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Presentation from COPPUL meeting (17 Mar 2010) on regional shared print initiatives.
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Constance MalpasProgram OfficerOCLC Research
Managing Print as a Cooperative Resource: Opportunities & Challenges
COPPUL17 March 2010
Shared Print in a ‘System-wide’ Perspective
Efforts to consolidate legacy print resources in cooperative archives are part of a broader pattern in library operationsExternalization of functions that no longer deliver distinctive institutional impact, for which cost-effective alternatives exist (or can be devised)
E.g., cooperative cataloging, selection (approval plans), shelf-ready titles, knowledge-base management, consortial licensing
Oh, Canada!
• Limited national infrastructure – LAC focused primarily on heritage collections; CISTI revising document supply service offer
• Print preservation challenge is ‘academic’
• Robust provincial networks – reciprocal borrowing, consortial purchasing maximizes value of aggregate library resource
• CNSLP/CRKN joint licensing of 2,200 e-journals for 72 libraries
Investment in Academic Libraries
Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008
Shift in Pattern of Library Investment
Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008
Declining library investment in preservation
Investment in Academic Print Collections
Academic Library Expenditures on Purchased and Licensed Content
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
19982000
20022004
20062008
20142020
Print books and journalsE-journals and e-books
Projected change
Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1998-2008
You are here
Print Preservation Risk Factors
• Preservation mandate tacit, under-resourcedResearch libraries face increasing burden of
responsibility
• Uncertainties about digital preservation status of licensed content
Increases dependency on print preservation
• Regional distribution of library resources not optimized for shared print provisioning
Desired redundancy within and beyond consortium
• Fragmented organizational and technical infrastructure
A microcosm of the higher education system
Univers
ity of
Albe
rta
Univers
ity of
Britis
h Colu
mbia
Univers
ity of
Calga
ry
Univers
ity of
Manito
ba
Simon
Frase
r Univ
ersity
Univers
ity of
Victo
ria
Univers
ity of
Saska
tchew
an
Univers
ity of
Regina
Univers
ity of
Winn
ipeg
Univers
ity of
Lethb
ridge
Brand
on Univ
ersity
Vanco
uver
Island
Univers
ity
Univers
ity of
Northe
rn Bri
tish C
olumbia
Conco
rdia U
nivers
ity Coll
ege of
Alberta
Thompso
n Rive
rs Univ
ersity
Trinit
y West
ern Univ
ersity
Kwan
tlen P
olytec
hnic U
nivers
ity
King's
Univers
ity Coll
ege
Athab
asca U
nivers
ity
Univers
ity of
the F
raser
Valley
Royal
Roads
Univers
ity0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Titles in WorldCatUniquely held titles
Title
s
Research General academic Career and convenience
Decreasing incentive to contribute
Increasing preservation expectations
COPPUL: Aggregate Library Resource
16,750,271
836,729
COPPUL member library holdings in WorldCatUniquely held titles in COPPUL member libraries
~7.8 million titles in COPPUL member libraries
~17 million COPPUL holdings in WorldCat
Approximate figures based on WorldCat snapshot January 2010
The challenge …
What model of ‘shared print’ will deliver equal benefit to Alberta and Athabasca?
• Maximize space savings; enable reallocation of resource
• Minimize disruption; respect institutional autonomy
• Benefit greatest number of COPPUL membersDual-format titles a sensible place to start• Scholarly interest has shifted to online resources• Joint-licensing of core e-resource titles = shared
interest
Journals: ‘What to Withdraw’ (Ithaka, 2009)
Framework for assessing preservation risks, proposes criteria for identifying print journals suitable for withdrawal
• optimal number of copies (2 – 4 in dark archives)• reliability of digital access (quality, business
continuity)• Image-intensive titles an excluded class (retain in
print)
Print as ‘back-stop’ to digital preservation Retention horizon of 20-100 years, depending on
digital preservation statusDecision support tool for JSTOR titles
Journals: Opportunity
• JSTOR = ~1,000 titles • Average library holdings per title (in print)=
~600• Significant reduction in inventory possible at
minimal risk• Dark archives already in place• Multiple dim archive efforts (CRL, MLAC, FCLD . . .)
• Portico = ~10,000 e-journal titles, including back-files
• Hathi Trust = ~110,000 digitized journal titles
Journals: Limitations
• Hybrid model (dark archives + diminishing number of copies ‘in the wild’) not feasible for many scholarly journals
• Est. 30-40% of refereed journal literature still print only
• Dark archives very costly to build (JSTOR archive=$1.7M)
• Scholarly societies lack resources to subsidize
• System-wide inventory inadequate to meet optimal duplication thresholds for many titles
• Average holdings per journal title in WorldCat = 7
Duplication in Library Print Holdings: JSTOR Journal Titles
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
<15 holdings 15 - 50 holdings 51 - 100 holdings 101 - 500 holdings 501-1000 holdings >1000 holdings
Level of Duplication
Num
ber o
f Titl
es
94% of JSTOR collection – more than 1000 titles – held in print format by more than 100 institutions
Duplication in Print Holdings: JSTOR titles
Difficult cases (titles that may represent validation challenges) are relatively few: ~15 titles
Data current as of September 2008
Duplication in E- Holdings: Portico Titles
66% of Portico collection – more than 2700 titles – ‘held’ by >100 institutions
24% of Portico collection – 1000 titles – ‘held’ by <50 institutions
Data current as of September 2008
Books: What to Retain ?
• Format transition for monographs key to redistribution of library resource, renovation of service portfolio
• 7-8 million mass-digitized books from academic libraries
• 5 million archived by Hathi Trust; ~3 million unique titles
• 12% public domain; 88% in copyright
• 20-30% of titles in most North American academic libraries already replicated by Hathi
Hathi Growth Trajectory – 12 months
Equal in size to median ARL
collection (2008)
Equal in scope to University of Alberta (UAB)
Data current as of February 2010
Hathi Trust: Subject Distribution
Humanities content (literature, history) dominates – presages shift in scholarly practice?
Data current as of February 2010
N=3.2 million titles
Books: Opportunity
• ~1.36 million mass-digitized titles held by COPPUL members
collection the size of University of Saskatchewan library
• Preserved in Hathi digital repositoryopportunity to leverage cooperative infrastructure
• ~88K titles in the public domain potential test-bed for shared print archive?
Dual-format Monographs: Potential Impact
N=1.3M titlesN=325K titles N=107K titles
Data current as of February 2010
What’s it Worth? Recoverable space, cost avoidance
6 Km in recoverable shelf space
$1.2M not spent on new storage construction
$ 290K p/a not spent on facilities, upkeep
Data current as of January 2010
7.5 Km in recoverable shelf space
$1.5M not spent on new storage construction
$ 350K p/a not spent on facilities, upkeep
Books: Limitations
Uncertainties about outcome of GBS settlement • who will provide electronic access to in-copyright
content?
Distribution of print supply (preservation backup) not optimized for shared print provision
• Will Alberta or UBC shift archival copy to storage?
‘Sweet spot’ of duplication is relatively small • 50% of titles in Hathi archive are held by <25
libraries
Implications
If space savings is primary goal of COPPUL initiative, near-term opportunity to consolidate public domain titles in regional print archive will benefit all members
• UBC and Alberta hold most of what is needed
If preservation of the scholarly record and a renovation of the library service portfolio is desired, shared print agreement extending to in-copyright digitized books will deliver maximum benefit
• Prospective effort lays groundwork for licensing agreement
LOCKSS
Portico
Hathi KB
CRL- DPA Orbis
CascadeWhite Rose
Go8, etc.
UKRR CRL NRL CARM CTLES
Competition for Resources, Attention
Electronic
CentralizedDistributed
Strong business model
Critical mass
Part of library platform
Experimental
Goodwill vs. governance
Low network visibility
Shared Infrastructure: Books & Bits
10101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010 0101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010
Academic off-site storagePortico
Hathi
5 years10K journals28K books
18 months100K journals3.2M books
25 years, >70 million volumes
10101010101011010101010101
LOCKSS10 years1K journals
CRKN licensed resources e-journals, e-books
Registry of Holdings, Status
COPPUL, CAUL, CREPUQ, OCUL etc
Attributes of a Trusted Print Repository
Transparency: explicit preservation commitment , policies
Accountability: governance mechanism, exit strategy
Scale: critical mass of content (for which there is demand)
Sustainability: business model that maximizes participation
Getting it done vs. getting it right
A Tiered Approach to Shared Print Service
Accommodate differing institutional mandates• Regional preservation repositories
• leverage existing offsite storage holdings as de facto archive (BARD) – maximize preservation value by elevating visibility of resource
• strategic development of cooperative archive; focus on materials with a known audience within and beyond COPPUL (UBC) – maximize service value, cultivate reliance on archive; entails some operational constraints
• Research-oriented academic institutions• subscription-based model with guaranteed access, extended loans,
recalls; option to accession holdings if archive is dissolved
• Teaching and learning institutions • transaction-based pricing; high-deductible, low premium (insurance)
In conclusion . . .
An extraordinary opportunity for COPPUL:• Leverage diversity of institutional mandates,
robust consortial infrastructure to build new business model for collection management
• Use group purchasing power to maximize influence on vendors to meet digital preservation standards; progressively reduce burden on print archives
• Disclose regional capacity more effectively; strengthen international print archiving efforts
Questions, Comments?
[email protected]. 650-287-2131
OCLC Research Activities: http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/swo.htm
Go raibh mile maith agat
Resources
OCLC Research:• Library Storage Facilities In North America (L.
Payne) (2007)• Shared Print Policy Report (2008)• Journals Preservation Project (2008)• MARC 583 for Print Archiving (2009)• Cloud Library (Shared Print/Digital Archives) Projec
t (2009)
Ithaka:• What to Withdraw (Schonfeld, Housewright)
(2009)