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Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Sectional Anatomy, 3/e
Chapter 3: Spine
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Spinal Column• The spinal column includes
– cervical vertebrae (7), – thoracic vertebrae (12), – lumbar vertebrae (5), – sacrum (5 fused segments), and – coccyx (3 to 5)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cervical Vertebra• All cervical vertebrae have a foramen in each transverse
process.• Unlike lower vertebrae, the cervical spinous process is often
bifid.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Thoracic Vertebra• All thoracic vertebrae have costal facets for articulating with
the ribs.• As compared to cervical vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae are
larger.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lumbar Vertebra• The lumbar vertebrae have a large body with a large, blunt
spinous process.• Unlike upper vertebrae, there are no costal facets or
transverse foramina.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sacrum• The sacrum is composed of five fused vertebral segments.• The spinal nerves exit through the sacral foramina found on
both the anterior and posterior surfaces.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sagittal Spine• The intervertebral discs separate the vertebral bodies.• The vertebral column is connected by an array of ligaments.• The spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Spinal Nerves• Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord at each intervertebral
level.• The conus medullaris is the caudal tip of the spinal cord.• The cauda equina is the bundle of nerves below the conus medullaris.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Axial Spinal Cord• The spinal nerves exit on both sides through the
intervertebral foramina.• Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by the three
meningeal layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
End of Chapter 3: Sectional Anatomy of the Spine