Copyright © 2008 Elzbieta Malinowski & Esteban Zimányi 1 Chapter 4 Spatial Data Warehouses

Copyright © 2008 Elzbieta Malinowski & Esteban Zimányi 1

Chapter 4

Spatial Data Warehouses


Fig. 4.1. Spatial data types

SimpleGeo

ComplexGeo

Surface

Geo

Line

Point

OrientedLine

SurfaceSetLineSet

PointSet

OrientedLineSet

(total,exclusive)

SimpleSurface

SimpleSurfaceSet

c s

(total,exclusive) (partial,exclusive)


Fig. 4.2. Icons for the various topological relationships

meets

contains/inside

equals

crosses

overlaps/intersects

covers/coveredBy

disjoint


Fig. 4.3. Examples of the various topological relationships. The two objects in the relationship are drawn in black and in gray, respectively

meets

overlaps

contains/inside

covers/coveredBy

crosses


Fig. 4.4. A multidimensional schema with spatial elements

Highway segment

Segment numberRoad conditionSpeed limit...

Time

DateEventSeason...

Highway structure

Highway section

Section number...

Highway

Highway name...

Road coating

Coating nameCoating typeCoating durability...

County

County nameCounty populationCounty area ...

Geo location

Highwaymaintenance

Length (S)Common areaNo. carsRepair cost

State

State nameState populationState areaState major activityCapital nameCapital location...


Fig. 4.5. Examples of levels with spatial characteristics

(a) Spatial level

(b) Spatial level with a spatial

attribute

(c) Conventional level with a spatial

attribute

State

State nameState populationState areaState major activityCapital name...

State


State



Fig. 4.6. A balanced spatial hierarchy

(a) Schema

(b) Examples of instances

County

County nameCounty populationCounty area...

State

State nameState populationState area...

Store

Store id Store nameStore address ... G

eo

loca

tion

state 1

county 1 county 2

store A store B store C store D


Fig. 4.7. An unbalanced spatial hierarchy

(a) Schema


Cell

Cell idSizeDescription...

Segment

Segment nameSizeResponsible ...

Little cell

Little cell idAccessibilityTypeSize ... F

ore

st s

truc

ture Region

Region idRegion nameDescription...

region X

segment 1 segment 3

cell 11 cell 12 cell 31 cell 32

little cell 111 little cell 121

segment 2


Fig. 4.8. A generalized spatial hierarchy

(a) Schema


Roa

d m

aint

ena

nce

Road segment

NumberSpeed limitCondition...

x

District

District nameResponsible...

Company

Company nameAddress...

City

City nameCity population...

State

State nameState population...

x

district 1

road segment C

district 2

company 1city Y city X

state A

company 2

road segment A

road segment B

road segment D

...

... ...

......


Fig. 4.9. A balanced nonstrict spatial hierarchy

(a) Schema


Geo

loca

tion City

City nameCity population...

State

State nameState population...

Lake

Lake nameAcid levelCarbon dioxide...

lake Y

state A

city 1 city 3

lake X

city 2


Fig. 4.10. A set of alternative spatial hierarchies formed by two nonstrict balanced hierarchies

Tribal block group

Number...

Tribal census track

Number...

Nation

Nation name...

County

County name...

State

State name...

AIA

NA

/HH

L ce

nsus

Tribal census subdivision

Number...

American Indian Reservation

Name...

Census block

Number...


Fig. 4.11. A set of parallel independent spatial hierarchies associated with one dimension

City

City name...

State

State name...

Store

Store id Store nameStore address ...

Geo

lo

catio

nO

rgan

iz.

stru

ctur

e

Region

Region name...

Sales group district

District name...

Sales group region

Region name...


Fig. 4.12. A set of parallel dependent spatial hierarchies

Area name...

Res

ide

nce

Client

Client idFirst nameSecond nameMiddle nameAddress...

State


City

City name...

Municipality

Name...

Hospitalization area

Re

side

nce

Area name...

Hospitalization region

Hospitalization

Ho

spita

lizat

ion


Fig. 4.13. Classification of topological relationships for the purpose of aggregation procedures

Boundary

disjoint

coveredByinside

meets crosses for curves

equals

Interior Boundary

ConnectedEqualContainment

Related

Topological relationship

Disjoint

Interior

crossesoverlaps

Forbidden

Safe aggregation Special aggregation procedure


Fig. 4.14. Schema for analysis of transportation services in a city

Tramway line

Tramway line No...

Publictransportation

Common areaNo. common stops

Metro line

Metro line No...

Time

Year...

Bus line

Bus line No...

District

District name...

s


Fig. 4.15. A fact relationship with a spatial measure

Amount paidLocation

Insurance category

Category name...

Insurance

Insurance number Validity period...

Insurance type

Accidents

Age group

Group nameMin. valueMax. value...

Age category

Client

Client idFirst nameLast nameBirth dateProfessionSalary rangeAddress...

Time

Date...

Year

Year...

Month

Month name...

Quarter

Quarter number...

Calendar


Fig. 4.16. A variant of the schema of Fig. 4.15

Amount paid

Insurance category

Category name...

Insurance

Insurance number Validity period...

Insurance type

Accidents

Age group

Group nameMin. valueMax. value...

Age category

Client

Client idFirst nameLast nameBirth dateProfessionSalary rangeAddress...

Time

Date...

Year

Year...

Month

Month name...

Quarter

Quarter number...

Calendar

City

City nameCity populationCity area...

State


Address

Location idStreet name Number ...

Acc

iden

tlo

catio

n


Fig. 4.17. A schema for analyzing the closeness of cities to highways

Highwaysegment

Segment numberRoad conditionSpeed limit...

Time

DateEventSeason...

Highwaysection

Section number...

Highway

Highway name...

City

City nameCity populationCity area ...

State

State nameState populationState areaState major activityCapital...

Highway structure Geo location

Closeness

Min. distance (S)


Fig. 4.18. Metamodel of the spatially extended MultiDim model

/Name: string/Spatial: Boolean

Dimension

Criterion: string/Spatial: Boolean

Hierarchy

1..*

DimHierAgg1

HierLevAgg1..*

2..*

1..*

Name: stringGeometry: SDType

Level

1..*0..*

child parent

1

0..*

Additivity: AddType

Measure

LevAttrAgg

KeyAttrAgg

1

1..*

Name: stringTopo: TopoRel

Fact relationship

1

0..*2..*

1..*MeasAgg

Generalization

AggregationCompositionAssociation

Derived attribute/

Identified0..*

Key

MinChildCard: intMaxChildCard: intMinParentCard: intMaxParentCard: intDistrFactor: BooleanTopo: TopoRel

Connects

RoleName: string

Related

Name: stringType: DataTypeDerived: Boolean

Attribute1

1

« enumeration »DataType

integerrealstringSDType...

« enumeration »SDType

PointLineSurface...

« enumeration »TopoRel

meetsoverlapscontains...

« enumeration »AddType

additivesemiadditivenonadditive

xor


Fig. 4.19. Object-relational representation of a spatial level

(a) Examples of members (b) Geometry of a member with an island

State

Population ...

134543

76547

187111

...

...

...

GeometryNameSid

San José

Cartago

Heredia3

2

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Fig. 4.20. A relationship between nonspatial and spatial levels

County


State


Ge

o lo

catio

n


Fig. 4.21. A topological relationship between two spatial levels

County


State


Ge

o lo

catio

n

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Copyright © 2008 Elzbieta Malinowski & Esteban Zimányi 1 Chapter 4 Spatial Data Warehouses