Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Coping to resilience -
Indore and Surat, India
G. K. Bhat
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience2
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
Resource and climate Change Challenge to Indian Cities
3
• BAU growth path is unsustainable
• Urban systems likely to remain water and energy hungry due to resource
constraints• Soft options of efficiency gains, alternate sources need to be explored
• Housing and Urban land crisis, especially in large cities is expected to aggravate
• Climate change induced risks can exacerbate Basic services crisis • Lack of solid waste management and sewage treatment can lead to health risks
• Floods and droughts can exacerbate stress on poor
4ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
Approach to Resilience• Analytical tools and methods for understanding risks,
vulnerability and impacts.– Geopsy based multi-scale vulnerability analysis:
– Visioning workshops: Exploring future scenarios and options
– PGIS and world café based tools for community level intervention design
• Capacity building and paradigm shift– City advisory committees and national consultative committee
– Sector studies by city based groups
– Future informed City planning through national competitions
• Building on technological innovations– Mobile phone based health and services monitoring and
warning distribution system
– Rain water harvesting and Water quality improvement
• Synergy through multi-sectoral interventions – Demonstration through action
– Enabling buy-in by multiple stakeholders
Climate Change - Tale of Two CitiesDeveloping CRS in Indore & Surat
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• One of the fastest growing
cities with 67% decadal
population growth
– Diamond polishing and synthetic
textile capital of India
• Strong pull migration
• Faces at least two floods per
decade:
– 2006 Floods covered 75% of the
city
– Less than 50 deaths, no major
disease outbreaks/epidemics
– Water supply restored in 48 hours
– In one month no traces of floods
Surat- City of Diamonds,
Textiles and Floods
6
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Surat city located at the mouth of
the river in flood plain
• Long basin in semiarid region
• Concentration of flow due to
westerly moving depressions
during late monsoons
• Ukai dam with increasing water
demands
– Water for agriculture, drinking
water supply industries and Energy
generation
– Conflicting goals of lean season
water supply and flood control
• Industries, bridges, embankments,
reducing carrying capacity
Root causes of floods
7
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Pull migration of semiskilled
labor resulting in housing
demand for poor
• More than 35,000 poor houses
built, but demand overrides
supply
• City expanding towards coast,
with poor predominantly
occupying riverine and coastal
creek edges
• Increasing levels of high tides
– Severe coastal erosion
– Poor settlements often inundated
Poverty and Slums
8
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience9
• Administration’s learning process– 1994 Plague taught lessons
– Systems internalized
– Monsoon preparation system
– Disease surveillance system
– One of the most prepared administration
• Industry needs business continuity– Need well trained labor
– Unscheduled closures too costly
– Win-Win gains in mitigation
• People well informed– Multitude of coping mechanisms
– Administration working with industry and citizen groups
– Attics and first floors
– Essential document packets
– Early warning display boards
Why Surat is Resilient?
Vision sheetsSURAT: ACCCRN
CAPACITY & VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
SURAT : FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS
WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN
Working with the Institutions�Surat Municipal Corporation
�The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industries
�Center for Social Studies
�Sardar Vallbhbhai National Institute of Technology
�Servajainik Education Society
�Hajira area Development Authority
�Irrigation Dept, Surat, GoG
�Police Dept, Surat
�Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
�Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, GoG
Sector Studies1. Flood Risk Management
2. Energy Security
3. Water Security
4. Health Impact
5. Environment impact
Action Groups1. Awareness Generation
2. Climate Watch Group
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience11
• End to end early warning
systems
– Increase respite time from a day
to nearly four days
– Gearing administration to face
floods - “living with floods”
paradigm
• Urban health Resource center
– Improve surveillance system
– Urban health research
– Strengthening linkage between
basic services and health
– Support to cities across India in
improving health surveillance
systems
ACCCRN interventions: Surat
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Located on semi arid plateau
• Perennial water source nearly 80 km away with a pumping head of over 600 m
• Rapid population growth driven by industry and trade
• Water supply system has more than 50% Unaccounted for water
• A variety of coping mechanisms developed by people
– Household storage
– Private borewells
– Thriving tanker market
Indore- City of Opportunities
& Water Scarcity
12
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Poor drainage and expanding city in nearly flat terrain
• Flood rather unknown in the past
• Frequency of Severe rainfall events have reportedly increased over last two decades
– Attributed to climate change
• Drainage system poor and not maintained
– Water logging due to building of roads/bridges
• Vector-borne disease outbreaks due to water logging
Urban Floods of Indore
13
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Middle and upper class – Sufficient storage capacity built while
constructing house
– Pumps sumps and overhead tanks
– Water filtration systems
– Private borewells
• Poor– Community borewells
– Rely on social capital and political connections
– Storage capacity sufficient only for couple of days
• Core vs periphery– Core served by centralized water supply
– Periphery depends on ground water and tankers
• Coping costs – Livelihood
– lost education
– health expenditure
Coping strategies across
Communities
14
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
• Indore had a traditional system of wells, now neglected
• Conjunctive management of
– local and distant sources,
– rain water harvesting and ground water recharge
– Demand focused end use management
• Flood risk mitigation
– Recharge of ground water
– Reviving traditional storage systems
• Vector/waterborne disease surveillance can reduce outbreaks
Opportunities
15
Indore: ACCCRN
25
30
35
40
45
50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Te
mp
era
ture
(c)
Average monthly max. temp. Control vs
Future : 2046-2065
Observed CGCM3-Future-Corrected
CNRM-Future-Corrected MPI-Future-Corrected
WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
ACCCRN Interventions
17
• Developing models for conjunctive water management
focused on poor• Resource and usage assessment from HH to community levels
• Exploring technically, socially and institutionally viable options
• Piloting interventions in four communities across various socio-
economic categories
• Replicating with ULB support in the city and other cities with
ACCCRN partners
• Water/Vector borne Health surveillance system• Exploring options for real time passive surveillance system, similar
to Surat Health surveillance system
• Enabling buy-in by city administration and private health
practitioners
• Linking with city disease prevention systems
• Documentation and enabling replication in other cities
Contact Details:
Anna L. Brown
The Rockefeller Foundation
Asia Regional Office
21st Floor, UBC 2 Building
591 Sukhumvit 33, Wattana
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Tel: +66(0)2.262.0091-5 x22
Email: [email protected]
G.K.Bhat
TARU
541/2 Sector 8
Gandhinagar, Gujarat
India-382008
Tel: +91-79-23240479
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.taru.org
18
19ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
Community
MarketGovernment (City / State)
Resources
(environment)
Gro
un
dw
ate
r, r
ain
wa
ter
ha
rve
stin
g,
cop
ing
/ad
ap
tati
on
to
flo
od
s
• Safe, efficient cities are critical for economic development
• Vulnerability reduction and climate proofing infrastructure and services critical
• Participation of multiple actors necessary to manage resources efficiently
• Practical action strengthened by vision and policies.
CRGM meta model: Stakeholders and linkages
ACCCRN India: From Coping to Resilience
Indore: Challenges of urban governance
20
• Weak administration • History of Patronage
• Low capacity of ULB
• High dissonance between stakeholders
• Resource- poor state government in under developed
region
• Resource costs high – Cost Recovery low• Water supply system too costly to be affordable
• Inability to collect even O&M costs
• Poor bear the brunt of resource scarcity
