Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Crime Scenes and Technology

Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

Crime Scenes and Crime Scenes and TechnologyTechnology


Raymond E. Foster, MPARaymond E. Foster, MPAEDUCATION & PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

Doctoral Student, Touro University International – Winter 2006 MPA, Public Financial Management — California State

University, Fullerton 4.0 GPA (Member Phi Kappa Phi) - 2003

BA, Criminal Justice — The Union Institute — 1999National Institute for Justice, Technology Institute, Washington,

DCFederal Emergency Management Agency, Incident Command

SystemPOST Courses POST CertificatesWest Point Leadership Program ManagementInstructor Development Course SupervisorMiddle Manager Advanced OfficerWatch Commander Intermediate OfficerSupervisory Development Basic Officer


“De-briefing Suspects: An Analysis of the Crime Control Tactic of Gathering Criminal Intelligence from Arrested Persons” LAPD Intranet, September 1999.“Police Technology” Prentice Hall, July 2004.“Five Tactics for Taking Civil Service Multiple Choice Examinations” www.hitechcj.com, January 2004.“Hi Tech Criminal Justice Newsletter” 2003 to Present (Editor).“Police Pursuit Technology” Modern Marvels, History Channel, September 2004, (Technical Advisor).“Tailored Technology” Mobile Government, September 2004.“Air-to-Ground Communications” Airbeat Magazine, October 2004.“Returning to the Scene of the Crime: High Definition Survey Technology and Law Enforcement” Government Technology Magazine, March 2005.

PublicationsPublications


More Pubs……..More Pubs…….. “Small Unit Leadership” (Policeone.com, April

2005) “Terrorism: Crime or Asymmetrical Warfare”

(Policeone.com, May 2005). “Homeland Security: A Needs Assessment (Part

I)” (Policeone.com, June 2005) “Homeland Security: A Needs Assessment (Part

II)” (Policeone.com, June 2005) “Lessons Learned Overseas” (Policeone.com, July

2005). “Lessons Learned Overseas: Police Technology

for Counter Terrorism” (Policeone.com, August 2005)

“The Jump Start: Small Unit Leadership (Part I of XII)” www.hitechcj.com, July 2005


More Pubs……..More Pubs…….. “Field Tactics and the Toughbook®

Arbitrator™” (Policeone.com, August 2005) “Cop Cars: From Buck Boards to Buck

Rogers” (Policeone.com, September 2005) “National Response Plan: The Local

Perspective” (Policeone.com, September 2005). “Morale: Whose Job is it Anyways?”

(Policeone.com, September 2005). “Homeland Security: An Overview of the

National Response Plan” (Policeone.com, October 2005).

“The Age of the Patrol Vehicle Platform” (Policeone.com, October 2005.”


More Pubs……..More Pubs…….. “Homeland Security and the New Threats of

Global Terrorism: From Cold War to Flaming Hot War” (Prentice Hall, February 2007) Co-Authors: retired Maj. General Dror Itzhaki (Israeli Security Services) and Dr. Reuven Paz.

“An Introduction to Policing: From NYPD to LAPD” (Prentice Hall, January 2007) Co-Author: Dr. James O’Keefe, Ph.D., Associate Professor, St. John’s University, New York.

• Pre-publication reviewer: “Introduction to Biometrics” (Prentice Hall, 2006) by Steve Elliot

Current Working Project with Dr. Andrew Harvey “Leadership Texas Hold ‘Em Style.”

• Prepared and submitted several successful grant applications.


Brief Work HistoryBrief Work History CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON

(Part-time Lecturer) 2004 – Present

UNION INSTITUTE AND UNIVERISTY (Faculty Advisor and Instructor) 2004 – Present

HI TECH CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2003 – Present – Owner

FOSTER YOUTH CONNECTION 2003 – Present – Founding Board Chair

LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT 1980-2004

LIEUTENANT (1997-- 2004) SERGEANT (1988 – 1997) POLICE OFFICER (1980 – 1988)


Crime SceneCrime Scene

A location A location that may that may contain contain evidence evidence of a crime.of a crime.


Crime ScenesCrime Scenes A search of an A search of an

offender’s home may offender’s home may yield evidence, but yield evidence, but not be the location not be the location the crime occurred.the crime occurred.

Protocols for scene Protocols for scene protection, protection, documentation and documentation and evidence recovery evidence recovery are critical at all are critical at all crime scenescrime scenes


Boundaries of the scene start at a focal point, such as a body or point of entry and extend outward to include: Where the crime occurred. Potential points and paths of exit and entry

of suspects and witnesses. Places where the victim/evidence may have

been moved.


Crime ScenesCrime Scenes

Evidence tends to Evidence tends to deterioratedeteriorate

Investigator’s often Investigator’s often refer to the “golden refer to the “golden hour;” the time hour;” the time when evidence is when evidence is best recovered.best recovered.

Some jurisdictions Some jurisdictions are taking the are taking the crime lab to the crime lab to the crime scenecrime scene

Photographs provided by OBS Photographs provided by OBS INC., Specialty VehiclesINC., Specialty Vehicles


Evidence CollectionEvidence Collection

Proper protocols and Proper protocols and techniques for techniques for collecting evidence collecting evidence are very specific and are very specific and critical.critical.

Generally, first Generally, first responders preserve responders preserve scenes and trained scenes and trained specialist collect and specialist collect and analysis evidenceanalysis evidence


Evidence CollectionEvidence CollectionChain of CustodyChain of Custody

Testimony/documentation Testimony/documentation detailing location & condition detailing location & condition of evidence from seizure to of evidence from seizure to trial.trial.

Assures the court items Assures the court items entered into evidence are in entered into evidence are in same condition as when they same condition as when they were seized.were seized.

Chain of custody & Chain of custody & procedures used to analyze procedures used to analyze evidence are more often evidence are more often challenged than the science challenged than the science behind the analysis.behind the analysis.


Forensic Science and CriminalisticsForensic Science and Criminalistics

Forensic comes from the Forensic comes from the Latin word "forensis," Latin word "forensis," meaning "of the forum," meaning "of the forum," where the law courts of where the law courts of ancient Rome were ancient Rome were held. Forensic science is held. Forensic science is the application of any the application of any type of science, type of science, biological, social, biological, social, physical or physical or mathematical to legal mathematical to legal matters.matters.


Forensic Science and CriminalisticsForensic Science and Criminalistics

Forensic Science is the broader term, Forensic Science is the broader term, meaning the part of the science used meaning the part of the science used to answer a legal question.to answer a legal question. Toxicology, ondontology, accounting, Toxicology, ondontology, accounting,

pathology, serologypathology, serology Criminalistics is a branch of Forensic Criminalistics is a branch of Forensic

Science dealing with the study of Science dealing with the study of physical evidence related to a crime.physical evidence related to a crime.


Transfer TheoryTransfer Theory

Edmund Locard, a Edmund Locard, a French Scientist French Scientist developed the developed the theory that contact theory that contact between between individuals or individuals or objects results in a objects results in a transfer of material transfer of material between them. between them.


Trace EvidenceTrace Evidence

HairHair FiberFiber GlassGlass PaintPaint DustDust DirtDirt ChemicalsChemicals FirearmsFirearms

FluidsFluids BloodBlood Bite MarksBite Marks Shoe PrintsShoe Prints Tool MarksTool Marks WoundsWounds DocumentsDocuments FingerprintsFingerprints


The First Major Systems of The First Major Systems of Personal IdentificationPersonal Identification

Anthropometery Anthropometery exact measurements of an individuals body exact measurements of an individuals body

yields a characteristic formula for yields a characteristic formula for comparison.comparison.

Dactlography Dactlography FingerprintsFingerprints


Alphonse Bertillon and Anthropometery



A 1924 Act of Congress established the FBI Identification Division

By 1946 they had 100 Million Fingerprint cards


Henry Classification SystemHenry Classification System


Lifting PrintsLifting Prints

Plastic – Found in a soft surface like Plastic – Found in a soft surface like wax, paint or putty.wax, paint or putty.

Visible – Contact with a wet fluid like Visible – Contact with a wet fluid like blood.blood.

Latent – Meaning “Hidden” These Latent – Meaning “Hidden” These prints are left by the oils secreted by prints are left by the oils secreted by our hands and are generally not our hands and are generally not visible.visible.


Dusting for PrintsDusting for PrintsPowders have differentPowders have different

properties, for instanceproperties, for instance

color. Common colors arecolor. Common colors are

black, white, gray, black, white, gray,

aluminum, red, and gold. aluminum, red, and gold.

Color is selected to make Color is selected to make

the best contrast between the best contrast between

the print and the surface. the print and the surface.

For instance , a whiteFor instance , a white

powder might works best powder might works best

on a dark surfaceon a dark surface..


Automatic

Fingerprint

Identification

System


Integrated Automated Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification SystemFingerprint Identification System

National fingerprint National fingerprint and criminal and criminal history system history system maintained by the maintained by the Federal Bureau of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Investigation (FBI), Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Information Information Services (CJIS) Services (CJIS) Division. Division.


AFISAFIS

Maintains the largest Maintains the largest BiometricBiometric database in the world, containing the database in the world, containing the fingerprints and corresponding fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information for more criminal history information for more than 47 million subjects.than 47 million subjects.

The fingerprints and corresponding The fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information are criminal history information are submitted voluntarily by state, local, submitted voluntarily by state, local, and federal law enforcement and federal law enforcement agencies. agencies.


Fingerprint AdvancesFingerprint Advances

The recovery of The recovery of latent (hidden) latent (hidden) fingerprints is not fingerprints is not longer restricted to longer restricted to powder:powder: Superglue fumingSuperglue fuming Laser applicationsLaser applications Unique powdersUnique powders

Technology has advanced to Technology has advanced to the point wherein some the point wherein some

jurisdictions use superglue jurisdictions use superglue fuming wands at the crime fuming wands at the crime

scenescene


FumingFumingThere are several types ofThere are several types offuming, the most recent isfuming, the most recent is““super glue fuming.” super glue fuming.” Super glue contains the Super glue contains the chemical Cyanoacrylate. chemical Cyanoacrylate. When heated this When heated this substance sticks to trace substance sticks to trace oils, hardens and when oils, hardens and when dry it is visible.dry it is visible.


BallisticsBallistics

Class Characteristics are identified Class Characteristics are identified

by by lands.lands.

Individual Characteristics are Individual Characteristics are

identified by identified by striationsstriations


Firearms IdentificationFirearms Identification


National Integrated Ballistic National Integrated Ballistic Identification System Identification System

In 1993, prior to NIBIN’s, the FBI (DRUGFIRE)In 1993, prior to NIBIN’s, the FBI (DRUGFIRE)

and ATF (BULLETPROOF/CEASEFIRE)and ATF (BULLETPROOF/CEASEFIRE)

established separate computerized ballisticsestablished separate computerized ballistics

imaging systems. NIBIN was established in 1997imaging systems. NIBIN was established in 1997

to unify these systems. There are currently overto unify these systems. There are currently over

220 crime labs participating.220 crime labs participating.


DNA BasicsDNA Basics

Transfer theory demonstrates that Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are – we leave behind wherever we are – we leave behind evidence we where there!evidence we where there!

Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Our bodies are constantly shedding Our bodies are constantly shedding

cells, releasing vapor containing cells cells, releasing vapor containing cells and shedding hair – we leave it and shedding hair – we leave it everywhereeverywhere


DNA BasicsDNA Basics(smaller and smaller)(smaller and smaller)

Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells.Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells. Most cells contain a center piece Most cells contain a center piece

called a nucleus.called a nucleus. The nuclei of our cells contain 23 The nuclei of our cells contain 23

pairs of chromosomes which are the pairs of chromosomes which are the biological instructions of who we arebiological instructions of who we are

During conception our parents During conception our parents contribute one half of each pair.contribute one half of each pair.



Inside each chromosome there are as Inside each chromosome there are as many as a hundred thousand pair of many as a hundred thousand pair of genes – the fundamental building genes – the fundamental building blocks of our hereditary traits.blocks of our hereditary traits.

There are many variations for genes, There are many variations for genes, but really two classifications.but really two classifications. General – those that identify us as General – those that identify us as

humanshumans Specific – those that give us individual Specific – those that give us individual

characteristicscharacteristics



Our genes are made up of Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

DNA consists of a long string of four DNA consists of a long string of four repeating nucleotides:repeating nucleotides: Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Thymine (T)

This long This long string of string of repeating repeating nucleotides is nucleotides is called a called a polymerpolymer



CellsCells

NucleusNucleus

ChromosomeChromosomess GenesGenes

DNADNA



A complete DNA A complete DNA molecule has to molecule has to polymer strands polymer strands with four bases – it with four bases – it is a tightly woven, is a tightly woven, double helix, with double helix, with 3.3 billion pairs of 3.3 billion pairs of nucleotidesnucleotides

Base PairsBase Pairs



Most of our DNA is exactly the same, Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small percentage is different only a small percentage is different from each other.from each other.

The location where specific DNA The location where specific DNA information is located is called a information is located is called a locus.locus.

The information that is different The information that is different between individuals is called between individuals is called Polymorphisms – the part examined Polymorphisms – the part examined during forensic DNA analysis.during forensic DNA analysis.


DNA DatabasesDNA Databases

Like fingerprint information, DNA Like fingerprint information, DNA information is converted to a numerical information is converted to a numerical value for ease of search.value for ease of search.

Combined DNA Information System Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is actually a combination of (CODIS) is actually a combination of databases.databases. 153 Laboratories in 49 states153 Laboratories in 49 states Actually includes three different type of Actually includes three different type of

databasesdatabases Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing

personspersons


www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com