Upload
ashish-tandon
View
220
Download
6
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
corygiene newsletter
Citation preview
and other parts of the body.
Many types are difficult to
attack with antibiotics, and
antibiotic resistance is
spreading to Gram-negative
bacteria that can infect peo-
ple outside the hospital.
Epidemiology
Nosocomial infections are
commonly transmitted
when hospital officials be-
come complacent and per-
sonnel do not practice cor-
rect hygiene regularly.
Also, increased use of out-
patient treatment means that
people who are hospitalized
are more ill and have more
weakened immune systems
than may have been true in the past. Moreover,
some medical procedures bypass the body's natural
protective barriers. Since medical staff moves from
patient to patient, the staff themselves serves as a
means for spreading pathogens. Essentially, the staff
acts as vectors.
Categories and treatment
One-third of nosocomial infections are considered
preventable. The CDC estimates 2 million people in
the United States are infected annually by hospital-
acquired infections, resulting in 20,000 deaths. The
most common nosocomial infections are of the uri-
nary tract, surgical site and various pneumonias. Transmission
The drug-resistant Gram-negative germs for the
most part threaten only hospitalized patients whose
immune systems are weak. The germs can survive
for a long time on surfaces in the hospital and enter
the body through wounds, catheters, and ventilators.
Nosocomial infections are infections that are a
result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare
service unit. Infections are considered nosoco-
mial if they first appear 48 hours or more after
hospital admission or within 30 days after dis-
charge. Nosocomial comes from the word
nosokomeio meaning hospital. This type of in-
fection is also known as a hospital-acquired
infection (or, in generic terms, healthcare-
associated infection). Besides harming patients
nosocomial infection can affect nurses, physi-
cians, custodians, aides, visitors, salespeople,
delivery personnel and anyone who has contact
with the hospital.
In the United States, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention estimate that roughly 1.7
million hospital-associated infections, from all
types of microorganisms, including bacteria,
combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths
each year. In Europe, where hospital surveys
have been conducted, the category of Gram-
negative infections are estimated to account for
two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Noso-
comial infections can cause severe pneumonia
and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream
Nosocomial Infection
Corygiene Watch V O L U M E 5 , S P E C I A L E D I T I O N
N E W S L E T T E R
D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 2
CORMART NIGERIA LIMITED Plot 14, Chivita Avenue, Ajao Estate, Lagos www.cormart-nigeria.com +234 1 7616605
Dear readers, Welcome to the fifth edi-tion of Corygiene Watch. In this special edition we have focused primarily on Cormart’s contribution to the Global Handwashing Day Celebration. We also featured an arti-cle, on the impact of healthcare associated infection, its prevention and control.
Isaac Martins [email protected]
CORMART
C O R Y G I E N E W A T C H
In this edition Global Handwashing Day Celebration
Contributors: Oluwabunmi Ifejola E.P.I Afeonkai
P A G E 2
C O R Y G I E N E W A T C H
Risk factors
Factors predisposing a patient to infection can broadly be di-
vided into three areas:
People in hospitals are usually already in a poor state of
health, impairing their defense against bacteria – ad-
vanced age or premature birth along with immunodefi-
ciency (due to drugs, illness, or irradiation) present a gen-
eral risk, while other diseases can present specific risks -
for instance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can
increase chances of respiratory tract infection.
Invasive devices, for instance intubation tubes, catheters,
surgical drains, and tracheostomy tubes all bypass the
body‟s natural lines of defence against pathogens and
provide an easy route for infection. Patients already colo-
nised on admission are instantly put at greater risk when
they undergo an invasive procedure A patient‟s treatment itself can leave them vulnerable to
infection – immunosuppression and antacid treatment
undermine the body‟s defences, while antimicrobial ther-
apy (removing competitive flora and only leaving resis-
tant organisms) and recurrent blood transfusions have
also been identified as risk factors.
Prevention
Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding uniforms, equip-
ment sterilization, washing, sanitizing, disinfecting and other
preventative measures. Thorough hand washing and/or use of
alcohol rubs by all medical personnel before and after each
patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat
nosocomial infections. More careful use of antimicrobial
agents, such as antibiotics, is also considered vital.
Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely iso-
lated from infectious agents. Furthermore, patients are often
prescribed antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs to help
treat illness; this may increase the selection pressure for the
e m e r -
gence of
resistant
strains.
Isolation
Isolation
precau-
tions are
designed
to prevent
transmis-
sion of
microor-
ganisms
by com-
mon routes in hospitals. Because agent and host factors are
more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microor-
ganisms is directed primarily at transmission.
Hand washing and gloving
Hand washing frequently is called the single most important
measure to reduce the risks of transmitting skin microorgan-
isms from one person to another or from one site to another on
the same patient. Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly
as possible between patient contacts and after contact with
blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and equipment or
articles contaminated by them is an important component of
infection control and isolation precautions.
Although hand washing may seem like a simple process, it is
often performed incorrectly. Healthcare settings must continu-
ously remind practitioners and visitors on the proper procedure
in washing their hands to comply with responsible hand wash-
ing.
All visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to
adequately control the spread of infections. Moreover, mul-
tidrug-resistant infections can leave the hospital and become
part of the community flora if steps are not taken to stop this
transmission.
In addition to hand washing, gloves play an important role in
reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves
are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, gloves
are worn to provide a protective barrier and to prevent gross
contamination of the hands when touching blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and nonintact skin.
Wearing gloves does not replace the need for hand washing,
because gloves may have small, non-apparent defects or may
be torn during use, and hands can become contaminated during
removal of gloves. Failure to change gloves between patient
contacts is an infection control hazard.
Surface sanitation
Sanitizing surfaces is an often overlooked, yet crucial compo-
nent of breaking the cycle of infection in health care environ-
ments. Modern sanitizing methods such as NAV-CO2 have
been effective against gastroenteritis, MRSA, and influenza.
Use of hydrogen peroxide vapor has been clinically proven to
reduce infection rates and risk of acquisition. Hydrogen perox-
ide is effective against endospore-forming bacteria, such as
Clostridium difficile, where alcohol has been shown to be inef-
fective. A Bio-Intervention process is effective for hard surface
disinfection, providing a 6-log kill (99.9999%)for many organ-
isms including MRSA, VRE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus, Rhinovirus, Salmonella enterica,
H1N1, HIV-1 and Hepatitis A. The unique kill mechanism is
new to the market and will be an effective method against mu-
tation and resistance of organizations.
Aprons
Wearing an apron during patient care reduces the risk of infec-
tion. The apron should either be disposable or be used only
when caring for a specific patient.
Nosocomial Infection cont…..
Global Handwashing Day Celebration
Global Hand Washing day, which is observed
on October 15 of every year, when millions of
people around the world wash their hands
with soap and clean water, is one of such plat-
forms Renew Hand wash has leveraged on to
help raise hygiene-conscious generation.
In 2007, the Public Private Partnership for Hand washing with
Soap (PPPHW) established Global Hand washing Day as a
stimulating way to promote global and local vision of hand
washing with soap. Renew Handwash, one of the front liners
in the soap market in conjunction with UNICEF and Lagos
State ministry of water and rural development marked the
event in five riverine schools in Badagry area of Lagos state
where school children, teachers and community leaders were
put through the six steps of effective handwashing techniques.
Engineer Anibire who represented the honorable commis-
sioner for rural development disclosed that over 1000 public
and private schools had been touched in the last three years
and that the impact of the campaign has been positive because
it has drastically reduced germ-related ailment from feed
backs gotten from schools.
Speaking on the 2012 campaign, Chris Olusesi of Cormart
said the involvement of Renew handwash underlined the com-
mitment of the company to create hygiene conscious society.
Why Celebrate Hand washing?
6.9 million Children under 5 die each year. Two of the top
three causes are pneumonia and diarrhea.
Hand washing with soap can cut pneumonia by up to 45% and
diarrhea rates by up to 50%.
Hand washing is an accessible, cost-effective method for pre-
venting diarrheal and other diseases.
A recent study also shows that intensive hand washing promo-
tion is positively associated with child growth and develop-
ment.
Photo Gallery
Pictures Clockwise: Chris Olusesi of cormart demonstrating handwash - Engr Anibire
representing the commissioner for Rural Development, washing her hands - school
children waiting to wash their hands - Pupils washing their hands
Hand washing Challenges
Difficult to change behavior on a large scale
Each critical time for hand washing has different target
users, motivators, prompts, and hardware needs
What does it take to change hand washing social norms?
JOKE
A man was upset because he had lost his favorite hat. Instead of buying a new one, he decided that he would go to church that
Sunday to steal one from the vestibule. Unfortunately, the usher saw the man coming in and before he could go into the vesti-
bule, the usher led him to a pew, where the preacher was just beginning a sermon on the Ten Commandments. After church, the
man went up to the preacher and shook his hand and said: „I want to thank you for saving my soul today. I came to church to
steal a hat, but after hearing your sermon on the Ten Commandments, I changed my mind.‟ „Why, that‟s wonderful,‟ the
preacher said: „so the commandment „Thou shalt not steal” changed your mind, did it?” ” No, it wasn‟t that commandment,” the
man said: “It was the one about adultery. It reminded me where I left my hat!”
C O R Y G I E N E W A T C H
P A G E 3