Cortical vs. subcortical loops

Lateral inhibition in striatum

Switching from one action to another

Direct and indirect pathways

Hyperdirect pathway

Lesions that cause hemiballism

Direct pathway

Indirect pathways

Loops through the basal ganglia

Circuit name Basal ganglia regions:

Connected with: Functions to control:

Skeletomotor Putamen; GPi, and SNpr

VL/VA; motor cortex, prefrontal cortex

Actions

Oculomotor Body of the caudate, SNpr

Intralaminar nuclei, MD, VA; frontal and parietal eye fields; superior colliculus

Gaze and orienting movements

Dorsolateral prefrontal

Head of the caudate, GPi and SNpr

VA, VL and MD; Executive function, strategic planning

Orbitofrontal Caudate, SNpr, ventral pallidum

MD; orbitofrontal cortex Motivation, ability to play well with others

Anterior cingulate aka limbic

Ventral striatum,ventral pallidum

MD; anterior cingulum Emotionality, motivated behavior