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Immunity –Immunity –The War Against InfectionThe War Against Infection
Immunity: Immunity: ability of an ability of an organism to resist disease.organism to resist disease.
Antigen:Antigen: any substance any substance that elicits an immune that elicits an immune response. response.
Antibodies:Antibodies: made in made in response to specific response to specific antigens; can inactivate the antigens; can inactivate the antigen that triggered the antigen that triggered the antibody formation.antibody formation.
The Body Fights Back: 2 WaysThe Body Fights Back: 2 Ways
Surface Barriers Keep Surface Barriers Keep Intruders OutIntruders Out• Prevents entry of antigens inside Prevents entry of antigens inside
our bodyour body• Skin, MucosaSkin, Mucosa
Two immune mechanisms:Two immune mechanisms:• Cell MediatedCell Mediated Immunity: Cell Immunity: Cell
activates itself to defend against the activates itself to defend against the attackattack
• HumoralHumoral Immunity: Cell produces Immunity: Cell produces antibodies carried in blood to antibodies carried in blood to combat the intrusioncombat the intrusion
The Warriors
Three Defense Systems:Three Defense Systems:
1.1.Macrophage cellsMacrophage cells
2.2.T cellsT cells
3.3.B cellsB cells
The Macrophage
Body's Radar
Type of cell normally present in the blood
Detects the enemy
and engulfs (eats) it
The WarriorsThe Warriors
The Warriors
The T-Helper CellCommunication Link
Communication Link Between the body's macrophages and B-cells
Inactivated in HIV infections
The B-CellThe War FactoryProduces antibodies
custom tailored for the type of enemy antigen
The Warriors
AntibodiesAntigen BustersDesigned to seek and
destroy the specific enemy antigen
Antibodies Need Help
ComplementSupport Troops Assists the
antibodies to neutralize the enemy antigen
Antibody Protein & Humoral ImmunityAntibody Protein & Humoral Immunity
Since antibodies circulate through the body fluids(humours), Since antibodies circulate through the body fluids(humours),
the protection afforded by B cells is called humoral immunity.the protection afforded by B cells is called humoral immunity.
Structure of antibodies (Y-shaped proteins)
So what does an So what does an antibody do?antibody do?
1.1. Binds to molecules Binds to molecules (antigens) on the surface (antigens) on the surface of invading organism.of invading organism.
2.2. Inactivates or renders the Inactivates or renders the microorganism susceptible microorganism susceptible to destruction by the to destruction by the immune system.immune system.
Review 1Review 1
What is the enemy called that invades the What is the enemy called that invades the cell?cell?
What keeps intruders out?What keeps intruders out?
What are the two kinds of immunity?What are the two kinds of immunity?
Surface Barriers or Mucosal Surface Barriers or Mucosal ImmunityImmunity
SkinSkin
CiliaCilia
Tears, Saliva, Urine.Tears, Saliva, Urine.
Sticky mucusSticky mucus
Stomach: Stomach: Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid
AnalogyAnalogy
Suppose the classroom is a body.Suppose the classroom is a body. All students are cells.All students are cells. Rats are Rats are AntigensAntigens.. Doors and Windows prevent them from entering Doors and Windows prevent them from entering
- - Surface BarriersSurface Barriers.. Some of you Some of you Tough onesTough ones (T-cells) (T-cells) will capture will capture
the rodents - the rodents - Cell-mediated ImmunityCell-mediated Immunity.. Some of you Some of you BrainiacsBrainiacs (B-cells) (B-cells) will call pest will call pest
control (control (AntibodiesAntibodies) to capture the rodents – ) to capture the rodents – Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity..
The Cells in BloodThe Cells in Blood
Source: National Library of Medicine*Lymphocyte not shown. Looks like a monocyte, except nucleus mostly fills the cell and does not have a notch in it.
The Role of NeutrophilsThe Role of Neutrophils
When a wound occurs, neutrophils migrate out of blood to rush to the wound and phagocytize (“eat”) the bacteria. This is what pus is made of.
“old” neutrophil surrounded by red blood cells
The Role of The Role of
Turn into MacrophagesTurn into Macrophages
Note the notch in the nucleus. Otherwise, it looks like a
lymphocyte.
MonocytesMonocytes EosinophilsEosinophilsAttack Internal ParasitesAttack Internal Parasites
Note the red granules in the cytoplasm.
The Role of MacrophagesThe Role of MacrophagesEngulf and then digest cellular debris and Engulf and then digest cellular debris and
microbes in the body tissues.microbes in the body tissues.
Note the irregular cell membrane. These are
monocytes in the bloodstream and once they
migrate into the tissues they become
macrophages.
The Role of PlateletsThe Role of PlateletsBlood ClottingBlood Clotting
They can clump together to form clots. No role in immunity.
LeukocytosisLeukocytosis
Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis: white blood cell count white blood cell count increasedincreased above the normal range.above the normal range.
It is not a disorder or a disease, but a It is not a disorder or a disease, but a signsign of of illness.illness.
It occurs in response to a wide variety of It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectionviral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectioncancer cancer Hemorrhage (internal bleeding)Hemorrhage (internal bleeding)exposure to certain medications or chemicals exposure to certain medications or chemicals
including steroids.including steroids.
LeukopeniaLeukopenia
LeukopeniaLeukopenia: a : a decreasedecrease in the number of in the number of circulating white blood cells in the blood.circulating white blood cells in the blood.
As white blood cells get “used up” during As white blood cells get “used up” during infection, leukopenia can place patients at infection, leukopenia can place patients at higher risk for infection.higher risk for infection.
Causes: Causes: Influenza, typhus, malaria, Influenza, typhus, malaria, HIVHIV, tuberculosis, dengue, Rickettsial , tuberculosis, dengue, Rickettsial
infections, enlargement of the spleen and folate deficiencies.infections, enlargement of the spleen and folate deficiencies. chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia , myelofibrosis and chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia , myelofibrosis and
anemia.anemia. many common medications like minocyclen. many common medications like minocyclen.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV infection causes AIDS (HIV infection causes AIDS (Acquired Acquired ImmunoDeficiency SyndromeImmunoDeficiency Syndrome). ).
AIDS causes the immune system to fail, leading to life-AIDS causes the immune system to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. threatening opportunistic infections.
Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.
The four major routes of transmission areThe four major routes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse,unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated needles contaminated needles breast milkbreast milk transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.
AIDSAIDS ( (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency SyndromeAcquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome))
Virus infects vital cells such as helper T Virus infects vital cells such as helper T cells and macrophages.cells and macrophages.
When When T cell numbers declineT cell numbers decline below a below a critical level,critical level, cell-mediated immunity is cell-mediated immunity is lostlost, and , and infectionsinfections with a variety of with a variety of opportunistic microbes appear.opportunistic microbes appear.
Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity
It is an immune response that It is an immune response that does not involve does not involve antibodiesantibodies, , but ratherbut rather the cells act as the killers the cells act as the killers themselves.themselves.
It protects the body by:It protects the body by:
Activating antigen-specific Activating antigen-specific T-cellsT-cells that destroy that destroy infected cells.infected cells.
Activating Activating macrophagesmacrophages that destroy that destroy intracellular pathogens.intracellular pathogens.
Activating Activating NK (Natural Killer)NK (Natural Killer) cells that release cells that release a protein that kills the target cellsa protein that kills the target cells
Review 3Review 3
What is Leukopenia and what does it What is Leukopenia and what does it cause?cause?
What immune response does not involve What immune response does not involve antibodies?antibodies?
Immune System ResearchImmune System Research
How do they test for antibodies?How do they test for antibodies?
ELISA TESTELISA TEST
Remove blood cells and use the fluid (serum) to test for presence of antibody.
A. Place target sample on a support
B. Add serum that has antibody against antigen being tested for. Antibody, if present, binds the antigen.
C. Add a second antibody (that was separately developed to react with the antibody/antigen complex in step B) binds it to the complex. Second antibody was also prepared with an enzyme attached to it.
D. This new complex is made visible by reacting it with an enzyme that converts it to a colored compound that you can see.