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Copyright, 1998-2013 © Qiming Zhou
GEOG1150. Cartography
Nature of CartographyNature of Cartography
Nature of Cartography 2
Forms of representation Need for maps Basic characteristics of maps Purposes maps serve Categories of maps Emphasis on cartographic
representation The scope of cartography
Nature of Cartography
Nature of Cartography 3
Forms of Representation
Literacy - the use of written language Articulacy - the use of spoken
language Numeracy - mathematics: a way of
symbolisation Graphicacy - the use of graphics
"A picture is worth of thousands of words"
Nature of Cartography 4
Hang Seng Index
Nature of Cartography 5
HSI Chart
Nature of Cartography 6
HSI: Analytical Chart (1)
Nature of Cartography 7
HSI: Analytical Chart (2)
Nature of Cartography 8
Spatial Imagery
Map - the graphic representation of the geographical setting.
Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects.
Cartography is an efficient way of manipulating, analysing and expressing ideas, forms and relationships that occur in two- and three-dimensional space.
Nature of Cartography 9
Need for Maps
Reducing the spatial characteristics of a large area and putting it in map form to make it observable.
A map is carefully designed instrument for recording, calculating, displaying, analysing and understanding the interrelation of things.
Its most fundamental function is to bring the things into view.
Nature of Cartography 10
Basic Characteristics of Maps Locations in two-dimensional space Attributes - qualities or magnitudes Examples:
Relationships among locations, e.g. Distance Relationships among various attributes at one
location, e.g. Temperature, rainfall and soil Relationships among the locations of the
attributes of a given distribution, e.g. Rainfall Relationships among the locations of derived
or combined attributes of given distributions, e.g. Relation of GDP and population
Nature of Cartography 11
Basic Characteristics of Maps (Cont.)
All geographical maps are reductions. Scale.
All maps involve geometrical transformations. Map projection.
All maps are abstractions of reality. All maps use signs to stand for
elements of reality. Symbolism.
Nature of Cartography 12
Purposes Maps Serve
Store geographical information. Serve mobility and navigation needs. Analytical purposes, e.g. Measuring
and computing. Summarise statistical data to assist
forecasting and spotting trends. Visualise invisible. Stimulate spatial thinking.
Nature of Cartography 13
Categories of Maps
Classed by scale Small-scale map Large-scale map
Classed by function General reference maps Thematic maps Charts
Classed by subject matter
Nature of Cartography 14
Emphasis on Cartographic Representation The principal task of cartography is to
communicate environmental information. The emphasis on cartographic
representation is map effectiveness in thought and communication.
This is best achieved by treating the making and using of maps equally.
Nature of Cartography 15
The Theme of Map Effectiveness
MapEffectiveness
MapMaking
MapUse
SymbolisationSimplification
Selection
Classification Exaggeration
Analysis
Interpretation
Reading
Nature of Cartography 16
Information Transformation
GeographicalEnvironment
RecognisedGeographicalInformation
MAP MapImage
CensusGround surveyRemote sensingCompilation
SelectionClassificationSimplificationExaggerationSymbolisation
ReadingAnalysisInterpretation
Transform 1
Transform 2
Transform 3
Nature of Cartography 17
The Scope of Cartography
Map Maker
Map User
Data
Map
Nature of Cartography 18
Processes in Cartography
Collecting and selecting the data for mapping
Manipulating and generalising the data, designing and constructing the map
Reading or view the map Responding to or interpreting the
information
Nature of Cartography 19
A Cartographer Must...
Be familiar with all mapping activities (geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing and GIS); and
Know a lot about human thought and communication (cognitive science) and the disciplines associated with the environmental features being mapped.
Nature of Cartography 20
Geographers Are the Primary Users of Maps
EnvironmentalSciences
CognitiveSciences
MappingSciences
MAP