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Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8Major Arteries and Veins
Figure 8.9
Subclavian arterySubclavian vein
Jugular veinCarotid arterySuperiorvena cava
Inferiorvena cava
Commoniliac veinCommoniliac artery
Femoral artery
Great saphenous vein
Renal arteryRenal vein
Aorta
Femoral vein
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Blood Vessels—Arterial System
Structure: endothelium, middle, outer layers
Functions Arteries carry blood away from heart
Arterioles and precapillary sphincters control pressure
Capillaries exchange nutrients, waste, and defensive cells between vessel and tissue
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Arterioles and Capillaries
Figure 8.2
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Capillary Structure
Figure 8.3
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Blood Vessels—Venous System
Structure: three layers, thin-walled
Functions: carry blood toward the heart
Mechanisms in blood return Contraction of skeletal muscles
One-way valves
Pressure changes associated with breathing
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Blood Vessels—Venous System
Figure 8.6
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Blood Vessels—Summary
Figure 8.1
Inner layer:Endothelium
Middle layer:Smooth musclewith elasticfibers
Outer layer:Connectivetissue
Connective tissue
Endothelium
Vein
Venule
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Direction ofblood flow
Tissuecells
Epithelial cells ofcapillary endothelium
Smooth muscle
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The Heart
Figure 8.7
Superior vena cava
Pulmonarysemilunar valveRight atrium
Right AV valveRight ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left AV valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Left ventricle
Septum
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Aorta
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The Heart
Structure
Layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Chambers: two atrias, two ventricles
Valves Two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and
bicuspid (mitral)
Two semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic
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Pulmonary Circuit—Oxygenation of Blood
Pathway Deoxygenated blood from the body into
heart
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Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Figure 8.9
Subclavian arterySubclavian vein
Jugular veinCarotid arterySuperiorvena cava
Inferiorvena cava
Commoniliac veinCommoniliac artery
Femoral artery
Great saphenous vein
Renal arteryRenal vein
Aorta
Femoral vein
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Cardiac Cycle
Figure 8.11
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Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction
SA node: cardiac pacemaker
AV node: relays impulse
AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles
Figure 8.13
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How Blood Pressure is Measured
Figure 8.16
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Regulation: Nervous and Endocrine Factors
Medulla oblongata signals Sympathetic nerves: constrict blood vessels,
raising blood pressure
Parasympathetic nerves: dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure
Hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline)
Local requirements dictate local blood flow
Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output
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Cardiovascular Disorders
Angina pectoris: a warning
Myocardial infarction/heart attack: permanent cardiac damage
Congestive heart failure: decrease in pumping efficiency
Embolism: blockage of blood vessels
Stroke: impaired blood flow to the brain
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