Conventional energies/ Development and the environment

NOMBRE PROGRAMA / Nombre profesor

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Conventional energies/

Development and the environment

International Master in Sustainable Development and

Corporate Responsibility

2011-2012

PROFESSOR

Pedro L. García Ybarra

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International Master in Sustainable Development and CR / Pedro L. García Ybarra

Table of contents

1. Natural resources of non-renewable energies

• World energy overview

• Fossil fuels

• Uranium minerals

2. Conventional energy generation

• Coal and gas power plants

• Diesel and gas engines

• Nuclear plants

Conventional energies/Development and the environment

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Session 1 Natural resources of non-renewable energies

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World energy overview

Electricity, transport, heating, potable water,

most agriculture, health care, etc.,…

Available energy is a basic necessity of our

society.

Without it, virtually all the “routine”

commodities would end:


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Global Population Growth


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Increase of Energy Use


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NUCLEAR

GAS OIL COAL

Sources of Conventional

Energies


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http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/dunbar/index.html

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Units of Energy

CALORIE: Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1ºC

BTU: Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1ºF

JOULE: 0.24 cal = 0.001 BTU (approx.)

WATT: 1 J/s (1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 hour = 1000 × 3600 J = 3.6 × 106 J)

TCE (Tonne of Coal Equivalent): Heat released by burning 1 ton of a typical coal

(29 GJ)

TOE (Tonne of Oil Equivalent): Heat released by burning 1 ton of a typical crude

oil (42 GJ)

BOE (Barrel of Oil Equivalent): Heat released by burning 1 barrel (159 liters = 42

US Gallons) of a typical crude oil (6 GJ)


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Energy Mix (USA)


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World Energy Consumption (daily) per Source


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Final Use of Energy (OECD)

HEATING

& 50%

COOLING

TRANSPORT 30%

ELECTRICITY 20% The world currently requires over

200 million barrels of oil

equivalent per day to support

economic growth. That requirement

will only increase as time goes on

due to population growth and the

industrialization of nations such as

China and India.


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Energy requirements per person

Canadá

E.E.U.U.

Japón

Inglaterra

Brasil

China

India

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Survival 2500 kcalories/day ≈ 100 W

W/person

India

China

Brazil

United Kingdom

Japan

USA

Canada

0 5000 10000 15000 20000


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World Energy Consumption Increase

Assumption: Population doubles and less than 1/3 of American consumption allows a reasonable quality of life

World average: 2,000 W/person Total Consumption: 6,500 millions x 2,000 x 1 year = 13 TWy

x 3? = World

Consumption of Energy

World Consumption

of Energy XXIst Century


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Renewable Scenario

Renewable Energy

Hydro

Natural Gas

Other

Geo / Sea

Solar

Biomass (New)

Wind

Biomass (Traditional)

Petroleum

Coal

Nuclear

60


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Punishment of Prometheus for giving

fire to mankind

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Combustion Challenges

Combustion

Technology

- 600,000

Combustion

Science

1900

Aerospace Propulsion

1950

US Clean Air Act Amendment

Oil Crisis

1970

CEC Green Book

Limited Oil Reserves

Greenhouse Effect

2000

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Fossil Fuels and Combustion Technologies

• Coal Boilers

CO2

SOx, NOx

PM (Inorganic)

• Oil

NOx, CO

HC

PM (Organic)

NOx, CO

PM (Organic) • Gas

I.C. Engines

& Turbines

Turbines

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FINE PARTICLES

(PM)

Combustion Emissions

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Health Effects of Urban PM

0 10 20 30 40 600

700

800

900

1000

Fine particles (mg/m3)

Norm

alized M

ort

ality

(death

/year/

100.0

00)

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World CO2 Emissions Scenario

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Solar Radiation and Greenhouse Effect

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More Efficient

Less Pollutant

Intensive • Population Growth

• Limited Resources

• Environmental Impact

Energy Generation in XXIst Century: Challenges

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Fossil Fuels

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Fossil Fuels

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Fossil Fuels

World Reserves / Consumption per year

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Uranium Minerals

World Reserves of Uranium (Total: 3.3 M tonnes)

0

5

10

15

20

25

AUST

RALI

A

KAZAKHASTA

N

CANADA

USA

SOUTH A

FRIC

A

NAMIB

IA

NIG

ER

BRAZI

L

RES

T OF

WORLD

(%

)

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Documents

Conventional energies/ Development and the environment