Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polar Nature of Water Water is a _____________Molecule. Water molecules are attracted

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Polar Nature of Water

• Water is a _____________Molecule.

• Water molecules are attracted to each other by _____________ bonds

A. PolarB. Hydrogen


The 4 Properties of Water are?

• Cohesion

• High Specific Heat

• Ice Floats

• Universal Solvent


Cohesion

• The process of ___________ in plants occurs due to cohesion.

• Another behavior of water caused by is cohesion is____________________

A. TranspirationB. Surface tension


Ice Floats/ Universal Solvent

• Water is ____________ in the solid form than in the liquid form.

• Polar regions of water molecule interact with ________compounds.

A. Less denseB. Ionic compounds


Water: Solvent of Life

• A. Hydophilic

• B. Hydrophobic

The word for water loving is ________________The word for water hating is _______________


Solute Concentration

• The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule is called the? (Molecular Mass)

• Avogadro's Number is? (6.02 x 10-23)

• Molecular mass x Avogadro’s # is the ? (Molar Mass)

• The number of moles of solute per litter of solution is? (Molarity)


What is pH?

An acids will _________ H+ concentrationBases __________ H+ concentration

A.IncreaseB.Decrease


• What is the effect of a Buffer?

– To Minimize changes in pH

• Carbon forms how many covalent bonds? (4)

• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties are called? (Isomers)


• Monomers come together to build __________

• The reactions that bring them together are called _____________reactions

• The reaction to break them down is called____________

A. PolymersB. DehydrationC. Hydrolysis


• The four major macromolecules are?

– Carbohydrates

– Proteins

– Lipids

– Nucleic acids


Sugars

• A monomer of sugar is called a? (Monosaccharides)

• Two sugar molecules combined together is called a? (Disaccharide)

• Many sugar molecules combined together is called a ? (Polysaccharide)

• Sugars are joined together via a bond called a? (glycosydic bond)


• The polysaccharide used for storage in humans is called ? (glycogen)

• The polysaccharide used for storage in plants is called? (Starch)

• The polysaccharide used for structure iin plants is called? (cellulose)


Fats

• Fats consist of a three carbon molecule called__________ and ____________ Chains

• Fatty acid chains that have the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon are said to be ____________

• Fatty acid chains with carbon double bonds are said to be______________

• A. glycerol, fatty acid

• B. Saturated

• C. Unsaturated


Phospholipids

• Phospholipds have a _____________ that includes a phosphate group. Two fatty acid chains make up the _________________.

• When phospholidis come together they can spontaneously form a _________________.

• Another lipid frequently found in lipid bilayers is _________________.

a. Hydrophylic head, hydrophobic tailsb. Lipid bilayerc. Cholesterol


Polypeptides

• ___________ come together to form proteins.

• The bond they form is called a ____________________

• Each amino acid has a unique _______________

A. Amino acidsB. Peptide bondC. Functional group


Name and describe the 4 levels of protein Structure

• Primary structure: Amino acid sequence

• Secondary structure : Beta sheets and alpha helixes

• Tertiary structure: three dimensional folding of protein

• Quaternary structure: Coming together of multiple subunits


• When a Protein unravels and loses its native conformation it is called? (Denaturation )

• The class of proteins that help proteins assume their proper 3-dimentional structure are called? (chaperonins)


The Roles of Nucleic Acids

• DNA and RNA are examples of? (nucleic acids)

• Nucleic acids are formed by the joining of many ? (nucleotides)

• Nucleotides consist of three components they are? (A phosphate group, a pentose sugar or ribose, and a nitrogenous base)


• Two strands of DNA are held together by? (Hydrogen bonding)

• The 5 nitrogenous bases used to form nucleic acids are? (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)



Cells

• What are the two microscopic techniques used to study cells?

– Light microscopy, electron microscopy

• What are the two different kinds of electron microscopy?

– Scanning EM, transmission EM

• Which of these techniques has the highest resolution?

– TEM


RER’s Forgotten Step Brothers SER and Golgi

• In eukaryotic cells what is the site lipid hormone production?

– Smooth ER

• What is the site of post-translational glycosylation in eukaryotic cells?

– Golgi


The Cytoskeleton

• The three types of cytoskeletal elements are?– Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate

filaments

• Microtubules consist of monomers of ?– Tubulin

• Microfilaments consist of monomers of ?– Actin

• MTOC stands for?– Microtubule organizing center.

• The spindle fibers used in mitosis consist of?– Microtubules


Extracellular Matrix

• The extracellular matrix consist of many Glycoproteins, the most well known of which is?

– Collagen

• The space filling gel in the ECM is made up of?

– Proteoglycans

• Proteins that span the plasma membrane and interact with both the ECM and the cytoskeleton are important for?

– Signaling


Cell Junctions

• The three types of cellular junctions found in animal cells include?– Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

• The type of junction found in the sieve plate of plant cells is called?– Plamodesmata

• The type of cell junction found between the epithelial cells of the small intestine are?– Tight junctions

• The type of junction that can spread an electrical signal between heart cells is called?– Gap Junctions


• The name of the current model used to describe cellular membranes is?– The fluid mosaics model

• Phospholipids are said to have an ___________nature because they contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions– Amphipathic


Plasma Membrane• The critical feature of membranes that allows

some substances cross more easily than others is called?– Selective Permeability

• What kinds of molecules can pass the membrane freely? Give example.

– Small non-polar objects O2, CO2

• True or false? Because anions such as chloride are single atoms they pass the membrane freely– False


Membranes are a Fluid Mosaic

• The bacteria that live in a hot spring would want to have more unsaturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids in their membranes? – unsaturated fatty acids

• Would these same bacteria have cholesterol in their membrane? – Yes. Cholesterol reduces fluidity at high

temperatures but prevents packing at low temps


Major Functions of Membrane Proteins

1. Transport2. Cell-cell recognition3. Enzymatic activity4. Signal transduction5. Intercellular Joining6. Attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton


Transport Proteins• The two primary types of transport are

– Active and passive

• The two types of passive transport proteins are– Channel proteins and carrier proteins

• These two types of transporters act on the via the mechanism of ?– Facilitated diffusion


• When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration it is called?

– Diffusion

• In active transport molecules move against their _______________ and this requires the expenditure of __________.

– Concentration gradient, ATP (energy)


Sodium-potassium pump

•The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain a cells______________? It is said to be an ________________ pump

• membrane potential, electrogenic•It does this by exchanging ______ sodium ions for _____potassium ions.

•3, 2•Both of these ions are moving __________their concentration gradient therefore each cycle of the pump requires the hydrolysis of ___ATP molecule(s)?

•Against, 1


Bulk Transport of Large Molecules

• When vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse, and release their contents this is called?

• Exocytosis

• The three primary types of endocytosis are

• Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

• When responding to a protein hormone a cell would likely use?

• Receptor mediated endocytosis


• Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of higher solute concentration is called?– Osmosis

• The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water is called?– Tonicity


• When the concentration of solutes is the same across a membrane the two solutions are said to be __________– Isotonic

• In this circumstance the will be __________ movement of water.– No net


• Concentration of solutes is greater outside than it is inside the cell the solution is said to be?– Hypertonic

• In this case the cell will __________water– Lose

• Concentration of solutes outside the cell is less than it is inside the cell the solution is said to be?– Hypotonic

• In this case the cell will __________water– gain


• The 3 most common prokaryotic shapes are?

– spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spiroketes)

• Bacteria with a large amount of peptidoglycans in their cell wall are said to be?

– Gram positive

• Many prokaryotes have the ability to move toward a stimulus this is called __________. They may use a whip like structure called a ____________ to move.

taxis, flagella

Figure 27.2a–c


• Name three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

– Lack organelles, DNA not in nucleus not organized in multiple chromosomes, have a cell wall, have plasmids….


Nitrogen Metabolism

• Bacteria are crucial to the biosphere because only they can convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia, this is called?

– nitrogen fixation

• Some bacteria get their energy through photosynthesis and are called?

– Autotrophs, photoautotrophs


• Archae are referred to as extremophiles. The three groups of extremophiles are?

– Thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens


Symbiotic Relationships

• Three types of symbiotic relationships are?

– Parasytism, mutualism and commensalism


• The two different systems of transport in vascular plants are?

– Xylem and phloem

• Xylem transports ____________. And Phloem transports __________.

– Water & minerals, sap or sugars

• Phloem travels from the __________to the __________.

– Source, sink


• Water potential () equals the

– Solute potential + pressure potential

• Water potential determines the?

– Direction of osmosis

• Addition of solutes _____________ water potential

– reduces


• Many plants have a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis) with fungi called?

– Mycorrhizae

• Plants lose water through the process of ________________.

– Transpiration.

• Movement of water up the plant through the xylem occurs due to __________ of water molecules which is based on _____________.

– Cohesion, hydrogen bonding


• The transpiration rate is controlled by _________.

– Stomata

• Stomata are flanked by_________?

– guard cells

• Swollen guard cells are ________flacid guard cells are ___________?

– Open, closed


Macronutrients and Micronutrients

• The major macronutrients required by plants are?

– Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium

• The bacteria that aid in nitrogen fixation are?

– Rhizobium

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polar Nature of Water Water is a _____________Molecule. Water molecules are attracted