Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Sports Medicine ... · PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia - Page 6 Activity 4a: Recall the priority population

Improving Performance

Core 2: Factors Affecting Performance

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia

Exam Technique Sports Medicine

Program

Time Activity

8.45 a.m. Registration

9.00 - 10.15 am Core 1

10.15 -10.30 am Morning Tea

10.30 -11.45 am Core 2

11.45 -12.00 noon Break

12.00 - 1.00 pm Exam Technique

1.00 - 1.30 pm Lunch Break

1.30 - 2.30 pm Sports Medicine or Improving Performance

Core 1

Health Priorities in

Australia

PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia - Page 2

Syllabus Overview

Slide 3

Activity 1: How confident are you with this dot point?


Course TerminologySlide 4

Activity 2: What do you know?

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Social Justice Principles Slide 5

Activity 3a: Stand up. View the images. Sit down if you would label the image on the left-hand side as representing ‘Equity’.

Activity 3b: Construct a mnemonic for Social Justice Principles.

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AIHW Slide 6


Activity 4a: Recall the priority population groups and provide an example as to ‘WHY’ each are a priority population group. .................................................................................................................................................................

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Activity 4b: Identify a ‘Priority’ population group and explain why it is important this group is prioritised?

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Note Taking Scaffold Slide 7


Activity 5: Watch the video and use the note taking scaffold.

Prevalence, Prevention and Early Intervention

In summary…

Prevalence

Prevention

Incidence

Equation


Individual vs Community CostsSlide 8

Activity 6: Record the category of the costs/burden as either individual or community.

Treatment ................................................................................................................................................

Medication ...............................................................................................................................................

Rehabilitation ...........................................................................................................................................

Illness .......................................................................................................................................................

Disease .....................................................................................................................................................

Premature death ......................................................................................................................................


Factors for Identifying Priority Health IssuesSlide 9

Activity 7a: Write down the factors for identifying priority health issues.

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Activity 7b: Construct a mnemonic for identifying priority health issues. S ..............................................................................................................................................................

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How Are Priority Health Issues Identified?

Slide 10

Activity 8: Fill in the missing words from the circles.

Governments and health authorities prioritise

particular health issues based on


Key Word Definitions Continued

Slide 12

Activity 12: Complete definitions for the Key Words

ARGUE.................................................................................................................................................

WHAT ..................................................................................................................................................

HOW.....................................................................................................................................................

WHY .....................................................................................................................................................


PEEL / DEAL

Slide 14

Activity 10: Colour code the response.

Use four (4) different coloured highlighters, pens or a key to identify specific sections of the response

referring to:

PEEL:

• Point (Green)

• Elaborate (Pink)

• Example (Orange)

• Link (Yellow)

OR

DEAL:

• Define/Describe (Green)

• Explain and include example(s) (Orange)

• Analyse (Pink)

• Link (Yellow)


Time Permitting Re-cap The Role of Social Justice Principles

Slide 15

Activity 11: Why is it correct? Why are the other three options incorrect? Complete the table

Question Number

Correct Answer: Incorrect Answers:

Reason: Reason for incorrect answer:

Reason for incorrect answer:

Reason for incorrect answer:


Take Home Activities

The following activities can be done at home as part of your study in preparation for the HSC:

Activity 1: Past Paper Multiple choice questions

Identify the correct answer. Use the template from Activity 10, and/or what you learnt in the Exam

Technique Session, to explain why it is correct. Also explain why the other three (3) choices are

incorrect.

[BOS, 2010 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 5]

5- Which of the following results of illness have indirect costs to the community?

(A) Absenteeism, education and screening, loss of potential earnings.

(B) Absenteeism, loss of potential earnings, retraining in the workplace.

(C) Loss of potential earnings, pharmaceutical prescriptions, absenteeism.

(D) Loss of potential earnings, retraining in the workplace, pharmaceutical prescriptions.

[BOS, 2010 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 7]

7- The criteria used to determine Australia’s priority health issues are

(A) Social justice principles, potential for prevention and morbidity rates.

(B) Priority population groups, life expectancy and social justice principles.

(C) Cost to individual and communities, mortality rates and social justice principles.

(D) Social justice principles, priority population groups and prevalence of condition.

[BOSTES, 2014 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 6]

6- How do Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme support the principles of social justice?

(A) They are funded by the Australian government to supply health care services.

(B) They provide resources only to those most in need of health services and treatment.

(C) They allocate resources according to the needs of the population in order to promote equality of

health outcomes.

(D) They empower individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision making to

achieve good health.



8- What major considerations do governments and health authorities take into account when

prioritising health issues?

(A) The burden of illness in the community and the potential for reducing this burden.

(B) The cost of illness to the community and the socioeconomic capacity of the affected community.

(C) The mortality rate and the ability to deal with mortality in a community.

(D) The morbidity rate and the number of health services already available for a community.


1- Immunisation information is provided in a range of languages.

Which of the following best relates to the principle of social justice that is being applied in this case?

(A) Reducing equity.

(B) Recognising diversity.

(C) Reorienting health services.

(D) Establishing supportive environments.


15- Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost of chronic disease?

(A) Purchasing medicine.

(B) Bulk billing a visit to the doctor.

(C) Purchasing a gym or health club membership.

(D) Training replacement workers to cover sick days.

[NESA, 2017 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 10]

10- Which of the following does the government consider to be most significant when prioritising

funding for Australia’s health issues?

A. The mortality rate and the individual’s ability to deal with it.

B. The burden of illness and the potential for reducing this burden.

C. The morbidity rate and the number of health services already available.

D. The prevalence of illness and the socioeconomic capacity of the affected community.



14- How does Medicare reflect the principles of social justice?

A. It provides resources only to those most in need of health services and treatment.

B. It is funded by the Australian government to supply equality in health care services to all

Australians.

C. It allocates resources according to the needs of the population in order to promote equity of health

outcomes.

D. It empowers individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decision making to

achieve good health.


12- Which of the following is an example of a health promotion strategy which addresses the social

justice principle of diversity?

A. Local councils designing and providing free outdoor exercise facilities.

B. Introducing legislation restricting the use of mobile phones for young drivers.

C. Providing health information in different languages at a community health centre.

D. Reducing the cost of prescription medication for socioeconomically disadvantaged Australians.

Activity 2: Case study

Read the following case study. Answer the question. Ask you teacher for feedback.

Wade is 36 years of age, married and has two young children. He is a self-employed electrician. His wife

is a stay at home mum, and she helps with the business paperwork. Wade’s only employee is a second-

year apprentice. One day Wade is installing new downlights in the ceiling and he slips off the ladder,

suffering spinal damage, which results in a lengthy hospital stay and a lifetime confined to a wheelchair.


Apart from the direct medical costs associated with treating Wade’s injury, what other indirect costs are

there to the community?

Activity 3: HSC Question (2013)

1. Complete the following past paper question. 2. Ask your teacher to mark it for you using the marking guideline. 3. Compare your response to the sample answer.

Why is it important to prioritise particular health issues in Australia? Include examples in your answer.5 Marks (NESA, 2013 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 23) Try the DEAL writing structure and/or use PEEL or SEXY

Point

Elaborate

Example

Link Statement

Explanation

Example(s)

Y Why

Why is it important to prioritise particular health issues in Australia? Include examples in your answer. 5 Marks (NESA, 2013 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 23)


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Activity 4: Here is the answer. Create the question!

[BOS, 2006 PDHPE HSC exam, Question 21c]

From the information provided in the response, create the question that could have been

asked!

Decide on the key term verb and the syllabus content included in the question.


Check the answer at

https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/resource-finder/hsc-exam-

papers/2006/pdhpe-2006-hsc-exam-pack


Reference List and Further Links

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018, Australian Government, 2018.

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2018/contents/table-of-contents

Australia’s Long Term National Health Plan 2019, 2019

https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/australia-s-long-term-national-health-plan_0.pdf

Budget 2019-20: Prioritising mental health , preventative health and sport, 2019

https://www.health.gov.au/resources/collections/budget-2019-20-prioritising-mental-health-

preventive-health-and-sport

Cornell Note Taking – The best way to take notes explained, 2017

https://medium.goodnotes.com/search?q=cornell

Equality versus Equity what does it all mean?, Saskatoon Health Region, 2014

https://www.nwhu.on.ca/ourservices/Pages/Equity-vs-Equality.aspx

HSC Exam papers

https://www.educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/stage-6-learning-

areas/pdhpe/pdhpe-syllabus

The relationship between incidence and prevalence, Rahul patwari

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jzZe3ORdd8

Core 2

Factors Affecting

Performance

PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Core 2 - Factors Affecting Performance – Page 26

Syllabus Overview

Slide 3

Activity 1: Warm Up (Slide 4)

Download the Kahoot app on your device and work individually or with a partner

• Kahoot Link: https://bit.ly/Recovery-Strategies

Additional Notes: ................................................................................................................................

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Recovery Strategies Overview

Slide 5

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ACTIVITY 2: Key Syllabus Terminology – How many can you match correctly? (Slide 6)

1 Physiological A Aim to relax the mind using a variety of strategies

2 Cool down B Minimise tissue damage from inflammation that occurs during

performance

3 Hydration C Many forms eg meditation, music, leisure activities

4 Neural D Rubbing skin to rub muscles underneath

5 Hydrotherapy E Speeds up recovery by restoring damaged tissue esp muscle

6 Massage F Best recovery strategy to remove waste products/prevent blood

pooling

7 Tissue Damage G Increases blood volume/remove waste products

8 Cryotherapy H Relaxes nerves/muscular system to remove waste

9 Psychological

Strategies I Uses the body’s usual processes to aid recovery

10 Relaxation J Focuses on recovery of the nervous system

Term Definition (record

corresponding letter)

Physiological

Cool down

Hydration

Neural

Hydrotherapy

Massage

Tissue Damage

Cryotherapy

Psychological Strategies

Relaxation


Physiological Strategies

Slide 7

Add in additional dot points

Recovery Strategy Describe the benefits of each strategy

Cool Down

1. Best recovery strategy.

2. Decrease blood flow as intensity decreases.

3. Prevents blood pooling, removes waste

products.

4.

Hydration

1. Replace lost fluids which speeds up recovery

by increasing blood volume and removing

waste products.

2.


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Neural Strategies

Slide 8

Add in additional dot points

Recovery Strategy Features and benefits of Neural Strategies

Hydrotherapy

1. Usually warm water.

2. Water provides buoyancy, reduces stress on joints.

3.

Massage

1. Relaxation and stress release.

2. Post exercise massage (1-2 hrs) can remove lactic

acid, reduce muscle stiffness.

3.


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Tissue Damage Strategies

Slide 9

Watch the videos provided in the links below: Add in additional information to the table after watching each of the videos.

Recovery Strategy Discern the main features of this strategy

Cryotherapy Whole body cryotherapy with Luton Town FC | BMI Healthcare

1. Reduces swelling and fluid retention. 2. Can be used for injury and recovery. 3.

Compression Garments How Compression Pants Work And Why They Are So Popular

1. 2. 3. 4.


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Activity 4: Psychological Strategies (Slides 10-11)

Watch the video on Sleeping and athletic performance at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edr8_hi_I1k

After watching the video identify what are the key impacts that lack of sleep can have on sports

performance.

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Activity 4: Psychological Strategies – Case Study, Jayden (Slide 12)

Jayden has a big rugby game but he has gone out the night before and he only got 3 hours sleep. Describe three effects that lack of sleep could have on Jayden’s performance? ....................................................................................................................................................................

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Activity 5: Apply your Understanding ( Slides 13 – 16) 1. Which of the following includes two examples of physiological recovery strategies? HSC

2019. A. Cool down and hydration B. Meditation and relaxation C. Cryotherapy and hydration D. Cool down and hydrotherapy

2. After sustaining an injury, an athlete applies ice and a compression bandage. This is an example of which recovery strategies? HSC 2017 .

A. Neural and cryotherapy B. Neural and hydrotherapy C. Tissue damage and cryotherapy D. Tissue damage and hydrotherapy.

3. An athlete sustains tissue damage during a game. Which recovery strategy should the athlete undertake to prepare for another game in two days time? HSC 2016. A. Cryotherapy B. Hydrotherapy C. Sports massage D. Dynamic stretching

4. Why is cryotherapy an effective post-exercise recovery procedure? HSC 2015. A. It dilates blood flow and reduces muscle soreness B. It dilates blood flow and increases dispersal of waste C. It constricts blood flow and decreases dispersal of waste D. It constricts blood flow and reduces an inflammatory response


Activity 5 Cont.: Apply your Understanding MCC (Slides 17-18)

Which of the following recovery techniques is an effective neural strategy? HSC 2014

A. Cooling of muscles to allow repairB. Focusing the mind to overcome painC. Relaxing muscles that have been fatigued or damagedD. Adopting a nutrition plan to replace lost fluids and nutrients

Which recovery strategy should an athlete choose immediately after sustaining a soft tissue injury? HSC 2013

A. CryotherapyB. Deep tissue massageC. RelaxationD. Ultrasound


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Activity 1: Unpacking an Exam Response (Slides 19 – 20) Colour code the below response using the following key.

Use four (4) different coloured highlighters, pens or a key to identify specific sections of the response referring to PEEL:

• Point (Green)

• Elaborate (Orange)

• Example (Pink)

• Link (Yellow) Question: Explain why marathon runners use physiological and neural strategies during recovery. Use examples to support your answer. 2018 HSC Q27 Physiological recovery strategies can include aspects such as cool down and hydration. The focus of these recovery strategies is to remove by-products, refuel and replace lost fluids. In a marathon event the duration results in a large amount of fluid loss, muscle soreness due to repetition of gross motor contractions, and may result in a build-up of by-products such as lactic acid. A cool down can assist recovery as it gradually reduces the heart rate and metabolism to a pre-event state. It also assists in the removal of waste products such as lactic acid which will reduce muscle cramps and assist in preventing muscle soreness. Failure to conduct a cool down may result in blood pooling, dizziness and severe delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). An effective cool down strategy for a marathon runner may include a short low intensity cool down jog and static stretching routine targeting the lower body to aid in the prevention of DOMS. Hydrotherapy is a neural recovery strategy that can assist the recovery of a marathon runner. Hydrotherapy involves the use of water to relax and soothe pain brought on by the repetitive muscular contractions experienced by marathon runners. The water provides support for the major muscles and allows movements with reduced impact on joints and muscles. A common hydrotherapy recovery session may include slow and uniform movements through waist-deep water 24 hours after the event, to assist in promoting blood flow without stress from impact. The use of hot water environments assists in the recovery of a marathon runner by vasodilation of blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely and aiding in the lowering of blood pressure and the removal of waste products. The use of cold water with hot water therapy (contrast water therapy) enhances the circulation of blood through vessels, increases blood mobility, resulting in the rapid dispersal of waste and reduction of muscle soreness promoting a faster recovery. Answers could include: • Physiological strategies eg cool down, hydration, refuelling, stretching, compression garments, rest/sleep. Neural strategies eg hydrotherapy (cold water immersion, contrast water therapy, hot water immersion, pool/beach sessions), massage, foam rolling, acupuncture.



Activity 2: Writing Your Own Exam Response (Slide 21) Complete the following past paper question. Describe the different recovery strategies used by athletes to improve performance. Provide

examples. HSC 2012 Question 28 (8 marks)

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Activity 3: Compare your response to the sample answer. Elite athletes use a range of strategies designed to enable them to minimise fatigue associated with training and resume full training in the shortest possible time. Recovery strategies can be categorised as physiological, neural, tissue damage or psychological. Physiological recovery strategies are effective in removing the metabolic by-products of exercise through the use of a cool-down period as well as by replacing lost fluids and energy. Neural recovery strategies such as hydrotherapy and massage help replenish the nervous system. The change in chemicals found in muscles following exercise or psychological stress can be addressed by these neural strategies. Tissue damage recovery strategies aim to minimise the level of tissue damage and promote healing. Strenuous activity causes minor muscle fibre tears and the body's response is to repair this damage. Cryotherapy (cold therapy) assists in offsetting this tissue damage. Psychological recovery strategies aim to disengage the athlete from the performance. Heart rate, breathing and body temperature remain elevated post exercise and may take time to drop as do anxiety levels about the performance or future performances. Strategies such as relaxation assist to bring these levels to normal levels.

Revise your answer based on the sample answer and the marking guidelines included on the next page.

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Ask your teacher to mark it for you using the marking guideline.

Criteria Marks

Provides accurate characteristics and features of the full range of different recovery strategies used by athletes to improve performance Provides a relevant example for each recovery strategy

8

Provides characteristics and features of different recovery strategies used by athletes to improve performance Provides relevant examples

6-7

Sketches in general terms some different recovery strategies used by athletes to improve performance Provides relevant examples OR Sketches in general terms how recovery strategies can improve performance Provides examples

4-5

Recognises and names recovery strategies used by athletes to improve performance Provides an example

2-3

Provides some relevant information regarding recovery strategies 1


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Reference List and Further Links Slide 22

Cornell Note Taking – The best way to take notes explained, 2017 https://medium.goodnotes.com/search?q=cornell HSC Exam papers https://www.educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/stage-6-learning-areas/pdhpe/pdhpe-syllabus Recovery strategies https://hayleydean1.wordpress.com/recovery-strategies/ PDHPE in Focus https://sole.spc.nsw.edu.au/integrated/pe/11_12text/resources/pdf/chapter_03/c2_ch3.pdf

Exam Technique

PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Exam Technique – Page 42

What Do You Already Know?

Activity 1: What do you already know about the PDHPE exam?

● In the space below write down what you know about the PDHPE HSC exam. List as many things as you can. (List at least four things). Be prepared to share your responses.

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(adapted from ACHPER HSC enrichment presentation 2013)


Exam Structure Slide 4

Additional Notes: ...................................................................................................................

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Time Allocation Slide 5

Activity 2: Exam plan of attack

Answer the following questions and write down reasons for your responses. • What will you read in the reading time and why?

• What section will you start first and why?

• What will you do if you draw a blank on a question and why?


Multiple Choice Questions Slide 6

Activity 3: Pass Practice Mark only “sure things” first; make 3 “passes” through the exam

1) Go through the exam first and answer all the questions for which the answers come easily.

2) For the questions that seem more difficult:

- mark the qualifiers (words that alter a statement for example always, most, good, bad, increase, decrease)

- eliminate as many options as you can.

This will give you a head start for your second pass. You may come across another question that gives you a clue to the one that stumped you.

3) On your second pass spend extra time to figure out the “best” of the rest of the answer options.

4) On your third pass, take an educated guess at the ones that are still elusive because any answer is better than no answer.

In pairs using the three pass method complete the following activity For each multiple choice question identify eliminated answers, explain why you eliminated these responses and then choose the correct answer.


Questions – From PDHPE HSC Exam 2019 - © 2019 NSW Education Standards Authority

1. Which of the following includes two examples of physiological recovery strategies?

A. Cool down and hydration. B. Meditation and relaxation. C. Cryotherapy and hydration. D. Cool down and hydrotherapy.

Eliminated answer/s ..............................................................................................................................

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Explain why you eliminated this/these answer/s .................................................................................

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The correct answer is .............................................................................................................................

Why? .......................................................................................................................................................

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2. Which of the following identifies the two types of cardiovascular disease with the highest

rates of mortality in Australia? A. Stroke and angina. B. Stroke and coronary heart disease. C. Peripheral vascular disease and angina. D. Peripheral vascular disease and coronary heart disease.


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3. In an attempt to manage anxiety when taking a penalty shot, an athlete pays particular attention to the opponent’s movements. Which term describes this strategy?

A. Focusing. B. Relaxation. C. Goal setting. D. Mental rehearsal.


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Why? .......................................................................................................................................................

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4. Which of the following is an example of a health promotion strategy which addresses the

social justice principle of diversity? A. Local councils designing and providing free outdoor exercise facilities. B. Introducing legislation restricting the use of mobile phones for young drivers. C. Providing health information in different languages at a community health centre. D. Reducing the cost of prescription medication for socioeconomically disadvantaged

Australians.


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Why? .......................................................................................................................................................

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Breaking Down Questions Slide 7

Activity 4a: Breaking down the question Use the slide below to underline, circle and highlight following the presenter’s instructions.

Question Breakdown Continued Slide 8


Activity 4b: SELL Practice Complete the SELL for the question in Slide 8.

Syllabus content =

Explain using the key word/ examples =

Links to the question =

Look back over the question and check you have covered everything you need to. Look at how much the question is worth? =


Practice Question Breakdown Slide 9

Activity 5: Practice Breaking Down Questions

● Select ONE of the short answer questions and practice breaking the question down. On the lines provided list the things you would include in your response. Remember SELL.

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Short Answer Questions – Activity 5

Core 1 Explain how environmental determinants contribute to the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. (5 marks)

(NESA, 2019 PDHPE HSC, Question 25)

Syllabus content

Explain word

Links to the question

Look over the question

Core 2 An athlete is participating in a 12-week aerobic training program. Analyse how progressive overload and training thresholds can result in physiological adaptations for the athlete. (8 marks)

(NESA, 2019 PDHPE HSC, Question 27)

Syllabus content

Explain word

Links to the question

Look over the question


PEEL – Writing a Response Slide 5

SELL and PEEL Once you have broken the question down using SELL and have planned your answer you can move onto writing your response. Each paragraph in your exam responses should show your knowledge and understanding of the question and cover the relevant components from the question. Using the PEEL concept will help you to structure your paragraphs in a clear and logical way.

Point ● State your point – this may be in the form of identifying a factor, stating a fact, making a

statement, proposing a strategy.

Elaborate ● Show what you know about the point made and apply that knowledge to the key/directive

word and other factors in the question. ● Sometimes the requirements of the key/directive word can help you to elaborate. For

example, if the question asks to explain, describe, outline, discuss, assess, analyse, compare, evaluate then you need to follow the scaffold of the key word to create your response.

● Other factors in the question can sometimes assist or guide your elaboration so it is important to understand what the question is asking you about.


Example ● Provide 1-2 examples to show you understand what you have elaborated on. ● The example should give a practical illustration, real life simulation or reflect a common

everyday occurrence to prove what you have elaborated on. ● More marks mean a greater range of examples throughout the response.

Link ● You should always refer back to the question to conclude your paragraph. ● This is where you can make links to show the relationship between syllabus content. This is

also where you can demonstrate your understanding of health and physical activity concepts, where appropriate.

● In most cases, you are showing the outcome of your point as a result of your elaboration. Adapted from ACHPER Enrichment presentation 2013

Tips for Answering HSC Questions Write in BLACK PEN

Breakdown the question (SELL) ● What is the value of the question? ● What is it asking you to KNOW? – highlight the syllabus related words ● What is it asking you to DO? – circle the key/directive words ● Underline any other relevant information given in the question that should be addressed? Are

there any links that need to be made between syllabus content? ● Re-phrase the question in your own words.

Draw up a plan/mind map ● This should relate to your key words and what you are required to do, then your knowledge

of the syllabus content and any other related information. Don’t spend too much time on the plan/mind map.

● As you answer the question you can cross off the points you listed on your plan/mind map to ensure that you have fully responded to the question.

Present ideas in a cohesive and logical way (PEEL) ● Remember to PEEL. Your written response is all that the markers have to determine your

knowledge and understanding of the PDHPE content and how to apply it. You need to take time to work out a scaffold of what you want to include in your response and show the links between the points being made. It is always a good idea to make time to read through your answers and make sure that it makes sense.

Remember more marks means more time ● Don’t spend too long on a question worth 3 marks and then have no time left for an 8 to 12

mark question.


Pretend the marker knows nothing ● Don’t assume the marker will know what you are talking about, make sure you show what you

know and then apply it to the question. You have to show your expertise in these physical activity and health concepts.

Use appropriate terminology ● Doing this can gain you marks and helps to show your knowledge of the subject. For example,

instead of saying the athlete takes a lot of shots in practice say the athlete uses massed practice to develop their skills. Another example is instead of saying death rates from lung cancer for men are less, say the mortality rates for lung cancer in males has decreased significantly.

Examples, examples, examples ● It is important that you provide examples throughout your answer to show you understand

everything you have stated. The more you use examples the more understanding you can show of the question and concepts. Examples can be simple or extensive – it is better to use a combination of these throughout your response.

● Use black pen to write your response so that when the response is scanned for online marking the marker has the best opportunity to read and mark your response accordingly.

Make links to the marking rubric

● Every exam has a rubric that outlines what your answer will be assessed on. For Section II the rubric is:

In your answers you will be assessed on how well you: ● demonstrate knowledge and understanding of health and

physical activity concepts relevant to the question ● apply the skills of critical thinking and analysis ● communicate ideas and information using relevant examples ● present a logical and cohesive response

Source: NESA PDHPE HSC Exam 2019


More Practice Slide 11

Activity 6: More Practice

Breakdown the question using SELL Pick a question from slide 11 (above) and complete the activity.

1. Read the question

Write the question you have chosen here

2. Underline the syllabus points in the question. (S)

List the key areas of the syllabus to address when answering this question.


3. Circle the key words/verbs that tell you how to answer the question (E)

Write down what each key word requires you to do to answer this question

4. Find the links/key hints (L)

Identify any links/hints in the question that should be addressed

5. Look back over the question and look at the marks allocated (L)

Write down how many marks the question is worth. Estimate how many lines you would need to use to answer this question. Have you covered all you need to?

Draw up a plan/mind map

Prepare a plan/mind map of points to include in your response. Use lines or arrows to make links between the concepts.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Writing.svg

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


Write a response to your question Use the lines provided below to write your answer. Remember PEEL. .....................................................................................................................................................

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Remember the more you practice these quick tricks the easier it will be to understand exam questions. However, it is important to remember that those questions worth 3 marks or less probably don’t need this much time spent on them.


Support Networks Slide 12

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Marking the HSC Slide 13

● All marking is done ONLINE – Currently, Cores are marked from Coffs Harbour Centre

and the options from Sydney based centre. Markers usually stay at the marking centres for up to three days before they go home to mark on screen. Write in black pen.

● The exam is written and finalised by October the year before you sit your HSC exams. This

means any new information or issues that arise in the year of your exams will not be included, similarly if it is not in the syllabus you cannot be questioned on it. You are encouraged to use up to date health statistics from reliable sources such as AIHW Australia’s Health document.

● Marking guidelines are also developed when the exam is written. ● For the first couple of days of the marking period, markers “practice” marking copies of real

exam responses using the marking guidelines until all markers are marking consistently and at the same level.

● Markers mark the same question for up to 10 days. ● Script marking

Extended response questions above 8 marks are double marked i.e. marked by two markers on different teams. Short answer questions of 8 marks or less are single marked, therefore students need to make sure their answers are clear and show understanding of the health and physical activity concepts.


● Discrepancies

If markers give different marks for an answer – this is called a discrepancy. Any scripts that have an obvious discrepancy or lack of consistency in marking will be reviewed by a senior marker. They monitor each marker’s work through a computer data analysis package throughout the marking process to ensure fair and consistent marking occurs.

● The HSC is marked positively. This means that students do not lose marks for writing incorrect

information. Don’t waste time crossing out information you think is wrong (it may have relevant information within it). If it is crossed out it won’t be marked. If you write a plan for your answer it will be read by markers and will contribute to the marks allocated for that question. If you run out of time but have jotted down some notes in your plan, markers will consider this as knowledge/understanding.

Adapted from ACHPER Enrichment presentation 2015



Activity 1: Multiple Choice practice Develop five multiple choice questions for Core 1 and five for Core 2. Try to change the complexity of the questions i.e. make some higher-order thinking questions. Use the different techniques to develop your questions i.e. the qualifiers (words that alter a statement for example always, most, good, bad, increase, decrease). Remember it is the best answer that is correct. Get a friend to try to answer the questions and give you feedback. Use the following link to go to the 2010 - 2019 PDHPE HSC exams for examples which can help you develop your questions. http://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/11-12/Understanding-the-curriculum/resources/hsc-exam-papers


Activity 2: Develop your own question for recovery strategies (Core 2) worth 6 marks. Use SELL to break the question down then attempt to answer it and have a friend mark your response using the marking guidelines you develop for the question.

My HSC style question (6 marks)

1. Read the question

2. Underline the syllabus points in the question.

List the key areas of the syllabus to address when answering this question.

3. Circle the key words/verbs that tell you how to answer the question

Write down what each key word requires you to do to answer this question

4. Read the question again for links/key hints

Identify any links/hints in the question that should be addressed

5. Look back over the question and look at the marks allocated

Write down how many marks the question is worth. Estimate how many lines you would need to use to answer this question. Have you covered all you need to?


6. Draw up a plan/mind map

Prepare a plan/mind map of points to include in your response. Use lines or arrows to make links between the concepts.

Marking Guidelines

Criteria Marks

● ● ● Provides relevant examples

6

●

● Provides examples 4 - 5

● ●

2 - 3

●

1


7. Write a response to your question Use the lines provided below to write your answer. Remember PEEL. .....................................................................................................................................................

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Activity 3: Marking a response Using the following marking guideline mark the following response to this question Explain why cancer continues to be identified as a priority health issue in Australia. Use examples to support your answer. (7 Marks)

(Source: NESA PDHPE HSC 2019 Question 25) As you read the response highlight in different colours:

● syllabus content used ● statements that link the content to the question and statements that do what the key

word asks eg assess, discuss, evaluate etc. In this case show why cancer continues to be identified as a priority health issue linked to how we identify priority health issues.

● relevant examples used. What mark would you give this response? ................................................................................... How could you improve this response? ........................................................................................ .....................................................................................................................................................

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Re-write the response with your improvement and get your PDHPE teacher to mark the response.

Sample answer: Cancer continues to be a priority health issue, even though mortality improvements have occurred. Prevalence of cancer continues to be high, causing the greatest burden of disease in Australia. In 2018, approximately 380 people every day were diagnosed with cancer. Cancer remains a priority health issue due to the high morbidity and mortality rates in Australia. Cancer continues to have a large cost to the community through extended hospital stays, resulting in high absenteeism from the workforce. There is considerable cost to the individual for the continued health care to treat cancer. These large costs result in cancer continuing as a priority health issue. Through technological improvements and with continued research there is even greater potential for prevention and early intervention. With the improvements in cancer detection, eg 3D mammograms, breast cancer can be detected earlier which creates a greater chance of overall survival. With greater research about the risk factors like smoking, many cancers can be prevented, eg national tobacco control measures (plain packaging, smoking bans) have led to decreased smoking rates. However, lung cancer continues as the highest cause of cancer deaths. More work needs to be done to reduce smoking rates. It is for these reasons that cancer continues to be a priority health issue in Australia.


Marking Guidelines

Criteria Marks

● Makes clearly evident the relationship between cancer and the factors used to identify priority health issues in Australia.

● Provides detailed reasons why cancer continues to be a priority health issue. ● Provides relevant examples.

7

● Makes evident the relationship between cancer and the factors used to identify priority health issues in Australia.

● Provides reasons why cancer is a priority health issue. ● Provides relevant examples.

5 - 6

● Provides reason(s) why cancer is a priority health issue in Australia. ● Provides examples.

3 - 4

● Sketches, in general terms, cancer and/or how priority health issues are identified.

2

● Provides some relevant information about cancer or identifying priority health issues.

1

Source: NESA PDHPE HSC 2019 Question 25

References HSC 2019 Paper and Marking Guidelines https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/wcm/connect/a8fb9d23-a455-4759-b1d9-806e8a5f7fed/2019-hsc-pdhpe.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-a8fb9d23-a455-4759-b1d9-806e8a5f7fed-mUftomE https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/wcm/connect/5ac059e2-db7f-4ebc-bf08-eeb8468e406c/2019-hsc-pdhpe-mg.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-5ac059e2-db7f-4ebc-bf08-eeb8468e406c-mXEDFNZ HSC 2017 Paper and Marking Guidelines https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/wcm/connect/73526f6f-3fa2-4a4f-8027-bab5e16a4d1f/2017-hsc-pdhpe.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-73526f6f-3fa2-4a4f-8027-bab5e16a4d1f-mqZ1irP https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/wcm/connect/56690cab-bf20-41e2-81c5-b21cb30b3c71/2017-hsc-mg-pdhpe.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-56690cab-bf20-41e2-81c5-b21cb30b3c71-m00FDhl HSC 2013 Paper and Marking Guidelines https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/resource-finder/hsc-exam-papers/2013/pdhep-2013-hsc-exam-pack HSC 2012 Paper and Marking Guidelines https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/resource-finder/hsc-exam-papers/2012/pdhpe-2012-hsc-exam-pack

https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/resource-finder/hsc-exam-papers/2013/pdhep-2013-hsc-exam-pack


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Sports Medicine

PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Sports Medicine – Page 68

Syllabus Overview

Slide 2

Syllabus Overview

Slide 3


Course Terminology

Slide 4

Activity 1: Match the definition

Key Word Definition Rehabilitation

physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone.

Progressive Mobilisation

Support an argument or conclusion

Stretching

relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how

Conditioning

The gradual increase in action of making something movable or capable of movement.

Examine the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and/or therapy after injury or illness.

Justify the process of training to become physically fit by a regimen of exercise, diet, and rest also: the resulting state of physical fitness.


Rehabilitation Procedures Slide 5

Progressive Mobilisation Slide 6


Graduated Exercise - Conditioning Slide 7

Graduated Exercise- Stretching Slide 8


Graduated Exercise- Total Body Fitness Slide 9

Graduated Exercise Slide 10


Activity 2: True or false

1. Conditioning increases the size and endurance of muscles. T/F

2. Weight bearing exercises may occur before swelling has reduced. T/F

3. Conditioning should include strength, power and muscular endurance and general cardiorespiratory fitness. T/F

4. Stretching should begin immediately after the injury occurs. T/F

5. Stretching reduces the amount of tension in the muscle and increases tendon and muscle

strength. T/F

6. Stretching increases range of motion and allows for greater circulation. T/F

7. Total body fitness strengthens ligaments and muscles. T/F

8. Total body fitness improves blood flow, balance and coordination. T/F

9. An athlete must only perform running/jogging activities to maintain or regain fitness levels.

T/F

10. Graduated exercise prevents reversibility. T/F

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Training

Slide 11


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Heat and ColdSlide 12

Activity 3: When and Why?

Students watch the Heat & Cold clip and complete the table below. https://www.vivehealth.com/blogs/resources/alternating-hot-and-cold-therapy

Heat Cold

When How Why When How Why


Progressive Mobilisation Slide 13


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Sports Specific Injuries

Slide 14

Activity 4: Hamstring Tear Rehabilitation Procedures Fill in the blanks

1. ………………………….………………… - Applied for the first ………. hrs during the acute phase. Once the

injury has been assessed by a professional rehabilitation may begin.

2. ………………………….…………………. - Once a professional has declared the acute phase is over,

…………….………, pain free stretching should begin. Eg. straight leg out in front.

………………………….………………… stretches can begin once the leg is at a functional capacity.

3. ………………………….………………… - Low intensity pain free strengthening exercises Eg. …………….………

………………………….………………… - Enhance/ maintain total body fitness with stationary machines

such as ……………….……… as long as the activity is low intensity and pain free.

4. ………………………….………………… - Once given the all clear from a professional the athlete should

begin light training, replicating movements and drills required for game situations. Ensure

this is pain free and cease if pain becomes apparent.

5. ………………………….………………… - Use ice if …………….……… is apparent at any time. Heat may be used

before …………….……… or …………….……… to increase blood flow and flexibility.


Take Home Activities The following activities can be done at home as part of your study in preparation for the HSC:

Activity 1: Scaffolding questions In 2017, Usain Bolt suffered a hamstring tear in the anchor leg of the 4 x 100m relay at the World Championships in London.

Outline how you would rehabilitate Usain Bolt and justify the procedures you would use in his rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation Procedure

When How Why

Progressive mobilisation

Stretching

Conditioning

Total Body Fitness

Training

Heat & Cold


Activity 2: Research

Read the following articles as research of specific examples of exercises used when conducting rehabilitation procedures for hamstring tears and shoulder dislocations.

Hamstring tears https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bo1577 http://www.bostonsportsmedicine.com/pdf/protocols/hamstring_strain.pdf

Shoulder dislocation https://myhealth.alberta.ca/health/AfterCareInformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=zp4512 https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/shoulder-pain/acute-shoulder-injuries/dislocated-shoulder-strengthening-exercises

Activity 3: Deconstructing HSC Question

Using PEEL or SEXY, using 4 different colour highlighters, identify the Point, Explanation, Example & Link to question. Using the marking criteria, comment on the positives of the response & what else you might need to include.

Justify the rehabilitation procedures used to manage specific sporting injuries. 12 Marks (2014 Question 31b)

Sample answer: To ensure an athlete can return to play as soon as possible following a hamstring injury, a variety of rehabilitation processes should be implemented. These should include progressive mobilisation, graduated exercise (including stretching, conditioning and total body fitness), training and the use of heat and cold. When each step is correctly addressed, it will increase the likelihood of a speedy reintroduction to sport.

Progressive mobilisation is necessary to enhance the range of movement available at the hamstring. A hamstring tear causes severe damage to muscle and connective tissues ie tendons and ligaments, leading to scar tissue formation and immobilisation. Active and passive movement techniques can be introduced soon after the injury to prevent muscle inactivity. An example of an active and passive movement exercise for someone who has experienced a hamstring tear might include flexion and extension of the knee by the athlete and physiotherapist respectively. It is important that the athlete is ready to undertake this phase by ensuring the movements are slow, circulation to the area is increased beforehand and movement remains pain free. Therefore, progressive mobilisation is a key stage in the initial rehabilitation process as it prevents muscle stiffness.

After the injured site has been mobilised, graduated exercise is introduced in the form of stretching, conditioning and total body fitness. Stretching is beneficial as it reduces muscle tension, increases circulation, increases deltoid muscle and tendon length and improves the range of motion at the injured site. Stretching can be in the form of PNF and static stretches at this stage, ensuring technique is correct and there is no pain. Conditioning of a shoulder injury is vital because inactivity leads to muscle atrophy. Therefore, it is imperative that strength in the muscle is regained and the muscle slowly overloaded with further resistance to initiate further strength gains. Some examples of suitable resistance exercises for someone recovering from a shoulder injury might include anterior deltoid raises with low resistance or rotator cuff exercises. Total Body fitness is the final step in the graduated exercise process. It is


essential that overall fitness is restored, not just the recuperation of the shoulder dislocation. The choice of total body fitness exercises will depend on the type and severity of the injury. In the case of a shoulder dislocation, some fitness exercises might include light resistance training through the use of elastic bands and low intensity swimming. Graduated exercise is relevant because it assists in the recovery process of the shoulder dislocation. Although an athlete may have returned to full fitness, strength and condition, they are still not fit enough to return to competition. Instead, they must undertake training to ensure speed, agility and muscle coordination are restored to full capacity. For example, an AFL player who has sustained a hamstring tear may return to the lower grades before re-entering the senior team. It has been found that this will ensure physiological readiness to return to full competition. The use of cold is vital in the initial treatment of a shoulder dislocation, while the use of heat is helpful prior to commencing the progressive mobilisation phase. Cold therapies ie cryotherapy, include the use of ice and ice baths to minimise swelling and pain at the shoulder dislocation site immediately post injury and for up to 48 hours post injury. Heat is used to increase circulation, increase tissue healing and relax the injured muscle. Heat can be applied superficially via heat packs after the first 48 hours post injury. Research shows that the use of heat and cold is a key component of the rehabilitation process of a shoulder dislocation as it assists and speeds up the healing of the injured site. It can be seen that rehabilitation procedures are vital to ensuring an athlete is at their peak when returning to play following a soft and hard tissue injury.

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Improving Performance

Use of Technology Training Innovation and Equipment Advances

PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Improving Performance - Use of Technology – Page 82

Activity 1 – Mix n Match Syllabus Terminology

Slide 5

Activity 1: Mix n Match Syllabus Terminology Match the correct definition to the syllabus terminology.

A type of training that is designed to improve your fitness (in the broad sense of the term) level for the purpose of improving your ability to perform a given sport.

Covers both enhancing the creative potential of individuals and developing their understanding of the organisation's innovation practices.

Provide features and characteristics

The process of examining an activity or movement pattern to distinguish its component parts.

Points for and against

Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these

The maximum or optimum rate at which the heart, lungs, and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise, used as a way of measuring a person's individual aerobic capacity

The maximal effort or intensity that an athlete

can maintain for an extended period with little or no increase in lactate in the blood.

Training Innovation

Lactate Threshold

Vo2 Max Biomechnaical Analysis

Improved Performance Ethical Argue Describe


Activity 2 – Brainstorming Technology in Sport Slides 6 - 12

• Basic Function

Without technology the basic functions of a sport would not be there. As years have gone on the evolution of equipment has progressed. Due to this, the dynamic of the game has evolved. Eg. The new carbon-fibre strings on a tennis racquet now makes it possible to play the game at a much higher level.

• Technology – Reduce Harm and Injury

Technology has advanced over decades to better protect athletes to reduce harm to an athlete and their risk to injury. Injury rehabilitation is now more advanced due to technology E.g

• Technology – Training Innovation

Due to technology, training innovation in many elite sports, has now become standard practice. Some of the many training innovations is the inclusion of specific tests such as the VO2 max test, and lactate threshold testing.

• Technology – Reduce Harm and Injury

Technology has progressed and been specifically designed and crafted to enhance performance. Equipment advances can be in clothing, protective equipment, general equipment, or technological equipment. For example, the swimsuit were designed and extremely efficient in reducing friction in the water E.g

• Used in combination Technology is used in combination providing the athlete with the ultimate support to achieve to a high level in their sport. For example, in cycling the bikes are now lighter and more efficient. This combined with the tight fitted suits impacting and changing the dynamics of the sport.

Technology in Sport


Activity 3 – Features and Characteristics

Slide 13

Activity 3: Features and Characteristics

Read the passages in your work booklet and highlight where there are features and characteristics

used to describe a training innovation.

Lactate Threshold Testing Lactate threshold testing is a training innovation that seeks to identify an athlete’s lactate inflection point (the point when lactate begins to accumulate in the blood). This test provides a lactate threshold heart rate and training pace. Lactate threshold testing helps the athlete to set training zones that are more accurate and beneficial, providing better results, particularly in aerobic sports where the athlete wants to be as close as possible to the lactate inflection point without crossing into the anaerobic training zone. However, lactate threshold testing also helps in anaerobic training to ensure training is forcing the body to deal with lactate overload and recover from it.

Vo2 Max The VO2 max test is a training innovation that measures an athlete’s maximal oxygen consumption in L per Min per Kg of body weight, maximum heart rate, ventilation rate, and the efficiency of muscles. In addition, the VO2 max test also provides a predictor of lactate threshold. The test is used to set heart rate training zones as a real measure of maximum heart rate is achieved. theVO2 max test also provides feedback on the effects of training. This allows the athlete to train more effectively to improve their cardiovascular endurance. It is particularly beneficial in endurance sports such as: marathons, triathlons, or AFL.


Biomechanical Analysis Biomechanical analysis is a training innovation that analyses the athlete’s technique to ensure their movement is efficient and safe. Biomechanical analysis is done in many sports to analyse: the force through joints, the force absorbed and produced by muscles, ensure technique is correct to produce the most efficient movement possible and that the technique will not lead to injury. This is a huge benefit in sports that are particularly technical, such as: cricket, tennis, golf and baseball. Biomechanical analysis allows the athletes to last longer with more efficient movement patterns, and to achieve better results due to a better technique. This saves energy and provides the athlete with an advantage over others.

Activity 4 – Let’s Describe More!

Slide 13

Activity 4: Let’s Describe More!

Work with someone next to you to describe two other training innovations or equipment advances from the list provided.

• Virtual Reality Headsets

• Heart Rate Monitors

• Video Analysis

• GPS Devices

• Swimsuits

• Golf Ball

• GLT (Goal Line Technology)


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Activity 5 – Pros and Cons of this Shoe Slides 15 and 16

Activity 5: Pros and Cons of This Shoe Watch the following videos to generate for and against as to why there is an ethical concern of this shoe in many ‘running events’

For Against


Activity 6 – The Argument of Technology in Sport Slide 16

Activity 6: Pros and Cons of Technology in Sport

Use the following list and place a F for and A for against to devise an argument for the following ethical questions.

Has technology gone ‘too far’? Has technology created unfair competition?

Viewpoint For (F) Against (A)

Has technology gone ‘too far’? What is too far defined as?

Last decade has seen a greater development of sport than ever before as a result of these developments

Some have gone too far, such as the LZR suit where 23 of 25 world records were broken at the Beijing Olympics

Without technology, the commercialisation and evolution of sport would not have occurred.

Not unfair when all athletes have access to it

Due to socioeconomic, geographic and other factors access to technology is not available to all

It has removed subjectivity and bias through video replays such as hawk eye technology

As long as there are regulations, such as what FINA put into play with placing strict regulations of what swimsuits are allowed, technology creates a thriving environment where the potential for athletes to achieve optimum performance is nurtured.


Technology is made by humans for humans, so it is not a natural occurrence.

Technology is developed to reduce the risk of harm and injury.

Technology in sport becomes an ethical issue when we pose the question as to whether technology is used to enhance performance.

Some argue that it is ‘mechanical doping’. Doping is cheating.

Sum-Up Your Argument

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Activity 1: Practise past examination questions

HSC 2011 - Question 30

(b) To what extent has the use of technology created unfair competition in sport? 12 Marks

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HSC 2013 - Question 32 (a) Explain the ethical issues associated with the use of technology in sport. 8 Marks

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HSC 2017 - Question 30 (b) Discuss the ethical issues associated with the use of technology in sport. 12 marks

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Activity 2: Read and Research

Visit the following website to ‘read and research’ more about technology in sport. It will support you in further enhancing your skills to describe (features and characteristics) specific technological advancements in sport.

https://www.hire-intelligence.co.uk/evolution-of-technology-in-sport/

Activity 3: Athlete’s Point of View

Read the following article to see what athlete’s think about technology in sport. This will help you to enhance your critical thinking skills and ability to argue for and against.

https://www.hire-intelligence.co.uk/evolution-of-technology-in-sport/


Activity 4: Athlete’s Point of View

Review the following table to enhance your knowledge of many equipment advances and the implications that they have had on a particular sport.

TABLE 12.11 Training innovations and their effect on performance.

Sport Equipment Advances Implications

High Jump High Jump mats used instead of sand. Techniques like the Fosbury Flop instead of the scissors.

Heights cleared by athletes are increased because landing on their back is now possible.

Pole Vault Carbon fibre poles. Material allows greater flex and therefore increased vertical propulsion over the bar.

Running Lightweight nylon used in spikes.Lycra clothing.

Weight and air resistance effects on times are reduced and comfort for the athlete is increased.

Swimming Bodysuits. Caps. Goggles. Breaststroke whip kick. Underwater dolphin movement in backstroke and butterfly.

Drag component is reduced. Streamlining is improved. Swimmer achieves greater propulsion through water. Swimmer produces more efficient and powerful force.

Golf Synthetic fibres (for example, tungsten used in golf balls). Graphite shafts. Metal alloy heads on driving clubs.

Balls respond better for distance, spin and control. Durability is improved. Dimples vary to give balls different characteristics (for example, distance or spin). More variation in ‘flex’ creates a higher ‘whipping’ action for extra distance. Greater area of contact results in high level of result (that is, less margin for error.) Accuracy is increased. Lighter material allows more mass at the point of contact, creating greater distance.

Cycling Carbon fibre components. Helmets. Suspension on mountain bikes.

Frames, pedals, wheels, gear etc. weigh less so create less resistance. The efficiency of the cyclist’s effort is increased. The shapes and designs of components are more aerodynamically sound. Cyclists can ride more extreme country safely. The stress on cyclists’ bodies is reduced, so energy is focussed on creating forward motion.

Sprint Running

Crouch start versus standing start.

Biomechanical efficiency is increased and quadriceps are able to create greater forward force out of the blocks.

Discus / Shot Put

Rotation (spin) delivery. Velocity of projectile is increased at point of release. Momentum is increased as a result of the combined muscle actions involved.

Athletics Rubber compound used in tracks and runways.

Tracks respond to effort, so the efficiency of an athlete’s output is increased. There is a high reaction component for jumps and forward motion.

Australian Football

Configuration of stops used in football boots.

There is less stress on players’ feet because boots are like running shoes, agility is increased.

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Disclaimer This booklet has been developed to assist teachers and students with their study of PDHPE. Although the information presented in the booklet is accurate to the best of their knowledge, the authors cannot guarantee that every statement is without flaw of any kind. Therefore, the authors disclaim all liability for any errors, or any loss or other consequences resulting from any individual relying

on, or acting upon any information provided in the text.

Documents

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Sports Medicine ... · PDHPE HSC Enrichment Day 2020 – Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia - Page 6 Activity 4a: Recall the priority population