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Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry Do social and environmental outperformers also outpace financially? 13. Controlling Innovation Berlin Berlin, 21. September 2013 Dipl.-Kfm. Christopher Scheubel Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre Controlling Technische Universität München Email: [email protected] 13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

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Page 1: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Technische Universität München

Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the

Automotive Industry

Do social and environmental outperformers also outpace financially?

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Berlin, 21. September 2013

Dipl.-Kfm. Christopher Scheubel

Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre – Controlling

Technische Universität München

Email: [email protected]

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Page 2: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Großkonzerne schaffen neue C-Level Positionen und investieren

in die Nachhaltigkeit ihrer Unternehmen

Page 3: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Source: Wiki Commons, Fotothek df tg 0007806 Forstwirtschaft ^ Holzverarbeitung ^ Floßbau ^ Wasserverkehr.jpg13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Ursrpung des Begriffs „Nachhaltigkeit“:

Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1732) in Sylvicultura oeconomica

Source: Wiki Commons, Hans Carl von

Carlowitz.jpg

"wie eine sothane [solche] Conservation und Anbau des Holtzes anzustellen /

daß es eine continuirliche beständige und nachhaltige Nutzung gebe / weil es

eine unentbehrliche Sache ist / ohne welche das Land in seinem Esse nicht

bleiben mag".

Page 4: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Die Stakeholdertheorie instrumentalisiert die Prinzipien der

„Nachhaltigkeit“ für die langfr. Unternehmenswertmaximierung

FirmSuppliers

Employees

Investors

Customers

Communities

Source: Wiki Commons, Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13991, Berlin, BVG-Streik, Streikposten.jpg

Page 5: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Forschungshypothese auf Basis der instrumentalen Stakeholder

Theorie: Nachhaltigkeit hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die

Unternehmenswertentwicklung

Hypo-

theisIndependent Variable Expected Influence Dependent Variable

H1a: CSPt

positiveTSRt

H1b: CSPt-1

positiveTSRt

H2a: CSPt

negativeVolatilityt

H2b: CSPt-1

negativeVolatilityt

Source: Wiki Commons, By user:yndesai [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

Page 6: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

INSEAD Entrepreneurship Forum

Focus on creating a

sustainable and profitable

business model

Most important metrics are:

Customer Acquisition Cost

How much does it cost to acquire

a customer?

Revenue

Does the business model work?

Customer Lifetime Value

How much is a customer worth?

Wie sind die Prinzipien der Nachhaltigkeit und der Stakeholder

Theorie übertragbar auf die moderne Automobilindustrie?

Source: Wiki Commons, Oakville_assembly by Ford Motor Company

Entwicklung der Prinzipien zum 3 Säulen Model des nachhaltigen

Unternehmenserfolgs und Übersetzung in den G3/4 Reporting Standard:

Prinzipien:

• Ökonomie Materiality

• Ökologie 120 Indikatoren..aber.. Stakeh. Inclusiveness

• Soziales Sustainability Context

Completeness

Page 7: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Wie kann man Nachhaltigkeit (CSP) messen? Entwicklung eines

Index aus verschiedenen Kennzahlen

Economy Ecology Social

Qual

itat

ive

Assurance

Independent Review

Stakeholder Engagement

Input/Output Balance

Value Distribution Balance Value Distribution Balance

Sustainability Requirements for Suppliers

Materiality Analysis

Integrated Reporting

Sustainability Objectives

Product Life Cycle Assessment

CDP Participation

Membership in DJSI World Index

DJSI Sector Leader

Membership in FTSE4Good World Index

Application of GRI Guidelines

Application of GRI Guidelines on an A+ Level

Membership of UN Global Compact

ISO 14001 or EMAS Certifications for all

Plants

Quan

tita

tive

Average Fleet Emissions of New Cars

CO2 Emissions During Production

Total Consumption of Energy

Company Total Water Consumption

Company Total Waste Disposal

VOC Emissions

Total Number of Employees

Gender Diversity

Sales VolumeSource: Wiki Commons, By Steffen Heilfort (0wn work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

Page 8: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Unification of metrics

[GJ → MWh]

Division by produced vehicles [MWh → MWH/v]

Calculation of relative performance

[%]

Calculation of median performance and assignment of

binary values [1,0]

Wie stellt man Vergleichbarkeit zwischen den

Automobilkonzernen her? Standardisierung der einzelnen

Nachhaltigkeits-Kennzahlen

Source: Wiki Commons, von Peter0221 (Eigenes Werk) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia

Commons(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

Source: Wiki Commons, By Rudolf Stricker (Own work) [GFDL

(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons Source: Wiki Commons, By Tennen-Gas (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Page 9: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Westliche Konzerne erzielen die besten Ergebnisse des

entwickelten Nachhaltigkeits-Index Anschließende Regression

mit Rendite und Volatilität der Aktien

Brand 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

AvtoVAZ 0 1 0 1 0 0BMW n.a. 21 23 20 19.73 14.21Brilliance 1 0 1 0 0 0Daihatsu n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.27 8.53Daimler 14 17 13 10 9.35 9.95Fiat Auto 16 9 8 5 6.23 5.68Ford 18 14 14 11 11.42 9.95GAZ n.a. 1 9 10 11.42 8.53G.M. n.a. n.a. 11 12 12.46 8.53Honda 12 14 14 14 11.42 7.11Hyundai 16 13 14 16 10.38 5.68Isuzu n.a. 13 11 14 15.58 12.79Mazda 15 15 13 10 11.42 7.11Mitsubishi 3 2 6 5 3.12 4.26Nissan 14 13 16 13 10.38 5.68PSA 18 13 12 10 5.19 4.26Renault 17 17 12 13 14.54 11.37SAIC 1 0 1 0 1.04 0Suzuki n.a. 10 7 6 8.31 7.11Tata n.a. n.a. 7 5 2.08 0Toyota 16 14 12 15 13.5 15.63Volkswagen 15 16 19 17 14.54 15.63

Average achieved

score11.73 10.68 10.62 9.86 9.06 7.36

Source: Wiki Commons, By Der Flotograf (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Page 10: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Das Regressionsmodell zeigt nur Einfluss auf die Volatilität der

Aktienkurse, nicht aber auf die Rendite

Hypo-

thesis

Dependent

VariableExpected

Influence

Observed

Influence

Signifi-

canceR2

H1a: TSRt positive positive no 55.0%

H2b: Volatilityt negative (time-lag) negative! 10% level 80.7%

Hypo-

thesis

Dependent

VariableExpected

Influence of CSP

Observed

Influence

Signifi-

canceR2

H1a: TSRt positive positive 10% level 42.4%

H1b: TSRt positive (time-lag) positive no 49.6%

H2a: Volatilityt negative positive no 45.9%

H2b: Volatilityt negative (time-lag) positive 5% level 37.5%

Refinement of the two models with

significant influence of CSP by

company and time fixed effects

Only remaining significant result

Source: Wiki Commons, NYSE127 by Ryan Lawler

Page 11: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse:

1. Instrumentale Stakeholder Theorie liefert Argumente dafür, einen positiven

Zusammenhang zwischen Rendite und Nachhaltigkeit anzunehmen

2. Nachhaltigkeit kann anhand eines Indexes aus Nachhaltigkeitskennzahlen

gemessen werden, die Qualität der Daten muss jedoch verbessert werden

3. Mit dem einfachen empirischen Modell auf jährlicher Basis kann nur

Zusammenhang zur Volatilität gemessen werden – der Nachweis über den

Zusammenhang zur Rendite bleibt Aufgabe zukünftiger Forschung

Source: Wiki Commons, By Michael Caven from Stockholm, Sweden (Green cars Uploaded by russavia) [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Page 12: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Arthur Schopenhauer

(1788-1860)

„Jede Wahrheit durchläuft

drei Phasen:

In der ersten wird sie

verlacht,

in der zweiten wird sie

wild bekämpft,

und in der dritten wird sie

als Selbstverständlichkeit

akzeptiert.“

Source: Wiki Commons, By Jules Lunteschütz (1822–1893) (Unknown) [Public domain],

via Wikimedia Commons

Page 13: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

Backup

Page 14: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

13. Controlling Innovation Berlin

A new CSP score

The calculation of the CSP score follows the unweighted additive index development with binary

values

Therefore, 27 state-of-the-art sustainability indicators are selected to contribute to the CSP score

18 CSP indicators are of qualitative and 9 of quantitative nature

The quantitative indicators are dichotomized and added to the already binary values of the qualitative

indicators

CSPqualitative CSPquantitative

CSPscore

Dichotomization

Methodology Formula

i = company index;

t = year index;

j = qualitative indicators;

k = quantitative indicators

Backup

The histogram of the CSP score shows many non- and medium

performers

Page 15: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Backup

The histogram of the CSP score shows many non- and medium

performers

Page 16: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Error term:

No explanatory

importance

Independent variable:

CSP score

CSP score with a time-lag of one

year

Dependent variable:

Total shareholder returns

Volatility

Constant term:

No explanatory importance

Control variables

Market factor

Market-to-book value of equity

Company size

Capex intensity

Beta factor

Region

[Fixed Effects]

Backup

The histogram of the CSP score shows many non- and medium

performers

Page 17: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Backup

Results of the multiple linear regressions (OLS estimation) for

total shareholder returns

Page 18: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Backup

Results of the multiple linear regressions (OLS estimation) for

volatility

Page 19: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Backup

Results of the multiple linear regressions (OLS estimation) for

the total shareholder returns refined by fixed effects

Page 20: Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance ... · Technische Universität München Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry

Backup

Results of the multiple linear regressions (OLS estimation) for

volatility refined by fixed effects