University of California Cooperative Extension

FIELD CROPS REPORTSan Joaquin County

420 South Wilson Way Stockton CA 95205-6299 (209) 468-2085 Fax: (209) 462-5181

September 2001

However, less rainfall coupled with higherthan normal spring temperatures may haveimpacted some fields where irrigationswere applied too late for maximum grainfilling. Once again this season, stripe rustwas a problem where susceptible varietieswere planted. The wheat variety trialconducted on Victoria Island was a perfectexample of the severity from stripe rust,reducing yield from 1000 up to 2000Lbs/A. Varieties RSI-5, Yecora Rojo, andEldon were hit hardest {table I). Thevarieties showing a high percent of striperust on the leaves at grain fillingconsistently had lower yields. Table 2lists disease tolerance and agronomiccharacteristics of many wheat varietiesgrown in the San Joaquin Valley .Yieldsin the wheat variety trial ranged from ahigh of 6500 Lb/ A to a low of 3430 Lb/ A.Comparing variety performance, Bonusand Kern have shown consistency forhigher production during the past twoyears. A new variety to the group isSummit from RSI seed company. Itranked 4th in yield while also showing verygood disease tolerance. KAMA was 6ththis year and #1 in yield in the 2000 trial.It also showed very good growthcharacteristics.

Wheat Variety Results 2001

State wheat acreage for 2001 was 580,000compared to the previous year at 601,839.Overall, the yield was generally up due tolower winter rainfall, which reduced theincidence of leaf diseases, i.e.: septoria,and improved uptake of soil nitrogen.

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KEY TO COMMON ALFALFA AND COTTON ApmDS IN CALIFORNIACharles G. Summers, Dept. of Entomology, UC. Davis and KearneyAgricultural Center

Aphids attacking California alfalfa and cotton may be difficult to identify. The alfalfa aphids, pea aphid (Acyrthosiphonpisum (Harris», and the blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi Shinji) are similar in appearance. Recently, tile cowpea aphid,Aphis craccivora Koch has become a pest of alfalfa and has been found colonizing cotton in the San Joaquin Valley. A.craccivora on cotton can easily be confused with cotton aphid, A. gossypii Glover, at certain times of the year. Sinceeconomic iliresholds have been developed for individual species, proper aphid management depends on properidentification. Presented here is a simple key to the most common aphids found in alfalfa and cotton. Not all speciespotentially found are covered.

While aphids appear to be very simple insects, theyare really very complex, both in their biology and morphology. Aswith other insects, external morphological features are used to identify individuals to species. Figure 1 is of a '~ical"aphid and shows a number of morphological features important in identification. This key pertains to adults and will notwork to identify immature individuals. .-

Additional Reading: The following books are recommended for additional information and keys to aphids.

Blackman, R. L., and V. F.Eastop. 1984. Aphids on the world's crops. An identification guide. Wiley. New York. Keysto aphids based on host plant. Highly reconunended but expensive.

Chaney, W. E., and M. A. Lee. 1992. Common aphid pests on vegetable crops in the Salinas valley. University ofCalifornia, Monterey County Cooperative Extension Service, Salinas, California. Keys to common vegetable aphids.Excellent keys that work equally well for the San Joaquin Valley. Highly recommended. Contact Dr. Chaneyregarding availability .';

1 Body pale green, pink or white Body black, olive green or yellow 2

7

2. Six to eight rows of spots on dorsal abdomenDorsal abdomen without SDOtS

.Spotted Alfalfa Aphid3

.,.,'

3 Frontal tubercles convergingFrontal tubercles diverging ",

.Green Peach Aphid4

4. Legs, antennae, comicles and cauda long, found in alfalfa Legs, antennae, comicles and cauda long, found in cotton 5

.Potato Aphid

5 Body pink Body green Pea Aphidl

6

6. Blue Alfalfa AphidPea Aphid

Antennae unifonn brown , " "'.

Antennae with dark bands between light segments ,.

7. 8

.Cotton Aphid

8.

Body black (shiny or dull) Body pale yellow, yellowish green or olive green Cauda bushy with many hairs; comicles and cauda of equal length

Cauda not bushy, with few hairs comicles longer than cauda

Bean Aphid

.Cowpea Aphid

1 A pink colored biotype of the Pea Aphid occurs in France, on the east coast, and in several western states of the U S. To date, it

has not been found in California, but could appear at any time. Biologically, it behaves identically to the green form we have inraJifnmia in~Jl1ding it~ re~nnn~e tn re~i~tant ""Jtiv"r~

Figure 1

Diagrammatic drawing of a winged green peach aphid showing many of the important morphological

features used in aphid identification.

Alfalfa Variety Trialsafe way to select an appropriate variety.Before choosing a variety, make sure thereare several years worth of data availablefrom different locations. Always check intothe disease and pest tolerance of the variety .When planting into heavy clay soils look foran "HR " (high resistance) rating for

Phytophthora root rot. In the Tracy area,stem nematode is a common pest, andvarieties should be selected for this problem.Where alfalfa is planted in sandy soils, Rootknot nematode has a high pro6.;ability ofoccurring; therefore, selecting a resistantvariety is the best option available. -Ifspecific information for pest managementand yield is not available, then limit theamount of acreage to only a couple()h,,~rv~ti()n ~h~~k"

Each year the university evaluates alfalfavarieties statewide. Information closest toour location is the UC Davis trial. The mostrecent Davis trial was planted in October1999. The results in Table 2 show yield ateach cutting for the 2000 season. 2001 dataon this trial will not be available until theend of the year ( check alfalfa website ).However, caution is advised n~t to use oneyear of information to select a variety .Thelimited information should be used tofamiliarize oneself with new varietiescoming on the market. The fall dormancyrankings can compare yield differences fromspring and fall. Information from universityand private company trials will provide a

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ALFAI,FA SYMPOSIUM

Every year the California Alfalfa Symposium is held in different locations of the state so thoseinterested in alfalfa production, marketing, equipment, and much more can hear about the mostrecent advancements. This year's symposium will be held at the Modesto Double Tree Hotel,Modesto CA, December II -13, 200 I. Topics will be of interest to all producers, with big or smallacreage. You can view the program and register on line at any time, or when the program andregistration forms are mailed out in October. On line registration can be accomplished by using the

following path: "cesanjoaquin.ucdavis.edu""programs""field crops""Alfalfa & forages program""2001 California alfalfa & forages symposium""registration forms"

The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the Universityon the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition ( cancer-related or genetic characteristics),ancestry, marital status, age sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran or anyother veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). UniversityPolicy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscriminationpolicies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University ofCalifornia, Agriculture and Natural Resources,1111 Franklin, 61h Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200 (510) 987-0096.

University of California, United States Department of Agriculture, and San JoaQuin CountY CooDeratinll