Controls and Data Controls and Data Entry DevicesEntry Devices

Chap 11Chap 11

Controls and Data Entry Controls and Data Entry DevicesDevices

► Functions of Controls Functions of Controls

► Factors in Control Design Factors in Control Design

► Design of Specific Hand-Operated Design of Specific Hand-Operated Controls Controls

► Foot ControlsFoot Controls

► Data Entry Devices Data Entry Devices

► Special Control Devices Special Control Devices

Functions of Functions of ControlsControls

►Type of InformationType of Information DiscreteDiscrete

Continuous: Continuous: Traditional, Cursor positioningTraditional, Cursor positioning

►Force RequiredForce Required Electric: Electric: small forcesmall force

Hydraulic: Hydraulic: small forcesmall force

Direct mechanical linkage systems: Direct mechanical linkage systems: large large forceforce

Tab 11-1Tab 11-1 Fig 11-1Fig 11-1

－ End

Factors in Control Factors in Control DesignDesign

► Identification of Controls Identification of Controls ►Control-Response Ratio Control-Response Ratio ►Resistance in Controls Resistance in Controls ►Deadspace Deadspace ►Backlash Backlash

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design

► Identification of ControlsIdentification of Controls ShapeShape Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

TextureTexture Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

SizeSize Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

LocationLocation Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

OperationalOperational MethodMethod of Coding Controls of Coding Controls

ColorColor Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

LabelLabel Coding of Controls Coding of Controls

Discussion of Coding Method Discussion of Coding Method

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Identification of Controls Identification of Controls 1/51/5

►Shape Coding of ControlsShape Coding of Controls Jenkins (1947): Jenkins (1947): two sets of 8 knob shapestwo sets of 8 knob shapes Fig 6-14Fig 6-14

U. S. Air Force: U. S. Air Force: 15 knob designs15 knob designs Fig 11-2Fig 11-2

− Class A: Multiple rotationClass A: Multiple rotation

− Class B: Fractional rotationClass B: Fractional rotation

− Class C: Detent positioningClass C: Detent positioning

Lift-truck Lift-truck Fig 11-3Fig 11-3

Aircraft cockpits: Aircraft cockpits: shapeshape ＋＋ meaningmeaning Fig 11-4Fig 11-4

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Identification of Controls Identification of Controls 2/52/5

►Texture Coding of ControlsTexture Coding of Controls Bradley (1967) Bradley (1967) Fig 11-5Fig 11-5

Smooth, Fluted, Knurled Smooth, Fluted, Knurled

►Size Coding of Controls Size Coding of Controls Diameter, Thickness Diameter, Thickness Fig 11-6Fig 11-6

►Location Coding of ControlsLocation Coding of Controls Far enough apartFar enough apart

Vertical > Horizontal Vertical > Horizontal Fig 11-7Fig 11-7

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Identification of Controls Identification of Controls 3/53/5

►Operational Method of Coding ControOperational Method of Coding Controlsls Moussa-Hamouda & Mourant (1981)Moussa-Hamouda & Mourant (1981)

− 方向盤＋雨刷開關 方向盤＋雨刷開關 Fig 11-8Fig 11-8

此類儘可能避免此類儘可能避免 Compatibility, Standardization **Compatibility, Standardization **

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Identification of Controls Identification of Controls 4/54/5

►Color Coding of ControlsColor Coding of Controls 缺點缺點

− 須看，照明不足時不適用須看，照明不足時不適用− Dirty Dirty

Combine other codingCombine other coding

► Label Coding of ControlsLabel Coding of Controls 應在應在 Control Control 上方上方 不應只靠不應只靠 label label （例：核能電廠）（例：核能電廠）

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Identification of Controls Identification of Controls 5/55/5

►Discussion of Coding MethodDiscussion of Coding Method

Multidimensional CodingMultidimensional Coding

MaintenanceMaintenance

Speed, Accuracy, Speed, Accuracy, ComfortComfort

－ End

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Control-Response Ratio Control-Response Ratio

►C/R Ratios and Control OperationC/R Ratios and Control Operation Gross-adjustment movement: travel timeGross-adjustment movement: travel time

Fine-adjustment movement: adjust timeFine-adjustment movement: adjust time

►Optimum C/R RatiosOptimum C/R Ratios Low C/R ratio: high gain (sensitivity)Low C/R ratio: high gain (sensitivity)

High C/R ratio: low gain High C/R ratio: low gain Fig 11-9Fig 11-9

Optimum Optimum Fig 11-10Fig 11-10

Joystick: adjust time onlyJoystick: adjust time only

Not just ratio, Physical width of target Not just ratio, Physical width of target alsoalso

－ End

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Resistance in Controls Resistance in Controls

Displacement: Free-position (isotonic) controlDisplacement: Free-position (isotonic) control Force: Pure force (isometric) controlForce: Pure force (isometric) control

►Types of ResistanceTypes of Resistance Elastic ResistanceElastic Resistance Static & Coulomb FrictionStatic & Coulomb Friction Viscous DampingViscous Damping InertiaInertia

►Combining Resistances Combining Resistances Tab 11-2Tab 11-2

－ End

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Deadspace ( Deadspace ( 無效間隙無效間隙 ))

►DefinitionDefinitionAmount of control movementAmount of control movementaround the null positionaround the null positionthat results in no movement of the device being controllthat results in no movement of the device being controll

eded

►EffectEffect Deadspace Deadspace performance performance Sensitivity of the control system Sensitivity of the control system deterioration deterioration Detrimental effectDetrimental effect ：： compensatory tracking compensatory tracking ＞ ＞ purspurs

uituit－ End

Factors in Control DesignFactors in Control Design Backlash ( Backlash ( 背隙背隙 ))

►DefinitionDefinitionDeadspace at any control positionDeadspace at any control position

►EffectEffect Sensitivity of the control system Sensitivity of the control system deterioration deterioration

－ End

Design of Specific Hand-Operated Design of Specific Hand-Operated ControlsControls

►Cranks and Handwheels Cranks and Handwheels

►Knobs for Producing Torque Knobs for Producing Torque

►Stick-Type Controls Stick-Type Controls

►Multifunction Hand Controls Multifunction Hand Controls

Design of Specific Hand-Operated ControlsDesign of Specific Hand-Operated Controls Cranks and HandwheelsCranks and Handwheels

Katchmer (1957) Katchmer (1957) Fig 11-11Fig 11-11

− 3 sizes (radius) × 5 levels of resistance (torque)3 sizes (radius) × 5 levels of resistance (torque)

− Total work: medium torqueTotal work: medium torque

− Time to quit: low torqueTime to quit: low torque

Which aspect to maximize?Which aspect to maximize?

－ End

Design of Specific Hand-Operated Design of Specific Hand-Operated ControlsControls Knobs for Producing TorqueKnobs for Producing Torque

Kohl (1983) Kohl (1983) Fig 11-12Fig 11-12

− Shape: 5Shape: 5

− Greased hand vs. NonslipGreased hand vs. Nonslip

Bullinger & Muntzinger (1984) Bullinger & Muntzinger (1984) Fig 11-13Fig 11-13

− Unsoiled vs. SoiledUnsoiled vs. Soiled

− Torque: “1”, but discomfortTorque: “1”, but discomfort

− Best: “4”Best: “4”

Need to consider “multiple criteria”Need to consider “multiple criteria”

－ End

Design of Specific Hand-Operated Design of Specific Hand-Operated ControlsControls Stick-Type ControlsStick-Type Controls

► Length of Joystick: Length of Joystick: unimportantunimportant

►Types of JoystickTypes of Joystick Mehr (1973) Mehr (1973) Fig 11-14Fig 11-14 11-1511-15

− Displacement Joystick (zero-order control) Displacement Joystick (zero-order control)

− Spring-Return Joystick (1st-order)Spring-Return Joystick (1st-order)

− Isometric Thumb Operated Joystick (1st-order)Isometric Thumb Operated Joystick (1st-order)

− Isometric Finger Operated Joystick (1st-order)Isometric Finger Operated Joystick (1st-order)

－ End

Design of Specific Hand-Operated Design of Specific Hand-Operated ControlsControls Multifunction Hand ControlsMultifunction Hand Controls

F-18 Aircraft F-18 Aircraft (e.g.)(e.g.) Fig 11-16Fig 11-16

Principles Principles

− NotNot have to have to observeobserve the control the control

− Hand remain in Hand remain in contactcontact with the with the primaryprimary controlscontrols

− Auxiliary controls: Auxiliary controls: withoutwithout lossloss of of physical contact with the primary controlsphysical contact with the primary controls

－ End

Data Entry DevicesData Entry Devices

► Chord vs. Sequential KeyboardsChord vs. Sequential Keyboards

► Keyboard Arrangement Keyboard Arrangement

► Keyboard FeelKeyboard Feel

► Membrane Keypads Membrane Keypads ► Split and Tilt Keyboards Split and Tilt Keyboards Fig 11-22 11-23Fig 11-22 11-23

► Handwritten and Gestural Data EntryHandwritten and Gestural Data Entry

► Cursor Positioning DevicesCursor Positioning Devices

Data Entry DevicesData Entry Devices Keyboard ArrangementKeyboard Arrangement

►Alphabetic KeyboardsAlphabetic Keyboards The QWERTY Keyboard The QWERTY Keyboard Fig 11-19Fig 11-19

The Simplified Keyboard (Dvorak)The Simplified Keyboard (Dvorak)

►Numeric KeyboardsNumeric Keyboards Calculator, Telephone Calculator, Telephone Tab 11-3Tab 11-3

TEL > Calculator >> Switch-TEL > Calculator >> Switch-hittershitters

Standardize?Standardize?

－ End

Data Entry DevicesData Entry Devices Membrane KeypadsMembrane Keypads

Feedback Feedback

Auditory tone > Snap domes Auditory tone > Snap domes >Embossing>Embossing

－ End

Special Control DevicesSpecial Control Devices

►Teleoperators Teleoperators Fig 11-27Fig 11-27

►Speech-Activated ControlSpeech-Activated Control Applications for Speech RecognitionApplications for Speech Recognition

− Data entry + other activitiesData entry + other activities(e.g.) move around to collect data(e.g.) move around to collect data

− Handicapped Handicapped

Types of Speech Recognition SystemsTypes of Speech Recognition Systems− Speaker-dependent vs. Speaker-independentSpeaker-dependent vs. Speaker-independent

− Isolated-word, Connected-word, Continuous speechIsolated-word, Connected-word, Continuous speech

►Eye-Activated ControlEye-Activated Control－ End