Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 13 Diet during Childhood and Adolescence

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 13

Diet during Childhood and Adolescence


Objectives

• Identify nutritional needs of adolescents and children age 1 to 12

• State effects of inadequate nutrition during growing years

• Describe eating disorders that can occur during adolescence

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Objectives

• Discuss consequences of obesity in childhood

• Evaluate nutritive value of fast-food products available in U.S. today


Nutrition in Children

• Children’s nutrition affects physical, emotional, and intellectual development

• Once developed, poor eating habits difficult to change

• Poor eating habits can exacerbate emotional and physical problems


Children Ages 1 to 12

• Appetites often vary according to rate of growth

• Likes and dislikes change

• New foods should be introduced gradually

• Children should be involved in food selection and preparation

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• Fats should not be limited before age 2

• Fat intake recommendation:– 30 to 35 percent of calories for 1- to 3-year-olds

– 25 to 35 percent of calories for 4- to 18-year-olds

• Whole milk recommended until age 2– Low-fat or fat-free milk served starting at age 2

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• Calorie needs depend on rate of growth, activity level, body size, metabolism, and health

• Nutrient-dense snacks needed every two to three hours

• Forcing a child to eat can cause eating disorders

• Choking prevalent in young children


Calorie and Nutrient Needs of Young Children

• From age 1 to 10, caloric needs decrease– But nutrient needs increase

• Use MyPyramid for meal planning for kids

• Need 2 to 3 cups of milk or equivalent in terms of calcium per day

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Calorie and Nutrient Needs of Young Children

• Limit sweets and sweetened fruit juices

• Need 1 mL of water per calorie

• Introduce fiber slowly


Childhood Obesity

• Child overweight if above 95th percentile for body mass index (BMI) by sex and age

• Many factors contribute to this epidemic:– Genetic

– Behavioral

– Environmental


Genetic Factors

• Not sole factor for childhood obesity

• Increased risk in children with one or both obese parents


Behavioral Factors

• Large portions of food and beverage

• Snacking on energy-dense foods

• High sugar intake

• Lack of physical activity at home, school, or day care

• Excessive sedentary activities:– E.g., television, computer, video games


Environmental Factors

• School foods often high in fat and calories

• Community environment not always safe or conducive to physical activity


What Parents Can Do

• Model healthy food choices and active lifestyle

• Involve entire family for lifestyle change

• Balance calories with snacking and portion control– But no dieting

• Promote healthy food, snacks, and drinks

• Remove calorie-rich temptations

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What Parents Can Do

• Engage in 60 minutes of physical activity daily as a family

• Limit sedentary time

• Ensure child gets enough sleep

• Never tell child that he or she is too fat

• Understand devastating effects of social discrimination on obese children

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What Parents Can Do

• Never provide food as comfort or reward– But do not forbid food

• Eat only at table and at designated times

• Give water rather than juice, soda, or sweetened drinks

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What Parents Can Do

• Eat slowly– Use 20-minute technique

• Determine reasons for eating


Childhood Type 2 Diabetes

• In the past, disease of adults only– Now found in obese children

• Need education from diabetes educator

• Only prevention:– Healthy nutrition and exercise


Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease

• Osteoporosis linked to poor calcium intake in childhood and young adulthood

• Cardiovascular disease linked to excess fat in diet

• Teenagers typically consume too much saturated fat and soda and not enough milk

• Nutrition education crucial


Adolescence

• Period of rapid growth and physical changes– Cause increased calorie needs

• Typically enormous appetites

• Often substitute popular low-nutrient-dense foods

• Food choices affected by peer pressure and busy schedules

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Adolescence

• Calorie requirement increases

• Except for vitamin D, all nutrient needs increase

• Menstruation in girls creates greater need for iron

• DRIs for many nutrients higher for boys than girls


Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition

• Anorexia nervosa

• Bulimia

• Overweight


Anorexia Nervosa

• Psychological disorder

• Causes client to drastically reduce calories consumed– Causes altered metabolism

• Distorted body image and fear of being fat

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Anorexia Nervosa

• Often exercise excessively

• May result in hair loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and even death


Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

• Individual and family counseling

• Self-acceptance

• Nutrition therapy

• Close supervision

• Time and patience


Bulimia

• Syndrome when client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and diuretics to rid of ingested food

• Fear of being overweight

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Bulimia

• Often binge on high-calorie foods

• Usually not life-threatening, but can irritate esophagus and cause electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries


Treatment for Bulimia

• Eating only at mealtime

• Portion control

• Close supervision after eating

• Psychological counseling


Overweight

• Contributing factors:– Heredity, overfeeding as infant or child, and psychological

issues

• Treatment:– Evaluation by health care provider

– Change in unhealthy eating habits

– Exercise


Stop and Share

• Consider the following question:– Being overweight is particularly difficult during the

adolescent period. What makes being overweight during adolescence especially difficult?

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Stop and Share

• Apt to diminish self-esteem

• Can exclude from normal social life of teen years– Further diminishing self-esteem

• Makes adolescent prone to being overweight as adult


Fast Foods

• Nutrient charts often available at restaurants

• Excessively high in fat, sodium, and calories

• Limited in minerals, vitamins, and fibers

• Often used as snacks by teens– Adds extra calories

• Should be used with discretion in balanced diet


Alcohol

• Contains 7 calories per gram but few nutrients

• Depressant with serious side effects

• Affects absorption and normal metabolism of glucose, fats, proteins, and vitamins

• Causes excess water and mineral loss


Alcohol and the Adolescent

• Alcoholism– Abuse or overuse of alcohol

• Excessive long-term drinking can lead to liver cirrhosis, high blood pressure, and damage to heart muscle

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Alcohol and the Adolescent

• Teenagers often ignore dangers

• Drinking teens prone to accidents and random acts of violence


Marijuana

• Use continues to increase among teens

• Increases appetite, especially for sweets

• Marijuana cigarettes more harmful to lungs than tobacco cigarettes

• May lead to use of other drugs


Cocaine

• Highly addictive and extremely harmful

• Weight loss very common due to decreased appetite

• Crack– Form that can be smoked

• Half of crimes against property in U.S. related to use of crack cocaine


Tobacco

• Addictive

• Can influence appetite, nutritional status, and weight

• Smokers need more vitamin C– Smoking alters its metabolism

• Increases risk for lung cancer and heart disease


Other Addictive Drugs

• Amphetamines cause heart, breathing, and blood pressure rates to increase– Methamphetamine

• Most potent form of amphetamines

– Symptoms:• Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, dilated pupils, and depressed

appetite

• As drug wears off, fatigue and depression common

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Other Addictive Drugs

• Inhalants– Physically and psychologically addictive

– Symptoms:• Depression, apathy, nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic

fatigue, heart failure, loss of muscle control, and death


Nutrition for the Athlete

• Need additional water, calories, B vitamins, sodium, potassium, iron, and protein

• Increase in calories depends on activity and its length

• Plain water recommended liquid for rehydration

• Electrolyte drinks useful after athletic event– But not during one

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Nutrition for the Athlete

• Glycogen loading sometimes used for long activities– Also known as carbo-loading

– Begins six days before event

– Regimen of diet and exercise to maximize amount of glycogen in muscles

– May result in abnormal heart rate and some weight gain

– Should maintain good eating and health habits


Considerations for the Health Care Professional

• Young children may have poor appetites, and parents may have related anxiety

• Be most helpful by exhibiting patience and understanding and by listening to client and parents

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Considerations for the Health Care Professional

• Working with adolescent clients with disordered eating can be challenging– Should consult with client’s psychological counselor

• Parents of clients with disordered eating must be included in counseling


Conclusion

• Nutrient needs vary as children grow and develop– Gradually increase

• Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity are problems of weight control that can occur during adolescence

• Alcohol and drug abuse can be serious problems during adolescence

Documents

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 13 Diet during Childhood and Adolescence