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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Small Firms: Theory and Reality
Dr. Athanasios HadjimanolisAssociate Professor
European University of Cyprus
Definitions of CSR and SME
Corporate social responsibility: “continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development, while improving quality of life of workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large”. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development)
SMEs: firms with less than 250 employees
Nature of CSR Voluntary action / Connection with
business ethics Societal demands/expectations from
firms Obligations of business: economic (be
profitable), legal (obey the law, ethical (follow morality principles), discretionary (be a good corporate citizen, e.g. engage in philanthropy)
Stakeholders: groups of people affected by business and affecting business
Importance of CSR
CSR focus
People (employees, community) Planet (natural environment) Profit (value to shareholders) The triple bottom line (profit can not be
the only performance criterion has to be supplemented with social and environmental performance criteria)
The stakeholder theory
Makes CSR practical and comprehensible Main stakeholders: primary, i.e. directly affected (employees,
shareholders, customers, suppliers) secondary (neighbors, communities, government)
Main stakeholder analysis: Interest in your company, importance, power, urgency of their demands, quality of contact.
The SME perspective
CSR in small firms (informal, based on personal values)
CSR: Maybe the wrong term! Enterprise social responsibility (ESR) is probably a better term.
Motivation for CSR: external pressures (customers, government,
expectations of local communities) internal motives (efficiency gains e.g.
through staff motivation and retention, must do because it is the right thing)
SME differences
Micro firms: less than 10 employees Small firms: up to fifty employees Medium size firms: (51-250 employees) Size of firm matters! CSR activities more
visible in medium size firms Sector of economy important
Barriers to CSR adoption in SME
Resource constraints Lack of time Simple structure (concentration of
activities and powers to hands of owner/manager)
Management style (autocratic) Focus on short term
Enablers of CSR adoption in SME
Flexibility Adaptability to changing society
and stakeholder demands SMEs closer to stakeholders Flatter hierarchy/ faster decisions
Nature of CSR in Cyprus
Large firms: types of CSR activities in Cyprus (e.g. banks involved in large scale philanthropic activities, large oil firms taking road safety support initiatives). CSR activities carried on a systematic basis and widely publicized.
SMEs: (several CSR activities types like employee training, employee welfare initiatives, environmental measures), but usually not planned and on ad hoc basis.
CSR and Strategy
CSR integrated into strategic plans CSR and financial performance Benefits: opportunities (e.g. in green
products), competitive gains, trust in enterprise, corporate reputation, goodwill as insurance cover in periods of crisis
Costs (Managerial and personnel time, expenditure on specific activities)
Budget for CSR/Cost-effect ratio of measures
CSR: Knowledge gaps in SME
Confusion over exact meaning of CSR Lack of appreciation of its importance Belief that only large firms can undertake
it Poorly understood and implemented Cost considerations, underestimation of
benefits Lack of employee involvement in CSR
activities
The role of owner/manager
Central role of SME owner/manager in human resource management
Personal involvement of O/M in relationships with suppliers and customers
Undertakes usually the role of managing CSR activities among many other tasks since SMEs can not afford to employ CSR manager.
Acceptance of CSR depends on personal attitude of owner/manager
The environmental dimension
Environmental initiatives Waste management Recycling Energy saving Pollution prevention and reduction
strategies Eco-efficiency (reduction of consumption
of packaging, etc. ) Design and marketing of green products
Public authorities and collective organizations
Role of government (legislation, support and promotion of CSR)
Role of NGOs (Non-governmental organizations) – advocates of societal demands
Role of business associations (dissemination of CSR awareness among members)
Role of local authorities (supporters & collaborators)
Conclusions
CSR is essential for SMEs Appreciation of CSR & Better
implementation knowledge are required Integration of CSR in strategy Interest/commitment of owner/manager
crucial for CSR
Recommendations
Self-test for current CSR performance Best practice of others (especially SMEs) Timetable and budget for
implementation Monitoring CSR activities/ measuring CSR
performance Start from existing actions & adapt CSR
activities to nature, needs of particular SME