Copper Cycle Harvest Copper in Soil Plant Uptake Mining Processing of Copper Animal Uptake Human Consumption Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides Literature

Copper Cycle

Harvest

Copper in Soil

Plant Uptake

Mining

Processing of Copper

Animal Uptake

Human Consumption

Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides

Literature Cited

Cody Gray

Tracey Johnston

Gary Strickland

Shawn Zupancic

Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu

under extreme conditions

Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Release pH

< 6

Com

plextion pH > 6

Le

ac

hin

g

Clay &

Organic Matter

Adsorptio

n pH >

7

Desorptio

n pH <

6

Dissolution

PrecipitationHydrous Oxides

& Carbonates

Parent

Material Weathering

MiningCopper Cycle

Front Page Info.



Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Release pH

< 6

Com

plextion pH > 6

Le

ac

hin

g

Clay &

Organic Matter

Adsorptio

n pH >

7

Desorptio

n pH <

6

Dissolution


& Carbonates

Parent

Material Weathering

Mining Copper Cycle Home



Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter

Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates

Parent

Material Weathering




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter

Dissolution


& Carbonates

Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material

Mining Copper Cycle Home Info.



Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Release pH

< 6

Com

plextion pH > 6

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Le

ac

hin

g

Clay &

Organic Matter


Parent

Material




Soil Solution:

Cu2+ and

soluble Cu

Plant

Uptake

Plant

Residues

Soil Microbes

Microbial

Residue

Organo-metallic

Complexes

Clay &

Organic Matter

Adsorptio

n pH >

7

Desorptio

n pH <

6


Parent

Material


Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

0.50.5

0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6

Copper Cycle

Front Page

Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.

Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

0.50.5

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

Copper Cycle

Home



Direct-reading

Fraction 0.2

Dietary Copper

2.0 - 5.0

Intestine

Feces

2.0 - 5.0

Liver

8.0

Ceruloplasmin

2.8

Urine

0.01 -0.06

Kidney

0.6

Nonerythrocuprein

0.8

Erythrocuprein

1.3

Bone

Marrow

Tissues

66

Red Blood Cell

0.50.5

Copper Cycle

Home



Role of Copper in Microbial growth:

Used in electron transport.

Back

Copper in the Soil• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+

• Mobility in the soil: Immobile, pH dependent, forms strong complexes with organic matter, oxides of Fe, Al, Mn, phenolic carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and clay minerals. Undergoes specific adsorption. Can be isomorphically substituted for Fe or Mn. Cu can leach through the soil profile in humus-poor, acidic peat, or in very acidic mineral soils, such as those around Ni and Cu smelters. Concentrations of natural Cu in soil is 34 t0 55 ppm.

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Copper in the Soil• Interactions with other nutrients: Nitrogen

and phosphorus (especially where Cu deficiencies exist), sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum

• Effect of pH on availability:– high pH (> 7.0) Formation of hydrolysis products which

adsorb to exchange sites (lower availability), CuOH+ is the primary form.

– middle pH (6.9 - 7.0) Predominate form is Cu(OH)20.

– low pH (< 6.0) Exchange sites taken up by Al3+ and H+ allowing the Cu2+ form to remain soluble.

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• Fertilizer sources: Copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper chelate, copper ammonium phosphate, copper carbonate, animal waste, copper hydroxide, copper acetate, copper oxalate, copper oxychloride, copper polyflavanoids, copper-sulfur frits, copper-glass fusions, chalcanthite, azurite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, tenorite, cuprite (Loneragan, 1998)

• Pesticide uses: Kopertox, Kocide, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper chlorides, cupric hydroxide, copper oxides, miscellaneous other copper sources

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Copper in Plants

• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+

• Mobility in the plant: Immobile

• Concentration in plants: 2-30 ppm dry weight (Adriano, 1986); 5-20 ppm (Tisdale, 1985)

• Role of nutrient in plant growth: Copper can not be replaced by another metal ion in its involvement in enzymes. It is required for synthesis of quinones in chloroplasts, and makes up the electron transporter, plastocyanin in photosystem II.

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Copper in Plants• Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, terminal

dieback first in young shoots, necrosis of the apical meristem, bleaching of young leaves, impaired lignification of cell wall, impaired pollen formation and fertilization, delayed flowering and maturation, shortened internodes, stem deformation, yellowing, curling of leaves, seed and fruit growth dramatically reduced

• Toxicity symptoms: Stunting, reduced shoot vigor, reduced branching, thickening, poorly developed and discolored roots, leaf chlorosis resemble Fe defiencies

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Copper in Plants

• Enzymes containing Cu: Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD), Cytochrome oxidase, Ascorbate oxidase, Phenol oxidase, Trysinase, Laccase, Diamine oxidase, Plastocyanine, Amine oxidase, Stellacyanin

• Copper tolerance: binding to cell wall, restricted influx through plasma membrane, active efflux, compartmentation in vacuole, chelation at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface, chelation in the cytoplasm

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Materials made from Copper

The Copper Page

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Copper in Animals

• Tissue distribution:– highest concentrations liver, kidneys, heart,

pigmented part of the eye, and hair or wool

– mediumconcentrations pancreas, spleen, muscles, skin and bone

– lowest concentrations thyroid, pituitary, and thymus

• Transport and tissue utilization: Cu is loosely bound to plasma albumin and is distributed to the tissues and taken up by the bone marrow in red blood cell formation.

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Copper in Animals

• Functions: activity of enzymes associated with Fe metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of the central nervous system, red blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, ferroxidase, tyrosinase, normal hair and wool pigmentation (polyphenyl oxidase), incorporation of disulfide groups into keratin in wool and hair

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Copper in Animals

• Absorption: Absorption is species dependent mainly from the jejunum, duodenum, small intestine, or colon.

• Excretion: Bile is the major pathway. Smaller amounts are lost in feces, urine, and sweat.

• Deficiency signs: decline in tissue and blood Cu concentration, incoordination, ataxia, bone abnormalities, hair and wool fail to develop normally, cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages, fetal death

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Copper in Animals

• Toxicity: Sheep and calves appear to be more susceptible to Cu toxicity than other species. Observations include hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue necrosis. Toxic to sheep when Cu:Mo ratio >10:1.

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Literature CitedAdriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elemants in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.

Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology; Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Alloway, G.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Property of Soils. ManMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY.

Cartwright, G.E. and M.M. Wintrobe. 1964. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14: 224; 15: 94.

Committee on Medical and Biological effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1977. Copper. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

Hung, J.J. 1984. Effects of pH and other solution parameters on the Activities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Cations in Soil Solutions. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Loneragan, L.F., A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. 1981. Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.

Marschner, Horst. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Marschner, Horst. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Nriago, J.O. 1979. Copper in the Environment, Part 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,, New York, NY.

Pond, W.G., D.C. Church, and K.R. Pond. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

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Documents

Copper Cycle Harvest Copper in Soil Plant Uptake Mining Processing of Copper Animal Uptake Human Consumption Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides Literature