Upload
tobias-shelton
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Coming Up in this Chapter
□Learn the major types of CVD, cancer, and diabetes.
□Assess your personal risk factors for chronic disease.
□Become familiar with screening, diagnosis, and treatment options.
□Find out steps to reduce your risk factors.
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Table 11-1 Estimated prevalence and annual mortality from cardiovascular
disease, cancer, and diabetes
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Cardiovascular Disease
□One in three people die of CVD□These diseases are highly treatable □They are also highly preventable
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Circulation
□ The left side of the heart (systemic pump) receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the tissues in the body
□ The right side of the heart (pulmonary pump) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Circulation
□ Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
□ Blood is so important to the heart that every muscle fiber is supplied by at least one capillary
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Conduction system
□ The heart has its own conduction system
□ The beating rate and rhythm are established by the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
□ The electrical contraction pauses at the atrioventricular (AV) node, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Cardiovascular Disease
□Coronary artery disease□Stroke□Peripheral artery disease□High blood pressure□Heart failure□Heart murmurs
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Coronary artery disease
□Usually cause by atherosclerosis□Can lead to arteriosclerosis□Diagnosed when any artery is
narrowed by 60% or more
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Coronary artery disease
□A myocardial infarction (heart attack; death of the heart muscle)
□Angina pectoris
□Arrhythmia
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Heart failure
□The heart is unable to pump sufficient volume of blood
□Shortness of breath□Fluid build up causing swelling□Fluid build up in lungs
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Stroke
□Ischemic stroke□Hemorrhagic stroke□Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Stroke (Brain Attack)
□Strokes are caused by a thrombus or an embolus (70% to 80%) or a cerebral hemorrhage
□Brain cells die, causing loss of function of some parts of the body
□Strokes have similar risk and prevention factors as heart disease
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
High Blood Pressure
□Force of blood pumping against the vessel walls
□Normal 120/80□Systolic pressure (top number)□Diastolic pressure (bottom number)□Hypertension
□High blood pressure
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
High Blood Pressure
□Leads to weakening of the heart□Damages blood vessels□Risk factor in congestive heart failure□Risk factor in stroke□Risk factor in aortic aneurism
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
□Some are painful and some are not□Shortness of breath□Swelling of the legs□Chest pain□Fatigue□Lightheadedness
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Fig 11-1 Percentage of breakdown of U.S. deaths from cardiovascular disease
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Assessing Risk
□Heredity/Genetics□Age□Gender□Ethnicity
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Heredity
□History of first degree male relatives, before the age of 55, who had CAD or MI
□History of first degree female relatives, before the age of 65, who had CAD or MI
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Age
Prevalence of CVD
□Under 40 years less than 15%□Over 60 years over 70%
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Gender
□Male: more likely to develop and die from CVD at a younger age
□Female: more likely to die from a heart attack
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
□Healthy diet□Physical activity□Weight control□Avoid tobacco□Avoid drugs□Moderate alcohol use
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Do you know your levels? Why not?
□LDL should be less than 100 mg/dL□HDL should be more than 60 mg/dL□Total Cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dL□ Triglycerides should be less than 150 mg/dL
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Cigarette Smoking/Tobacco Use
□Cigarette smoking is considered to be the most harmful of the preventable risk
factors
□These illnesses include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, strokes, and 87% of all lung cancers
□Loss of life from smoking represents a life expectancy drop of ~18%
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Prevention
□Regular screenings□Manage stress□Control blood pressure□Healthy cholesterol□Healthy triglycerides□Control diabetes
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Table 11-7 Tests for diagnosing and monitoring cardiovascular disease
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Treatment
□Lifestyle change□Medications□Surgery
□Coronary angioplasty□Coronary bypass□Pacemaker□Valve repair
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Diabetes
□A metabolic disorder characterized by problems with the body’s production or use of insulin
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Diabetes
□Type 1 diabetes□Autoimmune disease attacking and
destroying the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
□Type 2 diabetes□Cells don’t respond to insulin
□Gestational diabetes□High glucose levels during pregnancy
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune disease that occurs most frequently in children and young adults
□ In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce any insulin
□Insulin injections of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels are necessary
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Type II Diabetes
The most common and is found primarily in people over 40 years old
□Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to heredity and obesity□Condition can often be controlled with
diet, exercise, and weight management
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Type 2 Diabetes risk factors
□Age□Excessive weight□Lack of physical activity□Family history□Gestational diabetes□Elevated blood sugar levels
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Do you know your blood sugar levels?
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Symptoms of Diabetes
□Increased thirst□Increased hunger after eating□Dry mouth□Frequent urination□Weight loss or weight gain□Fatigue□Blurred or decreased vision□Slow healing sores or cuts
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Diabetes Prevention
□Healthy diet□Physical activity□Healthy weight□Control cholesterol□Avoid tobacco
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Treatment
□Use of insulin□Shots□Pumps
□Lifestyle strategies□Oral medication
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Metabolic syndrome
□Medical conditions that increase risk of both heart disease and diabetes
□You have 3 of the following 5 traits1.Large waist circumference2.Elevated triglycerides3.Low levels of HDL4.Elevated Bp5.Elevated blood glucose levels
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Cancer
□Tumors are abnormal clumps of cells.
□Benign means non-cancerous.□Malignant tumors are known as
cancer.
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Fig 11-8 Stages and spread of cancer
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Cancer
□Carcinoma□Sarcoma□Lymphoma□Leukemia□Central nervous system cancers
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Assessing Your Risk
□Heredity/Genetics□Age□Gender□Ethnicity□Exposure to cancer-causing agents
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Genetics
□All cancers involve genetic mutation□Most are random□5-10% linked to inherited mutations
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Age
□78% of all cancers are diagnosed in people over 55
□Testicular cancer more prevalent in young men ages 15-34
□Common cancers for women in their twenties are thyroid, breast, cervix, uterus and Hodgkin lymphoma
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Carcinogens
□Radiation: X-rays, radon, sunlight and tanning beds
□Certain hormones and viruses□Asbestos□Tobacco □Solvents□pesticides
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Skin cancer
□Most common cancer in the USA□Usually noninvasive and rarely fatal
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Types of skin cancer
□Basal cell carcinoma □The most common skin cancer, but it grows
slowly and rarely spreads
□Squamous cell carcinoma □The second most common skin cancer; it also
grows slowly, but it does metastasize
□Malignant melanoma □The least common skin cancer, but it causes of
75% of skin cancer deaths
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Skin Cancer
Knowing the ABCDs of skin cancer can help you detect melanoma in the early, treatable stagesA = Asymmetry (halves are shaped
differently) B = Border irregularity (may have scalloped
or uneven edges) C = Color (color is not uniform) D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Signs and Symptoms - CAUTION
□Change in bowel or bladder habits□A sore that does not heal□Unusual bleeding□Thickening or lump in tissue□Indigestion or difficulty swallowing□Obvious change in wart or mole□Nagging cough or hoarseness
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Prevention
□Eat healthy.□Engage in regular physical activity.□Avoid smoking.□Practice safer sex.□Manage stress.□Avoid exposure.
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Treatment
□Surgery□Removal of malignant tissue
□Chemotherapy□Combination of drugs and hormones□Destroy cancer cells’ ability to divide and
replicate; also affects health cells
□Antiangiogenesis Therapy□Stops cancerous growths from developing new
blood vessels□Only mild side effects□Not very effective as the sole treatment
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Diagnosis
□Biopsy□Imaging procedures□Tumor marker or lab tests
Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.