Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3

Recognizing Fallacies

1-A

Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since one event preceded another event, the first event must have caused the second?

a) Hasty generalization

b) Limited choice

c) False cause

d) Appeal to ignorance



1-A

Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since one event preceded another event, the first event must have caused the second?


b) Limited choice

c) False cause




1-A

Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true?


b) Limited choice

c) Diversion (red herring)




1-A

Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true?


b) Limited choice

c) Diversion (red herring)



Propositions and Truth Values

1-B

Which of the following is not a proposition?

a) Amy has green eyes.

b) What is your IQ?

c) 12 + 3 = 15

d) Toads can sing opera.



1-B

Which of the following is not a proposition?

a) Amy has green eyes.

b) What is your IQ?

c) 12 + 3 = 15

d) Toads can sing opera.



1-B

If p is false and q is false, then which of the following is true?

a) p or not q

b) p and not q

c) p or q

d) p and q



1-B

If p is false and q is false, then which of the following is true?

a) p or not q

b) p and not q

c) p or q

d) p and q


Conditional

1-B

if p, then q

Alternative Phrasings

p is sufficient for q p will lead to q p implies q

q is necessary for p q if p q whenever p

Variations on the Conditional

Conditionalif p, then q

If you are sleeping, then you are breathing.

Converseif q, then p

If you are breathing, then you are sleeping.


1-B




Inverseif not p, then not q

If you are not sleeping, then you are not breathing.


1-B




Contrapositiveif not q, then not p

If you are not breathing, then you are not sleeping.


1-B


Conditional and the Contrapositive

Have the same truth tables, thus

are logically equivalent!

Converse and Inverse

Have the same truth tables, thus

are logically equivalent!


1-B


Sets and Venn Diagrams

1-C

Which of the following sets are not disjoint?

a) Mothers and sons

b) Mothers and daughters

c) Mothers and fathers

d) Fathers and daughters



1-C

Which of the following sets are not disjoint?

a) Mothers and sons

b) Mothers and daughters

c) Mothers and fathers

d) Fathers and daughters



1-C

Use the Venn diagram below to find out how many people ordered cake.

a) 8

b) 6

c) 12

d) 14

Deserts

Cake Ice cream

4

68

12



1-C

Use the Venn diagram below to find out how many people ordered cake.

a) 8

b) 6

c) 12

d) 14

Deserts

Cake Ice cream

4

68

12


Analyzing Arguments

1-D

All cats have four legs.Some cats are white.Some four-legged animals are white.Which of the following describes this argument?

a) Valid and sound

b) Not valid and sound

c) Valid and not sound

d) Not valid and not sound


Analyzing Arguments

1-D

All cats have four legs.Some cats are white.Some four-legged animals are white.Which of the following describes this argument?

a) Valid and sound

b) Not valid and sound

c) Valid and not sound

d) Not valid and not sound


Analyzing Arguments

1-D

Use inductive reasoning to test the following mathematical rules. Which statement do you think is false?

a) b)

c) d)

1a a 1 a a

1

aa1

aa


Analyzing Arguments

1-D

Use inductive reasoning to test the following mathematical rules. Which statement do you think is false?

a) b)

c) d)

1a a 1 a a

1

aa1

aa


Critical Thinking in Everyday Life

1-E

Which of the following are stated explicitly in an argument?

a) Hidden assumptions

b) Missing information

c) Valid premises

d) Other possible conclusions



1-E

Which of the following are stated explicitly in an argument?

a) Hidden assumptions

b) Missing information

c) Valid premises

d) Other possible conclusions



1-E

To help make a complex argument clear, visual aids may include all except which of the following?

a) Written descriptions

b) Venn diagrams

c) Graphs

d) Flow charts



1-E

To help make a complex argument clear, visual aids may include all except which of the following?

a) Written descriptions

b) Venn diagrams

c) Graphs

d) Flow charts

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1