convergence

transportation and information

the wheel6500 BC

mobile engines1760 AD

public roads and canals500 BC

convergence of transportation and information

now

culture

image credit: millennial marketing

economics

data: New York Times August 2, 2015

1980$35,845

1990$36,716

2000$37,335

2013$33,883

median earnings age 18 - 34

+ $871+ $639

- $3,472

1.autonomous vehicles2. its3.big data4.sharing economy5.virtual transactions

transportation

information

people movement

freight movement

1. autonomous vehiclesgoodbye to drivers

photo credit: Google

image credit: Rand Corporation

arrival of the self-driving car…

photo credit: Mercedes Benz, Daimler AG

…and truck

photo credit: http://www.chapman-freeborn.com

…and drone

information technology

radio sensing

cameras

radar

LIDAR (laser)

gps & cell phone sensing/mapping

virtual transaction systems

user interface design

v2v and v2i communications

established

emerging

vehicle control technology

cruise control

automatic braking system

stability control

adaptive cruise control

lane alignment/steering

crash avoidance

cross traffic assistance

parking assistance

established

emerging

lidar

image credit: right – Tech Investing Daily; left - Velodyne

lidar = light detection and ranging (3-d laser imaging)

stereo cameras

image credit: engadget

radar systems

image credit: freescale semiconductor

adaptive cruise control

image credit: "Schema ICC" by Schema_ICC.PNG: M.Minderhoud derivative work: Malyszkz

radar

lane keeping

image credit: Volvo

stereo cameras

cross-traffic assist

integrated systems:short range radarlong range radarcamerastereo camera

image credit: Daimler

image credit: Boston Consulting Group, Wired Magazine

cost of control elements:$80K now, eventually $10 - $15K

autonomous vehicle classification

• level 1 – no automation

• level 2 – function-specific automation

• level 3 – combined function automation

• level 4 – full self-driving automation

source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

2015 – 17 models: level 3

Volvo XC-90 (pilot assist)

Tesla model S sedans (autopilot)

Audi Q7 (adaptive cruise + steering)

Cadillac CT6 sedan (super cruise)

typical market progression

luxury models

expensive new optionstest market acceptance

most models

prices drop with volumewidely offered as option

all models

standard feature

typical regulatory progression

optional standard required

(example: back-up cameras)

2001Infiniti 2002 Q45

luxury sedan

2014standard on 46% of

new models

2018required on all new

models

autonomous vehicles roll-out

2015 2020 2025 2030

levels 1, 2 & 3partially

autonomous vehicles available

level 4fully

autonomous vehicles enter

market

level 4autonomous

vehicles dominate

market

20-year comprehensive plan horizon

challenges

• limited federal regulatory framework

• limited state regulatory frameworks

• state government eagerness - $20B industry

• little planning for road & street infrastructure

• unresolved insurance, finance & legal issues

• unprotected digital/software systems

Wired Magazine hack of 2014 Jeep Cherokee

photo credit: Wired Magazine

most difficult challenge: local streets

image credit: Thomas J. Bamonte, www.tmemag.com

liability:who is responsible for crashes?

• the driver? (who is the driver?)

• the vehicle manufacturer?

• the DOT?

autonomous systemsother modes

motor trucks

automatic braking systems adaptive cruise control lane keeping crash avoidance

now

level 3 autonomous vehicles self-parking vehicles level 3 = low-wage drivers

2015

level 4 = single driver caravans

coming soon driver labor = 1/3 of marginal cost of operations

photo credit: Mercedes Benz, Daimler AG

limited progress

now

positive train control required by end of year

2015

not much

coming soon

image credit: ABC

railroads

drone freight

financial incentive: eliminating drivers

autonomous navigation:• gps• cellular triangulation• visual object detection

photo credit: Miami Herald

transit – level 4

photo credit: ARUP/ultraprt

Miami Metromover

Heathrow Airport

smart bikes

image credit: Ford Motor Co. MoDe:Flex

app – smart phone

e-bike

app – smart watch

LED lighting

folding frame

removable battery

high-tech, but only level 1 – non-autonomous

2. its

intelligent transportation systems

roads & streets railroads

multimodal system integration

air drone road

ocean river rail

roads and streets

roadway its – 3 systems

• vehicle sensing/tracking– gps– cellular– rfid– loop detectors– video– bluetooth detectors– wi-fi

• wireless communications: v2base, v2i and v2v• on-board computing: operations and records

roadway its applications (passenger & freight)

• driver information

• in-vehicle emergency notification – ecall

• automatic enforcement

• collision avoidance

• congestion management

• parking management

• weather response

• incident and emergency management

• data capture (live and static)

real-time system management

weather* image credit: MN Changeable Message Sign" by Wheresmysocks

remote monitoring + driver information

causes of congestion

saturation

incidents

weather

work zones

bad signal timingother

40%

25%

15%

10%

5%5%

photo credit: Charlier Associates

data: FHWA

traffic signals

signal type

pre-timed semi-actuated fully actuated

control system

pre-set plans adaptive integrated network

traffic signal system integration

state of the art – city of Phoenix AZ

wireless mesh network

connected video cameras

integrated management

performance monitoring

wifi-equipped traffic signals

image credit: ABB/Tropos

aztech performance dashboard

parking apps

parker

- finding a space- avoiding tickets

rf sensor

tiketzen

- paying tickets

gtechna

- writing tickets

parkwhiz

- reserving a space

transit

• automatic vehicle locator – gps

• fleet management

• traveler information – e.g. “next bus” etc.

• corridor progression/signal pre-emption

• system safety, security

bicycling

• fitness, tracking apps

• cell & gps networks

• infrared & motion detectors

• inductive loops

• big data feedback loops

truck freightthe information is as valuable as the cargo

photo credit: Fronteras

truck freightcommunication generations

1. citizens’ band radio (cb)

2. sat phone (satellite communications)

3. gps

4. cell phone

5. wi-fi

6. rfid

image credit: inbound logistics

truck freight

• logistics/efficiency

• multimodal integration

• level 3 and 4 autonomous vehicles

• tdm – travel demand management for trucks

“bobtail” – truck without trailer

railroads

image credit: "ATSF Downhhill Caliente Aug 90xRP - Flickr - drewj1946" by Drew Jacksich

image credit: Amtrak

passenger freight

railroads

• train control systems

• emergency management

Amtrak train #188 Philadelphia, May, 2015 AP photo

dark territory

positive train

control

crossing signals

track circuits

radio communication

wi-fi service

gps transponders

dark territory

• no train detection

• no track circuits

• no rail traffic controller (dispatcher)

• track warrant control

image credit: "Railroad Junction2004 x" by Horst Frank

positive train control (ptc)– location data – gps, radio, track circuits– real-time data – track or signal conditions– on-board navigation system and track profile database– dynamic speed control– line speed enforcement, temporary speed restrictions– train separation – collision avoidance– bi-directional data link between trains and signals– centralized systems for train movement control

image credit: Tech Mahindra - http://www.techmahindra.com

ptc legislation

2008 Rail Safety Improvement Act• December 2015 deadline

• Amtrak & Class I RR making progress

• commuter rail systems behind

photo credit: Amtrak

intermodal freight

photo credit: translation.com

tofc- trailer on flatcar

intermodal technology

port transfer transfer

ship truck rail truckdesti-nation

port transfer

ship rail truckdesti-nation

port

ship truckdesti-nation

container freight

intermodal freight

• reversal of ‘trailer on flatcar’

• 14% of long-haul trucking; feasible ≤ 500 mi

• complex logistics

– bobtails

– chassis repositioning

• role of inland ports

"Intermodal Transport by Truck" by Joedamadman

3. the sharing economythe end of ownership

paid ridesharingcar share

• car share companies• peer-to-peer car sharing

car share companies

Buffalo CarShareCar2GoeGo CarShareFlexcarGetaroundJustShareItRelayRidesZipcarWeCar by Enterprise Rent-A-CarUhaul Car Share owned by U-HaulAvis On Location by Avis

photo credit: Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz)

peer-to-peer car share companies

RelayRides,GetaroundJustShareIt

photo credit: Getaround

paid rideshare companies

UberLyftSidecar

banning Uber

fullban

partialban

banned but

operating

suspended operations

• State of Nevada• Eugene, OR• Maharastra, India• Karnataka, India• Telengua, India• Fukuoa, Japan• Thailand

• Netherlands• Germany• Brussels, Belgium• Western Australia• Victoria, Australia

• Taiwan• New Delhi, India• Mumbai, India• Hyderabad, India• Cape Town, S Africa• Queensland, Australia

• Spain• South Korea• Portland, OR• Tuscaloosa, AL• Auburn, AL• Panama City, FL• San Antonio, TX• Anchorage, AK

image and data: market watch

as of April, 2015

Uber’s legal issues

passenger safety – criminal drivers

source: market watch, updated May 12, 2015

for-hire transport (taxi) regulations

required state commercial drivers’ license

labor disagreements with its drivers

the underlying Uber issue

new technology/consumer choice

labor practices & economics

vs.

bikeshare

photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc.

Google Map – screen capture 2/25/15

bikeshare cities

4. big data

big brother is measuring

transportation big data

cell phone

gps transponders

fitness trackers/apps

“anonymized and aggregated”

replacing

• phone surveys

• paper surveys

• web surveys

• origin and destination studies

• travel time studies

• walk/bike detection equipment

platform for

• real-time traffic data

• crowd-sourced data

• performance monitoring

• travel behavior studies

5. transactions

say goodbye to cash

technological progression

public transit

fare card

smart card

mobile wallet

remote tolling

multimodal integrated payment systems

freeway e-tolling transit fares parking fees

OreGo pilot

zones

point of sale systems

data stored on vehicle

$

$

$

state

wholesaler

retailer

consumer

sample pump receipt

gps satellite

implicationsfor planners, engineers and policymakers

the end of the automobile age?

the end of the automobile age?

part 1. parking demand

car share arithmetic(US Jan 1, 2013)

data source: The University of California, Berkeley's Transportation Sustainability Research Center

vehicles

15,603

members

1,033,564

parking arithmetic

data sources: FHWA Highway Statistics, Donald Shoup, Charlier Associates

parked

hours per week

driven

160 hours

8 hours

personal vehicles in the US are parked 95% of the time

urban destination

suburban destination

rural/small town destination

urban residential

suburban residential

rural/small town residential

steeply downward

trend: per capita parking demand

moderately downward

flat

future parking demand10 years

steeply downward

moderately downward

flat

urban destination

suburban destination

rural/small town destination

urban residential

suburban residential

rural/small town residential

steeply downward

steeply downward

moderately downward

future parking demand20 years

steeply downward

steeply downward

moderately downward

trend: per capita parking demand

the end of the automobile age?

part 2. traffic demand

impact of autonomous vehicles on freeway capacity: + 40%

rural freeway

rural/suburban arterial

rural/small town street

urban freeway

urban arterial

urban street

flat

flat

moderately downward

future traffic demand10 years

flat

moderately downward

moderately downward

trend: per capita driving (vmt)

rural freeway

rural/suburban arterial

rural/small town street

urban freeway

urban arterial

urban street

moderately downward

moderately downward

moderately downward

future traffic demand20 years

moderately downward

moderately downward

moderately downward

trend: per capita driving (vmt)

freeway truck tsunami

suggestionsrural communities, smaller cities

technology should be a tool, not a goal

image credit: MN Changeable Message Sign" by Wheresmysocks

$500,000 $500

skip technology generations

image credit: Charlier Associates, Inc.

road information

skip technology generations

fare card

smart card

mobile wallettransit fares/passes

skip technology generations

static on-line bus schedule

live 3rd party app/contract

live/open datatransit route schedules

bike system/information integration

bicycling activity

app

data buy: volumes,

speeds, routes

system improvements

facility needs and priorities

• Strava• Map My Ride• Waze• Cycletracks

• BikeMap• BikeBrain• Bike Hub• Cyclemeter

examplesvisitor & tourist tdm

• Jackson Hole

– return flow, park to town, late summer afternoon

• Aspen

– northbound commuter flow, late afternoon

• Breckenridge

– skier return to Denver, winter Sunday afternoon

(transportation demand management)

photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc. Jackson, WY

wazeconnected citizens program

• real-time information

• crowd-sourced information (cell phones)

• two-way data exchange – local gov’t and waze

• can be layered onto 511 services

• example: Iowa DOT

photo credit: Charlier Associates, Inc. Glenwood Springs, CO

wrap up

the convergence of transportation and information

1.autonomous vehicles2. its3.big data4.sharing economy5.virtual transactions

transportation

information

technology-enabled transportation services

• car-sharing services

• ride-sharing services

• ride-sourcing services

• taxi-hailing services

• bike-sharing services

• static transit data

• real-time transit info

• multimodal apps

• virtual ticketing

go to: http://www.uspirg.org/reports/usf/innovative-transportation-index

click: ITS PCB Program

go to: http://www.its.dot.gov/

click: ITS ePrimer

waze connected citizens program

go to: https://www.waze.com/ccp

open data for transit

go to: https://www.firebase.com/docs/open-data/transit.html

discussion

the convergence of transportation and information

www.charlier.org

http://communitybuilders.net/