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COP22 Side-Event Sustainable Together:
the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Solar Water Desalination as a Nexus solution
Marrakech, Morocco, 11th of November, 2016
Jürgen Kern, kernenergien GmbH – the solar power company
Global Water Scarcity
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Global Potential for Solar Power
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Global Potential 3,000,000 TWh/y – Global Demand 18,000 TWh/y
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Solar energy desalination matching
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MED: Multi-Effect Distillation RO: Reserve Osmosis MSF: Multi-Stage Flash ED: Electrodialysis MD: Membrane Distillation HD: Humidification- Dehumidification
Desalination
Technology
Form of Energy
Primary Energy Solar
Stills
Thermal
Collector
MED MSF MD HD
Electric
PV cell
ED RO
Source: Mertes, DME www.dlr.de/tt/aqua-csp
Membrane stacks High pressure pumps
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Desalination
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Multi Stage Flash Desalination (MSF)
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Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
www.dlr.de/tt/aqua-csp
Umm Al Nar, Saudi Arabia
Fujairah II IWPP - UAE Aquasol - Spain Abutaraba – Libya
Multi Effect Desalination (MED)
10
VEOLIA / SIDEM 2003
3 units of 13,333 m³/d
GECOL, Libya
Sidem JV 2009
12 units of 38,640 m³/d
ADWEA , Abu Dhabi
Solar Desalination 1988
High Efficiency 14 stages
Plataforma Solar Almeria
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kernenergien-GIZ-REdesalMENA-COP22-Marrakech-2016-11.pptx
SolarDesalMENA Overview of Solar Seawater Desalination
in the MENA Region
kernenergien GmbH | the solar power company for
GIZ GmbH within the project
„Politkdialog und Wissensmanagement zu Niedrigemissionsstrategien, insbesondere zu erneuerbaren
Energien, in der MENA Region“ [DIAPOL CE]
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Comparison of Desalination Technologies
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Property Unit MSF MED TVC SWRO
Typical size m³/day < 90,000 < 38,000 < 38,000 scalable
Operation temp. °C < 110 < 70 < 70 ambient
Electrical energy cons. kWhel/m³ 4 - 5 1.6 1.5 3.5 - 5
Thermal energy cons. kWhth/m³ > 80 > 80 60 0
Total el. energy cons. kWhel/m³ 14 - 25 4 – 5 11 - 22 3.5 – 4.5
Product water quality ppm 10 10 10 500 (1-pass)
150 (2-passes)
Barriers of implementation of solar desalination
Economic barriers
lack of financial resources and/or missing know-how how to enter properly new markets.
in-depth market analyses are not available.
Institutional barriers
subsidies in the water and power sector are responsible for an unfair competition between conventional and renewable technologies.
bureaucratic structures are not adapted for independent water producers.
Social / other barriers
negative perception of desalination by the population and water authorities (i.e. preference for conventional technologies, centralized solutions)
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Analyzed Configurations
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CSP/MED: GOR 12 - parabolic trough - steam to the MED 70 °C. The base load el. gen. from the CSP plant is fed into the local grid.
CSP/RO coast: once-through cooling - For better comparability, the CSP plant is designed in order to generate the same net electricity amount as in the previous case.
CSP/RO inland: the CSP plant is equipped with a dry cooling.
PV+Diesel/RO: The continuous operation of the plant is guaranteed by the fossil backup (diesel motor).
PV/RO Solar Only: the operation of the desalination plant is intermittent.
PV+Battery/RO Solar Only: the RO operation time is extended by a Li-Ion batteries with 3 full load hour capacity. The RO operation is intermittent.
PV/RO grid: similar to case 4 (PV+Diesel).The main difference is that the backup electricity is provided by the grid.
Levelized Water Costs (LWC) Comparison
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0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Wat
er
Pro
du
ctio
n C
ost
[€
/m³]
Annual Capital cost [€/m³] O&M cost [€/m³] Electricity cost [€/m³] Heat cost [€/m³]
Sensitivity Analysis of LWC
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The Water Gap in MENA: Morocco Rising demand and limited resources
Rising water demand
¬ urban supply
¬ industry
¬ agriculture
Limited resources
¬ surface water
¬ groundwater
Unmet Demand
¬ efficiency gains
¬ wastewater reuse
> desalination
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MENA Water Outlook, April 2011 by FutureWater
Desalination Potential in MENA region: Morocco: Water supply scenarios
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World Bank MENA Regional Water Outlook: Part II: Desalination using Renewable Energy, March 2011
Efficiency Gains
Unsustainable Extractions
Solar Desalination
Conventional Desalination
Wastewater Reuse
Surface Water Extractions
Groundwater Extractions
Total Demand BaU
Energy-Water-Food Nexus considerations
Agriculture (food) needs water, water needs energy:
Water Resources and Availability in Morocco:
¬ Surface Water: available in the North, but limited
¬ Groundwater: available, but limited
¬ Desalination: last resort, in southern provinces
Economics:
¬ Pumping: ~0.1 €/m³ (Butane, Diesel, PV)
¬ Conv. Desalination: 0.5 – 1.0 €/m³ (fossil prices may rise!)
¬ Solar Desalination: 1.0 – 1.7 €/m³
Agricultural and Environmental Aspects:
¬ Water quality (salinity) : RO!
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remote / standalone grid-connected
no impact on existing and future electricity system
additional base-load capacity needed
with a high share of RE more storage options are needed
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Desalination and the Energy System
Desalination plants are operated more or less continuous:
•Pre-Treatment: Filtering, Antiscaling, Antifoaming, Antifoaling
•Post-Treatment: Extract above, Heavy Metals, Concentrate
•Reduce operation cycles to enhance durability (esp. RO)
Need continuous energy for the water process (pumps, …)
EU FP7 MED-CSD Project
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Combined solar power and desalination plants:
Technico-economic potential in Mediterranean partner countries (MED-CSD)
• Funded under 7th FWP (Seventh Framework Programme)
• Research area: ENERGY-2007-2.5-02 Using CSP for water desalination
• Duration: June 2008 – May 2010
• Project partner:
25
Direct Normal Insolation in EU-MENA and GCC
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Annual Sum of DNI for the year 2002
MED-CSD Sites
The MENA Water Outlook Project
Project supported by the World Bank
In collaboration with Governments in the MENA Countries
Objectives:
review of desalination potential in combination with CSP
development of a water supply scenario for MENA
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Publications
kernenergien-GIZ-REdesalMENA-COP22-Marrakech-2016-11.pptx
The World Bank www.dlr.de/tt/menawater
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kernenergien GmbH the solar power company
Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH
Contact
Jürgen Kern Managing Director
Leinfeldener Straße 56 A · 70597 Stuttgart · Germany
[email protected] www.kernenergien.de
T +49-711-253582-0
Katharina Hay Project DIAPOL CE*
Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1–5 65760 Eschborn · Germany
[email protected] www.giz.de
* within the project „Politkdialog und Wissensmanagement zu Niedrigemissions-strategien, insbesondere zu erneuerbaren Energien, in der MENA Region“
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