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3
Platter1, Track1
Platter2, Track1
Platter3, Track1
Platter4, Track1
Most Hard Drives Have Multiple Platters
10
Cluster
• The smallest unit of disk space that the OS can allocate to a file.
• It consists of one or more sectors.
• Generally, the larger the disk drive, the more sectors per cluster.
13
The Drive Controller
• Interface between the drive and the motherboard (system controller)
• Obsolete as separate cards
• Integrated with the motherboard and drives
24
EIDE
• Enhanced IDE
• Larger Drive Capacity
• Faster Transfers
• Two ports, and two devices on each port
• ATAPI
25
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Mounting ScrewsMounting Screws
Mounting screwsMounting screwsPower connectorPower connector
Control cableControl cable
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Safety First• Turn off the power before you open
the computer.
• Wear an antistatic wrist band grounded to the computer when handling any computer component.
• Be careful of the sharp wires on the component side of the disk drive.
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17
Setup
Standard
PCI/PnP
ChipsetAdvanced
P e r i p h e r a lP o w e r M g m tStandard Setup
Pri Master Pri Slave Sec Master Sec Slave
Floppy A Floppy B
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Date/Time
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Mounting ScrewsMounting Screws
Mounting ScrewsMounting Screws
Power ConnectorPower Connector
Control cableControl cable
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Hard drive removal
• Open the cabinet.
• Disconnect cables.
• Remove mounting screws.
• Lift out the drive.
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FRAGILEHandle the hard drive with
care.
DO NOT DO NOT DROPDROP
ORORJARJAR
DO NOT DO NOT DROPDROP
ORORJARJAR
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Primary Slave Hard Disk
Type : Auto
LBA/Large Mode : Off
Block Mode : Off
32Bit Mode : Off
PIO Mode : Auto
37
SATA• Serial AT Attachment (SATA) standard
• Data storage standard
• Interface transparent to operating system
• Supports previous parallel ATA standards
• Burst rate 150 MB/sec
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SATA Interface
SignalContacts
SignalContacts
SignalCable
Connector
SignalCable
Connector
Drive SocketAssembly
Drive SocketAssembly
CableAssemblies
CableAssemblies
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SATA Interface
PowerContactsPower
Contacts
Power SupplyCable Connector
Power SupplyCable Connector
CableAssemblies
CableAssemblies
Drive SocketAssembly
Drive SocketAssembly
40
SATA Interface
ManufacturerTest Pins
ManufacturerTest Pins
CableAssemblies
CableAssemblies
Drive SocketAssembly
Drive SocketAssembly
43
File Allocation Table (FAT)• OS’s road map to the disk
• How the OS keeps track of which clusters belong to which files
• How the OS keeps track of bad sectors
• Two copies maintained and kept up to date.
44
Formatting
• Low Level Formatting - Performed by the Drive Manufacturer.
• High Level Formatting - Performed by the PC User via the FORMAT Command.
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Low Level Formatting
• Performed at the factory.
• Converts the single blank surface into tracks and sectors.
• Finds and remaps bad spots on the disk so that the operating system can avoid them.
47
High Level Formatting
• Originally performed by the vendor of the computer.
• Creates boot record, FAT, and the root directory.
• Performed with the FORMAT command.
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Partitioning
• Makes the hard disk compatible with the OS
• Prepares hard disk for high-level format
• Divides hard disk into partitions or makes it one large partition
• Performed with the FDISK utility
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Fixed Disk Setup Program(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995
FDISK Options
Current fixed disk drive: 1
Choose one of the following:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive
Enter choice: [5]
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Fixed Disk Setup Program(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995
FDISK Options
Current fixed disk drive: 2
Choose one of the following:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive
Enter choice: [1]
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Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
Current fixed disk drive: 2
Choose one of the following:
1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: [2]
Press Esc to return to FDISK Options
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Create Extended DOS Partition
Current fixed disk drive: 2
Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%
Extended DOS Partition already exists.
Press Esc to continue
57
Display Partition Information
Current fixed disk drive: 2
Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%
Total disk space is 1032 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes)
The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives.Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)....?[Y]
Press Esc to return to FDISK Options
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Display Logical DOS Drive Information
Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100%
Total Ext DOS Partition size is 1032 Mbytes (1 MByte = 1048576 bytes)
Press Esc to continue
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Master --Two Partitions
Slave --Two Partitions
C: Master, Primary PartitionE: Master, Extended Partition
C: Master, Primary PartitionE: Master, Extended Partition
D: Slave, Primary PartitionF: Slave, Extended Partition
D: Slave, Primary PartitionF: Slave, Extended Partition
65
Possible Problems:
• The SETUP configuration has been changed or lost.
• One or more of the MS-DOS files on the hard drive may be corrupt or missing.
• The partition table or boot sector may be corrupt.
• The hard drive may have a mechanical or an electronic malfunction.
66
“How good are your backups?”
• You can reload Windows
• You can reload applications
• You can reconfigure the GUI
• Can you recreate your data?
77
The Backup Timeline
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21
OS Loaded
OS Loaded
AppsLoaded
AppsLoaded BackupBackup Minor
Changes
Minor Changes CRASH!CRASH!
Restore from
Backup
Restore from
Backup
78
The Backup Timeline
OS Loaded
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21
Changes are lost!
AppsLoaded Backup
Minor Changes CRASH!
Restore from Day 5
Backup
83
Floppy DiskMagneticTracks are separate circlesTrack 0 at the outer edge
CD-ROMLaser ReadingOne Spiral TrackFrom Inside to Outside
EndEnd
BeginningBeginning
Track 79Track 79Track 0Track 0
85
Magnetic DiskAngular rate is constantShorter track on inside means tighter packed data
CD-ROM DiskLinear rate is constantShorter track on inside means higher rotational speed there.
87
In addition to data, each sector also containsError Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC).
In addition to data, each sector also containsError Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC).
SectorSector
89
Top or Label SideTop or Label Side
Clear Protective CoatingClear Protective Coating
ReflectiveMetalLayer
ReflectiveMetalLayer
90
Data, in the form of PITS and LANDSData, in the form of PITS and LANDS
Beam is reflected
Beam is reflected
Beam is absorbed
Beam is absorbed
92
Recordable Media Recordable Media
CD-R is Write Once Read Many (WORM)RD-RW is Read/Write, or Re-writeable
Photo-sensitiveDye Layer
Photo-sensitiveDye Layer
94
Four Basic CD-ROM Interfaces
• SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
• EIDE (Extended Integrated Drive Electronics)
• Proprietary Bus
• Other Interfaces
95
Access Speeds• Single-speed (1x) 150 KB/s
• Quad-speed (4x) 600 KB/s
• Eight-speed (8x) 1.2 MB/s
• Ten-speed (10x) 1.5 MB/s
• Sixteen-speed (16x) 2.4 MB/s
• Twenty-speed (20x) 3 MB/s
• Twenty Four-speed (24x) 3.6 MB/s
• Fifty-speed (50x) 7.5 MB/s
97
Installing a CD-ROM Drive
1. Install or select the hardware interface.
2. Install the physical drive.
3. Install the device driver.
4. Link the device driver name to the operating system