploration and

LLight Nucleiight Nuclei AAstrophysicsstrophysics

LaunchLaunch15/06/0615/06/06

16 Gigabytes trasmitted 16 Gigabytes trasmitted daily to Grounddaily to Ground

NTsOMZ MoscowNTsOMZ Moscow

PAMELA

Positron/electron ratioPositron/electron ratio

PPB-BETSPPB-BETS [astro-

ph/0809.0760]

01/2004Antartica

The Next FutureThe Next Future

Goal of The Project

NUCLNUCLEEONON

Direct cosmic ray (CR)

measurements in wide energy

and charge range

in the near-Earth space

Protons

Fe

C-target

<S> ~ E0.8

Estimate Eprimary by S = i2 Ni

PseudorapiditiesPseudorapidities : : i = - ln tg

(i/2)

- Converter e+e-

Kinematics Lightweight Energy Kinematics Lightweight Energy Method Method The idea is to measure the spatial density of secondary

particles with a silicon tracker and use kinematics (pseudorapidities of secondary products) to infer the Lorentz

factor of the primary particle.

NUCLEON NUCLEON The charge measuring system: 4 silicon detectors layers. Tracker and energy system: a carbon block as a target, 6

identical layers of micro-strip silicon detectors, 2 identical tungsten layers as a gamma-converter.

Taiwan

CSISTNCUAcademia SinicaNSPO

KoreaIHEP

HelsinkiTurku

Aarhus

Ciemat-Madrid

LIP-Lisbon

MITYaleJohns HopkinsMarylandFlorida

A&MMexico

BolognaMilanoPerugiaPisaRomaSiena

AnnecyGrenobleMontpellier

IEE, IHEP

Jiao Tong UniversitySoutheast University

ESANIKHEF

NLR, Amsterdam

ETH-ZurichGeneva Univ.

Kurchatov Inst.Inst. of Theor. & Experimental Physics

Moscow State Univercity

Achen I & IIIKarlsruheMunich

Bucharest

AMS-02 on ISSAMS-02 on ISSIn Orbit 2010In Orbit 2010

TRD

RICH

VacuumCase

Tracker

MA

GN

ET

He V

essel

The Completed AMS Detector on ISSTransition Radiation

Detector (TRD)

Silicon Tracker

Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL)

Magnet

Ring Image Cerenkov Counter (RICH)

Time of Flight Detector (TOF)

Size: 3m x 3m x 3mWeight: 7 tons

Combining searches in different channels could give (much) higher sensitiviy to SUSY DM signals

antiprotons

positrons

gamma raysanti deuterons

Unique Feature

Of AMS

Solar ModulationSolar Modulation

BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007

astro-ph/0805.1754

BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007

Positron/electron ratioPositron/electron ratio

Clem at al. 30th ICRC 2007

Pamela Pamela

Charge sign dependence of cosmic ray Charge sign dependence of cosmic ray modulation.modulation.

Two systematic deviations from reflection symmetry of the Two systematic deviations from reflection symmetry of the interplanetary magnetic field:interplanetary magnetic field:

1) The Parker field has opposite magnetic polarity above and 1) The Parker field has opposite magnetic polarity above and below the equator, but the spiral field lines themselves are below the equator, but the spiral field lines themselves are mirror images of each other. This antisymmetry produces mirror images of each other. This antisymmetry produces drift velocity fields that for positive particles converge on the drift velocity fields that for positive particles converge on the heliospheric equator in the Aheliospheric equator in the A++ state or diverge from it in A state or diverge from it in A- -

state.state. Negatively charged particles behave in the opposite manner Negatively charged particles behave in the opposite manner

and the drift patterns interchange when the solar polarity and the drift patterns interchange when the solar polarity diverge.diverge.

2) Systematic ordering of turbulent helicity can cause 2) Systematic ordering of turbulent helicity can cause diffusion coefficients to depend directly on charge sign and diffusion coefficients to depend directly on charge sign and polarity state. polarity state. Bieber, J.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Letters, 84, 674, Bieber, J.W., et al. Phys. Rev. Letters, 84, 674, 1999. 1999.

THANKS !THANKS !