Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1. Unit 1 An Introduction to the Human Body (or is it bears???)

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1

Unit 1An Introduction to the Human Body

(or is it bears???)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdYaTa_lOf4



Little Known Facts About The Human BodyA human being loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day. A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph. Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie. A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months. A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph. According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week. An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime. A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip. An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. By age sixty, most people have lost half of their taste buds.By the time you turn 70, your heart will have beat some two-and-a-half billion times (figuring on an average of 70 beats per minute.) Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels. Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.

Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology!


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuZ6LPDYQc

Discussion Topic… Why Study Anatomy and Physiology in HS? Tell your partner…Why did you take this course? A good understanding of anatomy (what's in the body) and physiology (how it

works) is the basis of all medicine. Without knowing how the body works, how it is made up, and how it can go wrong, we cannot even begin to design effective treatments and interventions, including surgery or new pharmaceutical drugs.

Learning anatomy and physiology well means that you know the basics of medicine.

Disease is deviation from the normal, and if you know the normal structure(anatomy) and function(physiology) it is very easy to realize where the problem is coming from.

ALL of us (and those we care about) will, sooner or later, need to seek treatment for illness. Knowing A&P is the best insurance for ensuring you get the best treatment possible



Introduction

You are beginning a study of the human body You will learn how it is organized You will learn how it functions You will learn anatomical vocabulary so that

you can communicate in common terms with others who study anatomy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BryfPYJYWa4

Anatomical Vocabulary is an international language

Obj. #1: How Does Structure Relate to Function in the Human Body? (essay) Explain this in your own words after discussion:


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Obj.#2: Definitions*

Anatomy - the study of structure and the relationship among structures of the body

Physiology - the study of the function of body parts

Dissection - careful cutting apart of body structures to examine them

Brain Storm: How is the body organized from Atoms on up???


Obj.#3: Levels of Body Organization Chemical level - includes atoms and

molecules (two or more atoms joined together)

Cellular level - the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Tissue level - groups of cells and the material surrounding them that perform a specific function


Levels of Body Organization (Fig. 1.1) Organ level - structures that are composed

of two or more different types of tissues and have specific functions

System level - consists of related organs with a common function

Organismal level - any living individual, all the parts of the body functioning together

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Teach your neighbor the difference between Anatomy and Physiology!

Teach your neighbor the 6 levels of body organization!

Speculate with your neighbor, what would the next levels of organization be once you go beyond an individual organism???


1CHEMICAL LEVEL

Atoms (C, H, O, N, P)

Molecule (DNA)

1 1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell

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31CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

TISSUE LEVEL

12

3 3

4

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


StomachEpithelialtissue

ORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL

Smooth muscletissue layers

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3

4 Serousmembrane

3

4

5

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


SYSTEM LEVELEsophagus

LiverStomach

Small intestineLarge intestine

Digestive system


ORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL


12

3

4

5

PancreasGallbladder

Serousmembrane

3

4

5

1CHEMICAL LEVEL


2CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecule (DNA)

Smooth muscle cell


ORGANISMAL LEVEL

SYSTEM LEVELEsophagus

LiverStomachPancreasGallbladderSmall intestineLarge intestine

Digestive system


SerousmembraneORGAN LEVEL

TISSUE LEVEL


12

3

4

5

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Obj. #4: 11(?) Systems of the Human Body (Be able to list 2 functions of each system we will spend most of our time on)List as many as you can here. Brain storm with a partner!

11(?) Systems Matching Activity

(see envelopes!)

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yjLJfz6saU(Play while they do the exercise)





NOTE: Quiz 12 systems human body

11 Systems Quiz


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jh2-g3ftCaE

Give them the concept map and

Show them the quiz!

Obj.#5:



Positive and Negative Feedback Systems


Teach your neighbor….

What is Homeostasis? Discuss an example.


STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! – A major upset to homeostasis Stress to the body includes… injury,

disease, change of temperature, noises, odor, blood sugar or gasses, and emotional issues. Response can be a minor or major. ALL mess with the bodies homeostasis.


Things that help with emotional stress…1.Play hide and go seek. Alone.2.Go out at night and lay on the ground staring up at the stars in a way that the sky fills your entire field of vision and feel the earth rotate and the sensation of falling up3.Do something creative…4.3 words….Call of Duty!5.Eat jello – without utensils!6.Keep a realistic perspective…will whatever is troubling you be important in 5 years?7.Mess with your dog/cat – tie a sock around the middle of them.8.Make lists and prioritize. Schedule your time.9.Sleep more!10.Music11.Most importantly… just be OK with whatever it is you have in front of you. I really believe that the more we figure out how to enjoy the little everyday things the happier we are.

A few more ideas…Talk in the third person, “Mr. Parson needs some nappy time”Specify that your drive-through order is "to go".Go to a poetry recital and ask why the poems don't rhyme.As often as possible, skip rather than walk.Put mosquito netting around your work area. Play a tape of jungle sounds all day.Five days in advance, tell your friends you can't attend their party because you're not in the mood.Have your coworkers address you by your “pirate name”

http://gangstaname.com/names/pirateWhen the money comes out the ATM, scream "I won!", "I won!" "Third time this week!!!!!"Tell your family over dinner. "Due to the economy, we are going to have to let one of you go."Ask people what gender they are. Laugh hysterically after they answer.Sit naked on a shelled hard-boiled egg.Page yourself over the intercom. Don't disguise your voice. Hide in a clothing rack and when people walk by push out one shirt and squeal “Pick me! Pick me!”

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In other words…

PLAY!

Obj.#6: Positive and Negative Feedback Systems preserve Homeostasis The functions of each body system aid in maintaining homeostasis or

internal stability. Much of physiology therefore pertains to the regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. These regulatory mechanisms are frequently negative feedback systems, where an alteration is detected and the body responds with various responses tha

Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. For example, oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor. These small amounts cause more and more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down. t reverse the initial change. (Medical Therapy aids N.F)

(Essay)



Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the first people to make detailed drawings of human anatomy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9xUL5Yi_8M


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkPpBLpo01w

Leonardo Da Vinci – 1 hour Documentary


Vitruvian Man

What is this figure commonly referred to as?

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Obj #7/8: Basic Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position - the subject stands

upright, head level, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward (Why would this be important to anatomists?)

Prone - lying face down Supine - lying face up Regional names - head, neck, trunk, upper

limbs, and lower limbs are still

Anatomical Position


You will not need to know this figure on a test

Show your neighbor …

Stand up in the anatomical position and say, “Hello! This is me in the anatomical position. It is important because….(You finish the statement)”



Directional Terms

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

Several terms can be grouped in pairs that have opposite meanings, for example - anterior (front) and posterior (back)

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Directional Terms - examples Superior - towards the head; e.g., the nose

is superior to the mouth Inferior - away from the head; e.g., the

stomach is inferior to the heart Medial - closer to the midline; e.g., the little

finger is medial to the thumb Lateral - farther from the midline; e.g., the

thumb is lateral to the index finger *Anterior – front of the body *Posterior – Back side of the body

Directional Terms


Teach your neighbor what….

Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal

…are – use your hands to help!

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Terminology - Planes and Sections Planes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass

through the body Sagittal plane - a vertical plane that divides

the body or organ into left and right parts Midsagittal (median) plane - divides the

body or organ into equal left and right parts Frontal plane - divides the body or organ

into front and back portions


Obj #9: Planes and Sections

Transverse plane - divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane

Oblique plane - passes through the body or organ at an angle

Section - one flat surface of a three-dimensional structure or a cut along a plane

*Abduction – To move away from the Sagittal plane

*Adduction – To move toward the Sagittal plane

Planes through the Human Body

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Planes and Sections (Fig. 1.4)

Draw all of the following… Homeostasis Positive and negative feedback system Anatomical position Prone Supine Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Midline Planes Sagittal Plane Frontal Plane Transverse Plane Oblique Plane

Section Abduction Adduction Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Diaphragm Viscera Pericardial Cavity Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Pelvic Cavity Anterior Posterior Mr. Freze

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Body Cavities Two major cavities, housing the brain and spinal

cord, are the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) canal

The two major cavities in the trunk are the thoracic cavity (superior) and the abdominopelvic cavity (inferior), separated by the diaphragm

Viscera - the organs located inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

The thoracic cavity has three smaller cavities - the pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities


Obj. #10: Body Regions/Cavities Spaces within the body that help protect,

separate, and support internal organs Bones, muscles and ligaments separate body

cavities from each other


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More Body Cavities… Mediastinum - central part of the thoracic

cavity, located between the lungs Abdominal cavity - contains the stomach,

spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Pelvic cavity - contains the urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

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Body Cavities (Fig. 1.7a)

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Body Cavities (Fig. 1.7b)

Show your neighbor on your own body where this stuff is… cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal)

canal thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic

cavity and diaphragm pericardial cavity and two pleural

cavities Mediastinum Abdominal Pelvic cavity

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Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants There are 9 abdominopelvic regions There are two horizontal lines - the top one,

subcostal line, drawn inferior to the rib cage Bottom horizontal line (transtubercular line)

drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip bones The two vertical lines are called the left and

right midclavicular lines, drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles


Abdominopelvic Regions (Fig. 1.8)

Names of the 9 abdominopelvic

regions


Abdominopelvic Quadrants

The four quadrants are formed by drawing two lines, one vertically and one horizontally through the umbilicus

-Right upper quadrant (RUQ)-Left upper quadrant (LUQ)-Right lower quadrant (RLQ)-Left lower quadrant (LLQ)


Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Make a clay figure in the anatomical position…


Activity – Body planes and sectionsMake a human-like figure out of play dough with a head, trunk, arms and legs,

hands and feet. Be sure to name your figure. Make sure the figure is in the anatomical position. Place your pins in the following positions below. Have the old dude come around and grade your work when you finish.

Pin A – Along the midline in the most superior area of the thoracic cavity Pin B – 2 cm left lateral to pin A Pin C – The most proximal area of the left arm Pin D – In the cranial area along the midline as superior on the cranium as

possible Pin E – The most distal area of the right leg Pin F – 2 cm inferior to pin B Pin G – 1 cm medial to pin F Pin H – 3 cm superior to pin G Pin I - LLQ Pin J – RLQ Pin K - RUQ Pin L – LUQ

Now do the activity below… Make the following sections/drawings on your figure in the following ways… 1. Section your figure’s head along the Midsagittal plane 2. Section the right arm along an Frontal Plane 3. Section the left arm along an Oblique Plane 4. Section your figure along a right Parasagital Plane of the torso 5. Section the left leg along a Transverse Plane 6. Draw an outline of the following cavities: Pericardial, left and right pleural,

Mediastinum, Abdominal, and Pelvic 7. Draw the subcostal line, transtubercular line, and left and right midclavicular lines

on your model. Pin each one and label it. 8. Pin a label on each of the following regions: Epigastric, Hypogastric, Umbilical,

Left and right lumbar, Left and right hypochondriac, Left and right Inguinal Leave the figure as it is and have the old dude come by and give you a grade

again. Feel free to wander about and look at the work others have done!

Obj.#11: Development and use of anatomical

terminology

Dude! I have a percutaneous body

causing pyrodermatitis in my inferior left plantar extremity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07v53fCRzOQ

Here are some tips on understanding medical/anatomical terminology -

TIP #1 - Most medical terms contain two or more of these parts: Root(s) - the word's essential meaning; a term may have two roots

Prefix - added to the beginning of a root word to make it more specific

Suffix - added to the end of the root word for specificity

Linking or combining vowels - placed in between word parts to help with pronunciation

For example…

Myocarditis - myo/card/itis Myo = muscle (root), card = heart (root) and itis = inflammation (suffix) or inflammation of the heart muscle. There are two roots, muscle and heart.

Percutaneous - per/cutan/eousPer = through (prefix), cutan = skin (root) and -eous = pertaining to (suffix); meaning something through the skin.

Suprascapular - supra/scapularSupra = above (prefix), scapula = shoulder blade (root), and -r = relative to (suffix); relative to the area above the shoulder blade

TIP #2 - The definitions of root words, prefixes and suffixes remain the same when they are combined to produce different terms.Here are three examples: A. The root word for skin is derm. Its combining forms are derma-, dermat-, dermot-, ;and dermo- . Look at some medical terms utilizing this root. Dermatitis - Dermat (root) and -itis (suffix) inflammation; condition of inflamed skin.

Dermatology - Dermat (root) and -ology (suffix) branch of knowledge or science; medical specialty of diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Pyoderma - Pyo (root) combining form of the word for pus and derma; skin infection involving pus formation.

B. Card is the root for heart. Cardiovascular - means pertaining to the heart and vessels.

Cardiocentesis - surgical puncture of the heart.

Cardiology - as in Example A above, the definition here is the study of the heart and its functions.

The root for blood is hem. Hemorrhage - the suffix -rrhage means bursting forth; hemorrhage is the escape of blood from tissue.

Hemostasis - adding the suffix -stasis (arrest in a process) gives us the process by which bleeding is stopped.

TIP # 3. Similarly, prefixes and suffixes are defined the same when combined with various roots. They are never used alone, but further define root words.Here are some common prefixes in medical terminology:

Auto = self; for example, autoimmune or autogenousAnti = against; antisepsis or antibodiesDe = reverse, remove; dehydrate, defibrillateDys = abnormal, difficult; dyspnea, dysuriaContra = opposed; for example, contraception,

contraindicationHyper = above, excessive; hypertensive, hyperglycemiaRhino - NoseMyo – MuscleHemo - bloodCephal – head/craniumRetro – back ofPhlebo – vein or venous bloodLeukocyte – white blood cell

Tip #4 - Suffixes attach to the end of roots and describe certain actions, such as these surgical suffixes -

-ectomy = surgical removal; thyroidectomy-plasty = surgical repair; angioplasty-toma = grouping of tissue sometimes as a

tumor or clott-stomy = creation of a new opening;

colonostomy-lgia = pain-rhea = fluid/excess fluid-Pharengeal =inner throat area

-otomy = to remove-cytosis = increased cell count

…or these suffixes for procedures or equipment - -graph = recording instrument;

electrocardiograph-scope = instrument to examine visually;

endoscope-therapy = course of treatment; chemotherapy

To understand a medical term, break it down into its component parts - root(s), prefix, suffix and combining vowels.

Remember that the basic definition of a word part remains the same when combined with various components.

Mr. Freze is feeling terrible. He has myalgias, cephalalgia, and rhinorrhea. He goes to the emergency room, where a doctor examines his retropharyngeal area and does a phlebotomy (causing a hematoma) for tests. The tests show increased leukocytosis.

Explain:a. What were Mr. Freze’s symptom’s?

b. What did the doctor examine? What did the doctor do to Mr. Freze?

c. What did the test show?

d. What do you think is wrong with Mr. Freze?

Now it’s your turn! Pretend you and a partner are a doctors and…

1.Describe 4 symptoms a patient of yours is exhibiting. Use the medical terminology we have learned. It is OK to have fun with the terms and just mix and match them as you like.

2.Describe 3 tests you did on your patient using medical terminology

3.Describe in more common language what was wrong and what you did

4.Be ready to read this to the class and have your partner act it out !

HAND OUT VOCAB LIST!

Study Tips… Study for a test several times Have a partner quiz you over your notes Re-write your notes and color code them Teach the information to someone

On the test itself… Skip the stuff you don’t know and then… Go back and answer EVERYTHING! On an essay if you don’t know what to write at least use the term

you see in the question/in the test Be neat Use the “+” “-” “o” method on Multiple choice When all else fails answer “C” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjiLa7jWCv8


Documents

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1. Unit 1 An Introduction to the Human Body (or is it bears???)