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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal structure and function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Functions result from specific structures
Palm
Finger 2
Finger 3
Shaft
Barb
Barbule
Hook
Featherstructure
Wrist
Forearm
Finger 1
Internal bone structure
Shaft
Figure 20.1
Form and Function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells ->
Tissues ->
Organs ->
Organ system ->
Organism
Muscle cell
A Cellular level
B Tissue levelMuscle tissue
C Organ level
Heart
E Organism level
Many organ systemsfunctioning together
D Organ system levelCirculatory system
Figure 20.2A–E
Hierarchy of Structure
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Groups of similar cells, same function
•Types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
Tissues
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial tissue
• Functions: protection, secretion, and exchange
Basementmembrane(extracellularmatrix)
Free surface ofepithelium
Cellnuclei
A Simple squamous epithelium (lining the air sacs of the lung)
B Simple cuboidal epithelium (forming a tube in the kidney)
C Simple columnar epithelium (lining the intestine)
D Stratified squamous epithelium (lining the esophagus)
Layers ofdead cells
Rapidly dividingepithelial cells
E Stratified squamous epithelium (human skin)
Col
oriz
ed S
EM
Figure 20.4A–E
Underlyingtissue
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cartilage-formingcells
Matrix
D Cartilage (at the end of a bone)
Centralcanal
Matrix
Bone-formingcells
E Bone
F BloodA Loose connective tissue (under the skin)
Elasticfibers
Collagenfiber
Cell
Collagenfibers
Cellnucleus
B Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)
White bloodcells
Red bloodcell
Plasma
C Adipose tissue
Fatdroplets
Connective tissue
Functions and types: ?
Loose CT, adipose, blood, fibrous, bone, cartilage
Figure 20.5A–F
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle tissue
Functions and types: Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Unit ofmusclecontraction
Musclefiber
Nucleus
A Skeletal muscle
Nucleus
Musclefiber Junction between
two cells
Muscle fiberNucleus
C Smooth muscle
B Cardiac muscle
Figure 20.6A–C
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell extensions
LM
33
0
Figure 20.7
•Communication network
• Neurons transmit nerve signals
– Electrical and chemical
Nervous tissue
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Made of several tissues
Figure 20.9
Small intestine(cut open)
Lumen
Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscletissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Lumen
Organs
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•May have multiple functions
•11 systems in humans
Organ systems
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A Digestive system
Mouth
EsophagusLiver
Stomach
Smallintestine
Largeintestine
Anus
B Respiratory system
Nasal cavityLarynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Figure 20.10A, B
Digestive and respiratory systems
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Moves food and oxygen
•Protection
C Circulatory system
Heart
Bloodvessels
E Lymphatic system
D Immune system
Bonemarrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
Lymphvessels
Figure 20.10C–E
Circulatory and lymphatic (immune) system
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Excretory
• Endocrine and nervous systems
– Control body functions
F Excretory system
Kidney
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Urethra
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Testis(male)
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
G Endocrine system
Ovary(female)
Figure 20.10F–G
More systems
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal and muscular systems
I Integumentary system
Hair
Skin
Nails
K Muscular system
Skeletalmuscles
Figure 20.10I–K
Cartilage
Bones
J Skeletal system
More Systems
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 20.10L
Female
Vasdeferens
Penis
Urethra
Testis
Prostategland
Male
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
L Reproductive systems
Reproductive system
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Figure 20.11A Figure 20.11B
Seeing Inside
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MRM
• Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) 3D!
Figure 20.11C
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PET
• Positron-emission tomography (PET)
HEARINGWORDS
SEEINGWORDS
SPEAKINGWORDS
GENERATINGWORDS
MIN
MAX
Figure 20.11D
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Interactions with External Environment
Open systems:
Exchange between animals and environment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Small animals
• Use surface area to meet their cells’ needs Diffusion
TwocelllayersDiffusion
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Figure 20.12A
Interactions with External Environment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Larger animals • Specialized structures to increase surface area
• Exchange in interstitial fluid
Respiratorysystem
Excretorysystem
Digestivesystem
Circulatorysystem
External environment
FoodMouth
Animal
Bodycells
Interstitialfluid
Anus
Unabsorbedmatter (feces)
Metabolic wasteproducts (urine)
Intestine
Nutrients
CO2 O2
Figure 20.12B
Interactions with External Environment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 20.12C
Larger animals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation of internal environment
Staying within safe levels
Maintain constant internal environment
Homeostaticmechanisms
Externalenvironment
Internalenvironment
Smallfluctuations
Largefluctuations
Figure 20.13A Figure 20.13B
Homeostasis
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Positive Feedback
output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Figure 1.6
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thermoregulation
Ectotherms
Endotherms
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LE 40-12
River otter (endotherm)
Largemouth bass (ectotherm)
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)0 10 20 30 40
40
Bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
30
20
10