Controlling Emissions from In- Use and New 2 and 3- Wheelers in Asia Narayan Iyer, Adviser (Technical), Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India Workshop on Developing

Controlling Emissions from In-Use and New 2 and 3- Wheelers in AsiaNarayan Iyer, Adviser (Technical), Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, IndiaWorkshop on Developing Fuel Quality Road Maps in Asia22 and 23 May, 2006Asian Development Bank, Manila

Presentation ContentsProblem definitionEmission standards & technology choicesNew vehicles * Notified until now* Future expectationsIn-use vehiclesTwo-stroke v/s Four-strokeSmoke & PM EmissionsFuels & lubricantsFuel conversion programmes

Composition of Vehicle Fleets in Asian CountriesVehicle fleets in most of Asian countries comprise 2-3 wheelers,a majority powered by 2-stroke engines India

Chart5

56402340

33079524872

132261517842

751938636747

10325942256371

19870741143017

275000011164319

50824734543343

102390006235000

109584695160262

126518134993072

1453651270818364

256930007410000

3161940028100000

2-Wheelers

Other Vehicles

Number of Vehicles

Vehicle Fleet in Asia

Sheet1

FOUR-PLUS WHEELS (columns 3-7)TWO WHEELS

CountryYearPassenger CarsBuses & CoachesLorries & VansTOTAL of columns 3-5Road TractorsMotorcycles & MopedsOtherPopulation at 31/12TOTAL VEHICLES (col 6) per 1000 inhabitantsTOTAL VEHICLES (col 6) per km of roadPassenger Cars (col 3) per 1000 inhabitantsRemark

(units)(units)(units)(units)(units)(units)(1000n)(units)(units per km)(units)

column 1column 2column3column4column5column6column7column8column9column 10column 11column 12

CountryCountryYearPassenger CarsBuses & CoachesLorries & VansTOTAL of columns 3-5Road Tractors2-WheelersOther Vehicles2str%2-Stroke4-Stroke MCsPopulation at 31/12TOTAL VEHICLES (col 6) per 1000 inhabitantsTOTAL VEHICLES (col 6) per km of roadPassenger Cars (col 3) per 1000 inhabitantsRemark

MaldivesMaldives (1996)19961,0802001,0602,3403205,6402,34070%3,9481,6922708.94.1e

Hong KongHong Kong (1999)1999389,77519,198115,899524,87214,97833,079524,87260%19,84713,2326,84376.7278.557.0

SingaporeSingapore (1998)1998375,21711,162131,463517,842...132,261517,84265%85,97046,2913,490.........e

Sri LankaSri Lanka (1998)1998284,25960,097292,391636,747116,901751,938636,74775%563,954187,98518,55234.326.715.3

PhilippinesPhilippines (1998)1998749,2041,275,825231,3422,256,37127,8521,032,5942,256,37170%722,816309,77873,14831.011.010.0

PakistanPakistan (1999)1999668,957162,444311,6161,143,017519,6641,987,0741,143,01775%1,490,306496,769133,0008.54.55.0

Korea, Republic ofKorea, Republic of (1999)19997,837,251993,6412,333,42711,164,319...2,750,00011,164,31960%1,650,0001,100,00016,858238.3...167.3

MalaysiaMalaysia (1999)19993,852,69347,674642,9764,543,343304,1355,082,4734,543,34360%3,049,4842,032,98921,793.........e

ThailandThailand (1996)19961,661,0001,721,0002,853,0006,234,00010,239,0006,235,00085%8,703,1501,535,85061,000103.096.527.4e

Taiwan, ChinaTaiwan, China (1999)19994,509,43023,798627,0345,160,262152,87810,958,4695,160,26240%4,383,3886,575,08122,033234.2144.3204.7

IndonesiaIndonesia (1998)19982,772,531627,9691,592,5724,993,072...12,651,8134,993,07230%3,795,5448,856,269212,942.........e

JapanJapan (1998)199849,896,326237,70120,684,33770,818,36412964214,536,51270,818,36465%9,448,7335,087,779126,486560.0394.0

IndiaIndia (1997)19974,662,000488,0002,260,0007,410,0002,157,00025,693,0007,410,00075%19,269,7506,423,250............r

ChinaChina (1999)19997,400,00014,000,0006,700,00010,020,000528,00031,619,40028,100,00070%22,133,5809,485,8201,234,0008.16.63.2e

Myanmar199627,00042,00069,00069,00048,5101.42.40.6e

Source: IRF, 2000

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2-Wheelers

Other Vehicles

Number of Vehicles

MC Fleet in Asia

Sheet2

56402340

33079524872

132261517842

751938636747

10325942256371

19870741143017

275000011164319

50824734543343

976000010021000

102390006235000

109584695160262

126518134993072

1453651270818364

256930007410000

2-Wheelers

Other Vehicles

Number of Vehicles

MC Fleet in Asia

Sheet3

39481692

19847.413231.6

85969.6546291.35

563953.5187984.5

722815.8309778.2

1490305.5496768.5

16500001100000

3049483.82032989.2

68320002928000

87031501535850

4383387.66575081.4

3795543.98856269.1

9448732.85087779.2

192697506423250

2-Stroke

4-Stroke MCs

No. of Motorcycles

Motorcycle Population by Type

Sheet4

39481692

19847.413231.6

85969.6546291.35

563953.5187984.5

722815.8309778.2

1490305.5496768.5

16500001100000

3049483.82032989.2

68320002928000

87031501535850

4383387.66575081.4

3795543.98856269.1

9448732.85087779.2

192697506423250

2-Stroke

4-Stroke MCs

No. of Motorcycles

Motorcycle Population by Type

Sheet5

Sheet6

Chart2

0.2640.3430.6820.576

1.0590.5541.162.618

2.8641.3562.95414.2

6.4292.9487.05838.556

Others

Goods

Cars, Jeeps, Taxis

M2W Vehicles

Million vehicles

Sheet1

FLOWTotal Final ConsumptionTotal Industry SectorTotal Transport SectorResidentialCommercial and Public ServicesAgricultureRoadRail

TIME PERIOD19711981199120001971198119912000197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000

COUNTRY

OECD Total2,579,205.092,896,475.803,164,831.273,611,606.13970,170.231,038,869.01987,396.221,086,388.82643,357.41806,230.20987,934.981,219,381.84517,734.32536,258.66621,000.38689,358.82259,064.95286,363.06342,816.90406,823.7439,612.8547,922.8867,311.8469,946.10490,205.88643,777.84796,920.33984,274.9635,102.3830,687.8324,950.0625,193.59

OECD North America1,390,985.461,524,169.861,558,819.361,785,163.27457,238.27510,693.31436,009.66462,328.62420,451.11502,611.52569,407.42700,981.73268,486.63243,317.67260,574.36312,839.23162,325.40160,072.77185,481.08223,783.0018,054.6317,987.3220,254.8921,278.19324,104.45399,486.11450,829.93566,669.1714,881.5016,162.1512,889.5313,040.14

OECD Pacific254,201.37313,188.10442,293.07561,439.65135,805.68136,665.38179,080.16225,853.7252,837.6278,971.93119,771.08157,241.5327,623.9244,360.3460,821.0277,162.6318,078.9027,767.6250,815.6367,710.643,568.785,146.7514,896.4315,469.8338,859.0862,354.3096,143.95123,280.713,501.903,380.173,450.643,652.98

OECD Europe934,018.261,059,117.841,163,718.841,265,003.21377,126.28391,510.32372,306.40398,206.48170,068.68224,646.75298,756.48361,158.58221,623.77248,580.65299,605.00299,356.9678,660.6598,522.67106,520.19115,330.1017,989.4424,788.8132,160.5233,198.08127,242.35181,937.43249,946.45294,325.0816,718.9811,145.518,609.898,500.47

FLOWTotal Final ConsumptionTotal Industry SectorTotal Transport SectorResidentialCommercial and Public ServicesAgricultureRoadRail

TIME19711981199120001971198119912000197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000

COUNTRY

China (China + Hong Kong)188,918.66316,005.10508,825.85784,195.8813,806.75179,463.01288,396.59312,481.575,676.7726,354.9544,537.4480,595.37355.2563,731.4196,822.13297,360.91247.645,926.2114,379.6629,808.790.0018,716.0726,771.8731,674.465,052.7111,060.1226,165.1950,358.620.0010,473.2612,408.2014,875.91

Asia Excluding China165,043.55250,936.77418,161.99826,547.9947,414.8288,339.86156,348.31239,724.3932,990.2147,412.3785,670.36144,509.4759,058.4485,621.00128,937.36378,161.046,047.638,382.9711,819.4920,509.472,795.225,394.7211,832.1416,100.9017,488.1733,811.5368,834.84122,885.899,066.137,111.504,927.772,786.80

World3,777,972.144,794,955.835,623,471.906,899,713.681,389,201.611,882,313.862,018,769.442,184,481.92851,329.381,147,826.381,459,856.371,784,826.39655,523.48868,003.211,032,218.601,886,020.13324,681.80404,054.05469,922.05535,633.71104,952.23165,990.94190,394.67165,087.44604,845.51860,423.151,148,142.151,414,804.1475,204.7978,203.9468,431.5152,787.45

FLOWTotal Final ConsumptionTotal Industry SectorTotal Transport SectorResidentialCommercial and Public ServicesOther Sectors

TIME197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000197119811991200019711981199120001971198119912000

COUNTRY

OECD North America1,390,985.461,524,169.861,558,819.361,785,163.27457,238.27510,693.31436,009.66462,328.62420,451.11502,611.52569,407.42700,981.73268,486.63243,317.67260,574.36312,839.23162,325.40160,072.77185,481.08223,783.0082,484.05107,474.59107,346.8485,230.69

Other OECD1,188,219.631,372,305.941,606,011.911,826,442.86512,931.96528,175.70551,386.56624,060.20222,906.30303,618.68418,527.56518,400.11249,247.69292,940.99360,426.02376,519.5996,739.55126,290.29157,335.82183,040.74106,394.13121,280.28118,335.95124,422.22

Asia353,962.21566,941.87926,987.841,610,743.8761,221.57267,802.87444,744.90552,205.9638,666.9873,767.32130,207.80225,104.8459,413.69149,352.41225,759.49675,521.956,295.2714,309.1826,199.1550,318.26188,364.7061,710.09100,076.50107,592.86

ROW844,804.841,331,538.161,531,652.791,677,363.68357,809.81575,641.98586,628.32545,887.14169,304.99267,828.86341,713.59340,339.7178,375.47182,392.14185,458.73521,139.3659,321.58103,381.81100,906.0078,491.71179,992.99202,293.37316,946.15191,505.76

TOTAL GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR, in MKOE, 1971-2001

1971198119912001

Industry1,389,201.611,882,313.862,018,769.442,184,481.92

Transport851,329.381,147,826.381,459,856.371,784,826.39

Residential655,523.48868,003.211,032,218.601,886,020.13

Comml/Instnl324,681.80404,054.05469,922.05535,633.71

Other557,235.87492,758.33642,705.44508,751.53

TOTAL GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR, in MTOE, 1971-2001

19711981199120012001 Shares

Industry138918822019218431.652173913

Transport85111481460178525.8695652174

Residential6568681032188627.3333333333

Comml/Instnl3254044705367.768115942

Other5574936435097.3768115942

6900

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN OECD (NA) BY SECTOR, 1971-2001

1971198119912001

Industry457,238.27510,693.31436,009.66462,328.62

Transport420,451.11502,611.52569,407.42700,981.73

Residential268,486.63243,317.67260,574.36312,839.23

Comml/Instnl162,325.40160,072.77185,481.08223,783.00

Other82,484.05107,474.59107,346.8485,230.69

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN OECD (NA) BY SECTOR, IN MTOE, 1971-2001

19711981199120012001 share

Industry457.23827510.69331436.00966462.3286225.8983941564

Transport420.45111502.61152569.40742700.9817339.2670934799

Residential268.48663243.31767260.57436312.8392317.5244043644

Comml/Instnl162.3254160.07277185.48108223.78312.5357161309

Other82.48405107.47459107.3468485.230694.7743918684

1785.16327

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TRANSPORT, BY REGION, IN MTOE, 1971-2001

19711981199120012001 share

OECD-NA420.00503.00569.00701.0039.2937219731

Other OECD223.00304.00419.00518.0029.0358744395

Asia39.0074.00130.00225.0012.6121076233

ROW169.00268.00342.00340.0019.0582959641

1,784.00

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CANADA BY SECTOR, 1971-2001

1971 & 1981 in MTOE; 1991 and 2001 in petajoules

19711981199120012001 share

Industry39.753.62663.62998.137.9862149355

Transport30.244.51807.32277.328.8536097104

Residential26.628.41268.71338.216.9551225198

Comml/Instnl16.718.7888.91060.913.4417048881

Agriculture0.22.5195.2218.12.7633479462

7892.6

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CANADA BY SECTOR, IIN MTOE, 1971-2001

1971198119912001

Industry39.753.663.618993025771.6083882679

Transport30.244.543.166618897554.392376039

Residential26.628.430.302378905131.9623578867

Comml/Instnl16.718.721.231011751225.3391611732

Agriculture0.22.54.66227190225.2092290054

ENERGY CONSUMPTION VERSUS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2002

Energy, PJGHG, MT CO2 EqEnergyGHG Emissionsghg share

Industry3160.9162.1Industry38.565432761533.7006237006

Transport2306.2164.9Transport28.137429540534.2827442827

Residential1390.874.9Residential16.968839218215.5717255717

Comml/Instnl1131.564.6Comml/Instnl13.805178009313.4303534304

Agriculture206.814.5Agriculture2.52312047053.0145530146

8196.2481

TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CANADA BY MODE, 1991-2001/// ALSO ROAD TRPT SHARE; URBAN SHARE

PJ199119962001

Road1390.31591.21764.6

Air167.4209.4218.6

Marine110.699.9123.2

Rail82.879.181.7

Off-road56.263.489.2

total1807.320432277.3

ABOVE, IN MTOE

199119962001

Road33.206745008138.005159071442.1467469189

Air3.99828030955.00143307545.2211713003

Marine2.64163561672.38607050732.9425814465

Rail1.97764402411.88927104231.9513709754

Off-road1.3423139391.51428298462.1305053979

total43.166618897548.79621668154.392376039

ROAD TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CANADA BY MODE, 2002

EnergyGHG

Car/LTV1036.2Car/LTV73.3

Truck711.7Truck51.1

Urban Transit28.7Urban Transit2

School Bus16.3School Bus1.1

Inter-city Bus6.6Inter-city Bus0.5

Motorcycle2.4Motorcycle0.2

EnergyGHG EmissionsEnergyGHG Emissions

Car/LTV1036.273.3Car/LTV57.505965924957.1762870515

Truck711.751.1Truck39.497197402739.8595943838

UT+ SB453.1UT+ SB2.49736389372.4180967239

Other90.7Other0.49947277870.5460218409

1801.9128.2

MODE SHARE IN MONTREAL

AM Peak %24-hr %

Car/LTV60.666.7

Public Transit18.915.3

School Bus9.85

Bicycle0.91.1

Walk9.311.2

Other0.50.7

KILOJOULES PER PASSENGER-KM BY MODE

Kilojoules/pass-km

Car (1)2972

Car (1.2)2477

LTV (1)3940

LTV (1.2)3284

Bus (40)923

Assumptions: Car 8.6 l/100 km; LTV 11.4 L/100 km

Gasoline 34,563 KJ/L; Diesel 38,744 KJ/L

1 L gasoline = 2400 g CO2; 1 L diesel 2700 g CO2

Gasoline density 0.78 kg/L; diesel 0.84 kg/L

GVRD DATA FOR PM AND Nox

PM-10NoxPM-10/pass-kmNox/pass-km

Car0.18510.15416666670.8333333333

Bus0.6579.40.0164250.235

Distribution of Trips by Mode in Delhi

% Share

M3W1.9

Rickshaw2.4

Bicycle4.5

Car+Jeep+Van4.7

M2W12.0

Walk31.8

Bus42.3

OthersGoodsCars, Jeeps, TaxisM2W Vehicles

19710.2640.3430.6820.576

19811.0590.5541.162.618

19912.8641.3562.95414.2

20016.4292.9487.05838.556

Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors. In final consumption, petrochemical feedstocks are shown as an "of which" item under chemical industry, while non-energy use of such oil products as white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and other products are shown under non-energy use, and are included in Total final consumption only. See Non-energy use. Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption (see other transformation).

Energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport.

Most countries have difficulties supplying an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the non-specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of industrial consumption should therefore be used with caution. Please see Country Notes.

Notes:The Transport sector includes all fuels for transport except international marine bunkers [ISIC Divisions 60, 61 and 62]. It includes transport in the industry sector and covers road, railway, air, internal navigation (including small craft and coastal shipping not included under marine bunkers), fuels used for transport of materials by pipeline and non-specified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing should be included in agriculture. For many countries, the split between international civil aviation and domestic air appears to allocate fuel use for both domestic and international departures of domestically owned carriers to domestic air.

Notes:All fuels used in road vehicles (including military) as well as agricultural and industrial highway use. Excludes motor gasoline used in stationary engines, and diesel oil for use in tractors that are not for highway use.

Notes:All quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways.

Notes:Other sectors cover agriculture (including ocean, coastal and inland fishing) [ISIC Divisions 01, 02 and 05], residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95 and 99], and non-specified consumption. In many cases administrations find it impossible to distinguish energy consumption in commercial and public services from residential consumption. Some cannot distinguish consumption in agriculture from that in residential. In these cases, the residential sector will also include consumption in agriculture and/or commercial/ public services. The non-specified row may include military use that is not shown in the transport sector. The other sectors total is, therefore, more accurate than its components. Please refer to individual country data when consulting regional aggregates.

Notes:Defined as all deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting and forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by such users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use), power or heating (agricultural and domestic). Also includes fuels used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing. ISIC Divisions 01, 02 and 05.

Notes:All activities coming into ISIC Divisions 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93 and 99.

Notes:All consumption by households, excluding fuels used for transport. Includes households with employed persons (ISIC Division 95) which is a small part of total residential consumption.

Notes:All activities coming into ISIC Divisions 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93 and 99.

Notes:All quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways.

Sheet1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

1971

1981

1991

2001

MTOE

Sheet2

00000

00000

00000

00000

Industry

Transport

Residential

Comml/Instnl

Other

MTOE

Sheet3

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

1971

1981

1991

2001

MTOE

00000

00000

00000

00000

Industry

Transport

Residential

Comml/Instnl

Other

MTOE

0000

0000

0000

0000

OECD-NA

Other OECD

Asia

ROW

MTOE

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

1971

1981

1991

2001

MTOE

39.730.226.616.70.2

53.644.528.418.72.5

63.618993025743.166618897530.302378905121.23101175124.6622719022

71.608388267954.39237603931.962357886725.33916117325.2092290054

Industry

Transport

Residential

Comml/Instnl

Agriculture

MTOE

00

00

00

00

00

Energy

GHG Emissions

000

000

000

000

000

1991

1996

2001

MTOE

0

0

0

AM Peak %

24-hr %

% Share

Kilojoules/pass-km

Kilojoules/pass-km

% Share

% Share

Others

Goods

Cars, Jeeps, Taxis

M2W Vehicles

Million vehicles

Typical Vehicular Contribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas (example Pune city )Two and three-wheelers account for a significant proportion of vehicular air pollution, particularly HC and PM

Road to Reduced Pollution from Transport VehiclesNew VehicleEmission StandardsIn-Use VehicleEmission StandardsEffectiveTraffic ManagementFuel QualityFuel Conversion ProgrammesReduced PollutionFrom Transport

Emission Standards for New and In-Use VehiclesEmission standards for new vehicles, evolved in a transparent manner involving all stakeholders, help to reduce the pollution contribution of future vehicles through the introduction of new technologiesRequires that concomitant improvements in fuel specifications are introduced to allow adoption of new emission reduction technologies

Emission standards for in-use vehicles help to ensure that vehicles are properly maintained so that the deterioration in emission performance with usage is minimizedRequires implementation of a sound Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) programme

Emission Standards for 2&3-Wheelers of Some Asian Countries

emission standards

UNCRD_NAGOYA_PRESENTATION_CHARTS

CURRENT & FUTURE INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS

Source: Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy, Government of India, August 2002 [Ref (14)]

COHCNOxHC+NOxPM

Passenger cars, petrol, g/km2005(EU III)2.30.20.15

2010 (EU IV)10.10.08

Passenger cars, diesel, g/km2005(EU III)0.640.50.560.05

2010 (EU IV)0.50.250.30.025

2005(EU III)0.640.50.560.05

2010 (EU IV)0.50.250.30.025

2005(EU III)0.80.650.720.07

2010 (EU IV)0.630.330.390.04

LCV (N1) diesel, g/km [1760

Progression of Indian Emission Standards for 2 & 3-WheelersAll limit values for mass emissions in g/km under Indian Driving Cycle

Progression of Taipei,China Emission Standards for 2 & 3-Wheelers(Source: Jet P.H. Shu, ITRI)1234567819881991199820002003CO8.8CO4.5CO3.5HC+NOx5.5HC+NOx3.0HC+NOx2.0CO7.0HC+NOxHC+NOxCO2.542% mandates Electric Scooterg/km Exhaust Emission2.0 (4-S)1.0 (2-S)* Note: Cold start test is introduced in 2003. The CO emission standard is normalized to warm start data for comparison purpose.*All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under ECE R40 Driving Cycle

All limit values for mass emissions in g/km

Sheet5

Sheet1

BAQ2002

Delhi pollution loads AFP Committee report Vol 1 page 122

MASTER TABLE

LAKHSCO,T/DNOx, T/DHC, T/DPM, T/D

VehVeh kmCO, %NOx, %HC, %PM, %

CAR30019947.24339.13519.13.326

TAXI610.221.600.100.1

2W33816839.843.511160.44.938.6

3W CNG7110.221.7168.40.21.2

3W PETR22184.400.2136.90.42.8

GD LOC14102.454.810.30.85.9

GD I/C1181.966111.29.3

BUS CNG1092.32219.663.10.10.7

BUS DIES1161.52119.720.91.612.9

BUS I/C710.344.300.20.32.6

TOTAL790421100.2109100.5185100.412.8100.1

O-PM REDUCTION TECHNIQUES JAMA RESEARCH

OIL TYPE (% of fuel)PMPM

w/o CATwith CAT

JASO FB (2%)0.0980.034

JASO FC (2%)0.0560.015

JASO FB (1%)0.0420.015

JASO FC (1%)0.0260.003

RELATION BETWEEN LUBRICANT CONTENT & EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED MOTORCYCLESKOJIMA

OIL TYPE & CONTENTPM

g/km% reduction

Regular 2T, 6-8%0.6 - 0.7

Regular 2T, 5%0.3550

Regular 2T , 2-3%0.2564

Regular 2T , 1 - 2%0.271

Low smoke, 1%0.1579

RESULTS OF EMISSION INSPECTION CAMPS AT NEW DELHI SIAM

ParameterSampleBeforeAfterImprovement

(nos)MaintenanceMaintenance(per cent)

CO, % vol58,0005.642.8649

HC, ppm vol58,0005685230259

Fuel eff, km/l21048.4258.5721

RESULTS OF EMISSION INSPECTION CLINICS HELD

AT DELHI BY SIAM

COHCFuel Efficiency

%, volppm, volkm/litre

Sample, numbers3,0903,090210

Before Maintenance5.64568548.42

After Maintenance2.86230258.57

Improvement, %495921

NOTES

SAMPLE NUMBERS ARE OF VEHICLES FAILING THE

CO LIMIT OF 4.5% OUT OF TOTAL 58,000 TESTED

MAINTENANCE INCLUDED IDLE ADJUSTMENT, AIR

FILTER CLEANING AND SPARK PLUG CLEANING

FUEL EFFICIENCY TESTS DONE ON ROAD UNDER

NEARLY CONSTANT SPEED RUNNING

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

PM w/o CAT

PM with CAT

PM emission, g/km

Sheet2

USE TABLE

LAKHSCO,T/DNOx, T/DHC, T/DPM, T/D

VehVeh kmCO, %NOx, %HC, %PM, %

CAR30019947.24339.13519.13.326

TAXI610.221.600.100.1

2W33816839.843.511160.44.938.6

3W CNG7110.221.7168.40.21.2

3W PETR22184.400.2136.90.42.8

GD LOC14102.454.810.30.85.9

GD I/C1181.966111.29.3

BUS CNG1092.32219.663.10.10.7

BUS DIES1161.52119.720.91.612.9

BUS I/C710.344.300.20.32.6

TOTAL790421100.2109100.5185100.412.8100.1

VehHC, %PM, %

CAR19.126

TAXI0.10.1

2W60.438.6

3W CNG8.41.2

3W PETR6.92.8

GD LOC0.35.9

GD I/C19.3

BUS CNG3.10.7

BUS DIES0.912.9

BUS I/C0.22.6

TOTAL100.4100.1

VehHC, %PM, %

CAR19.226

2W60.438.6

3W CNG8.41.2

3W PETROL6.92.8

GOODS,DIESEL1.315.2

BUS, DIESEL & CNG4.216.2

TOTAL100.4100

VehHC, %PM, %

CAR19.226

2W60.438.6

3W CNG8.41.2

3W PETROL6.92.8

BUS CNG3.10.7

DIESEL BUS/TRUCK2.430.7

TOTAL100.4100

VehPM, %

CAR26

2W38.6

3W CNG1.2

3W PETROL2.8

BUS CNG0.7

DIESEL BUS/TRUCK30.7

TOTAL100

Sheet2

0

0

0

0

0

0

DELHI: Contribution of vehicles to HC

Sheet4

0

0

0

0

0

0

DELHI: Contribution of vehicles to PM

Sheet3

2-WHEELER IN-USE EMISSION STANDARDS

2-WHEELER IN-USE EMISSION STANDARDS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

COUNTRYVEHICLEYEARCOHCPM

% volppm, vol% opacity

CAMBODIAALL 2-WCURRENT4.510,000

INDIAALL 2-WCURRENT4.5

2-STROKE20033.5*9,000

4-STROKE20033.5*6,000

PHILIPPINESALL 2-WCURRENT6

PRC, CHINAALL 2-WCURRENT4.5

BEIJING2-STROKECURRENT4.58,000

2-STROKE20011.53,000

4-STROKECURRENT4.52,200

4-STROKE20011.5300

SRI LANKAALL 2-WCURRENT6

TAIPEI,CHINAALL 2-WCURRENT4.59,00030

Comparison of Emission Standards of Different Countries

Known, Potential and Emerging Technologies for 2&3Wheelers

ICLEIDATA

EMISSION FACTORS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION FROM ICLEI FOR ADB CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP

TWO-WHEELERS, 2-STROKE, GASOLINE, g/kmMJ/kmMJ/km

by agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet avby agefleet av

CO2CO2N2ON2OCH4CH4COCOVOCVOCNOxNOxSOxSOxPMPMFuel EcFuel Ec

1986199053530.0020.0020.150.156.56.53.93.90.030.030.020.020.230.230.720.72

199119955051.40137361320.0020.0020.150.156.56.53.93.90.030.030.020.020.230.230.680.6986849815

199620004548.32534118410.0020.0020.150.1545.29868266763.33.61168384020.060.0444158080.020.020.10.16753149870.560.6320431127

2001200542.2345.6358183420.0020.0020.10.12793788112.23.9314125572.132.95790213830.070.05570463770.020.020.050.11567162070.530.5870173669

2006201042.2344.20424369320.0020.0020.060.09938141141.42.86737869551.322.26943935410.080.06591675750.020.020.050.08806773290.530.5630511395

2011201530.8138.73201527510.0020.0020.040.075121090712.10445971330.71.62824371580.080.07167047690.020.020.040.06842962420.40.4964364728

2016202030.8135.54974518160.0020.0020.030.05699596820.81.58045881330.551.19511368370.080.07501644270.020.020.030.05299246080.40.4576979836

2021202530.8133.66502390450.0020.0020.030.04626124010.81.27011568830.550.93858945310.080.07699811390.020.020.030.0438496950.40.4347548478

2026203030.8132.53668230370.0020.0020.030.03983459210.81.08432001510.550.78501398050.080.07818449730.020.020.030.03837612020.40.4210192918




1986199040400.0020.0020.130.13330.80.80.310.310.030.030.070.070.480.48

1991199540400.0020.0020.130.13330.80.80.310.310.030.030.070.070.480.48

1996200040400.0020.0020.130.132.62.80778922680.70.75194730670.30.30519473070.030.030.060.06519473070.480.48

2001200537.5638.92336859640.0020.0020.110.12117515242.22.53960686270.70.72902595350.30.30290259540.030.030.050.05849017160.460.4711751524

2006201037.5638.35030106210.0020.0020.110.11647787761.42.06059355950.70.71682541460.30.30168254150.030.030.050.05492148020.460.4664778776

2011201535.3237.11226926520.0020.0020.090.10566032060.421.39032781660.560.65275427250.20.2601400620.030.030.050.05291080580.440.4556603206

2016202035.3236.39231548020.0020.0020.070.09133558530.330.96439459350.450.57130796940.10.19581186870.030.030.040.04772454070.440.4493695766

2021202535.3235.96591791580.0020.0020.070.08285166260.330.71213272230.450.5230708380.10.15771305520.030.030.040.04465293970.440.4456438404

2026203035.3235.71064297610.0020.0020.070.07777252280.330.56110903140.450.49419231750.10.1349041250.030.030.040.0428140390.440.4434133232

THREE-WHEELERS, 2-STROKE, GASOLINE, g/kmMJ/kmMJ/km



198619901001000.0020.0020.150.1514148.38.30.050.050.020.020.350.351.31.3

199119951001000.0020.0020.150.1514148.38.30.050.050.020.020.350.351.31.3

199620007889.42840747490.0020.0020.150.158.611.40515456277.67531498720.090.06922107730.020.020.150.25389461341.151.2279209601

200120057382.1794978850.0020.0020.080.11911303354.38.27005926312.055.19318762220.110.08721446620.020.020.080.17716494061.061.1538271162

200620107378.32106060470.0020.0020.030.08165596832.455.82370174820.753.32557340410.120.10099527720.020.020.080.13632340071.061.1143885709

201120156572.87873119290.0020.0020.020.05646637571.754.15938780980.42.13032817130.120.10875967110.020.020.060.10514141750.921.0349709729

201620206569.71384829640.0020.0020.020.04181784841.43.05094292570.321.40312013160.120.11327490630.020.020.040.07897413840.920.988787183

202120256567.83942470590.0020.0020.020.03314215771.42.39445884480.320.97242618510.120.11594908540.020.020.040.0634763880.920.9614345169

202620306566.71724810590.0020.0020.020.02794821061.42.00143611630.320.71457909490.120.11755005810.020.020.040.05419822220.920.9450590711

THREE-WHEELERS, 2-STROKE, CNG, g/kmMJ/kmMJ/km



2001200573730.0020.0021.881.883.443.440.250.250.110.11000.080.081.061.06

2006201073730.0020.0020.731.16505029571.962.51989081530.050.1256609210.120.116216954000.080.081.061.06

201120156568.95711059360.0020.0020.380.76831635521.41.95394147610.040.08237121720.120.1181287586000.060.06989277650.920.9892494354

201620206567.16176879850.0020.0020.310.56037814161.121.57558207690.030.05861038650.120.1189777411000.040.05633041840.920.957830954

202120256566.23841129820.0020.0020.310.45343398781.121.38098905290.030.04639001630.120.1194143791000.040.04935519780.920.9416721977

202620306565.7276491630.0020.0020.310.3942770261.121.27334846040.030.03963022680.120.1196559087000.040.04549680210.920.9327338604




2001200560600.0020.0020.130.134.34.30.67370892020.67370892020.47142857140.47142857140.030.030.080.080.920.92

2006201060600.0020.0020.080.09891523022.453.14986351920.39772727270.50213240080.450.45810652720.030.030.080.080.920.92

201120155858.98927764840.0020.0020.060.07924898370.741.93201205760.320.41008975660.30.37820562670.030.030.060.06989277650.880.899785553

201620205858.54044219960.0020.0020.050.06597871450.581.31860394150.260.34199400680.150.27466869240.030.030.040.05633041840.880.890808844

202120255858.30960282450.0020.0020.050.05915371740.581.00312363220.260.30697186140.150.2214188850.030.030.040.04935519780.880.8861920565

202620305858.18191229070.0020.0020.050.05537841890.580.828613330.260.28759909870.150.19196335420.030.030.040.04549680210.880.8836382458




2001200560600.0020.0020.740.743.443.440.060.060.610.61000.080.0811

2006201060600.0020.0020.480.57835919731.962.51989081530.040.04756609210.590.5975660921000.080.0811

201120155758.48391647260.0020.0020.350.46295532480.591.54459892370.030.03868887110.390.4926702477000.060.06989277650.950.9747319412

201620205757.81066329950.0020.0020.280.37994846070.461.0525161950.030.03474672870.20.3598857032000.040.05633041840.950.963511055

202120255757.46440423680.0020.0020.280.33725741950.460.79943442550.030.03271925590.20.2915936345000.040.04935519780.950.9577400706

202620305757.27286843610.0020.0020.280.31364254950.460.65944034420.030.0315977440.20.2538173639000.040.04549680210.950.9545478073

DATAFORADB-2W


CO2CO2

by agefleet av

198619905353

199119955051.4013736132

199620004548.3253411841

2001200542.2345.635818342

2006201042.2344.2042436932

2011201530.8138.7320152751

2016202030.8135.5497451816

2021202530.8133.6650239045

2026203030.8132.5366823037

TWO-WHEELERS, 2-STROKE, GASOLINE, MJ/km

Fuel EcFuel Ec

by agefleet av

198619900.720.72

199119950.680.6986849815

199620000.560.6320431127

200120050.530.5870173669

200620100.530.5630511395

201120150.40.4964364728

201620200.40.4576979836

202120250.40.4347548478

202620300.40.4210192918


CO2CO2

by agefleet av

198619904040

199119954040

199620004040

2001200537.5638.9233685964

2006201037.5638.3503010621

2011201535.3237.1122692652

2016202035.3236.3923154802

2021202535.3235.9659179158

2026203035.3235.7106429761

TWO-WHEELERS, 4-STROKE, GASOLINE, MJ/km

Fuel EcFuel Ec

by agefleet av

198619900.480.48

199119950.480.48

199620000.480.48

200120050.460.4711751524

200620100.460.4664778776

201120150.440.4556603206

201620200.440.4493695766

202120250.440.4456438404

202620300.440.4434133232

CO2CO2

2-WHEELER, 2-STROKE4-STROKE

2-stroke4-stroke

198619865340

199119915040

199619964540

2001200142.2337.56

2006200642.2337.56

2011201130.8135.32

year bracket shifted by five yrs

fuel consMJ/km

2-WHEELERS,

2-stroke4-stroke

198619860.720.48

199119910.680.48

199619960.560.48

200120010.530.46

200620060.530.46

201120110.40.44


DATAFORADB-2W

5353

5051.4013736132

4548.3253411841

42.2345.635818342

42.2344.2042436932

30.8138.7320152751

by age

fleet av

CO2 EMISSION, g/kmTWO-WHEELER TWO-STROKE ENGINES

UNCRDDATA

0.720.72

0.680.6986849815

0.560.6320431127

0.530.5870173669

0.530.5630511395

0.40.4964364728

by age

fleet av

FUEL CONSUMPTION, MJ/kmTWO-WHEELER TWO-STROKE ENGINES

TERIREPORTDATA

00

00

00

00

00

00

by age

fleet av

DATAFORADB-3W

00

00

00

00

00

00

by age

fleet av

2-stroke

4-stroke

CO2 EMISSION, g/km

TWO-WHEELERS-REDUCING CO2 EMISSION WITH EVOLUTION OFTECHNOLOGY

TWO-WHEELERS-REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION WITH EVOLUTION OFTECHNOLOGY

2-stroke

4-stroke

FUEL CONSUMPTION, MJ/km

PETROL ENGINES FOR 2 & 3 WHEELERS

TIER,INDIAMAIN TECHNOLOGIES

2-STROKE ENGINE4-STROKE ENGINE

Improved combustion &Improved combustion and lean

2000scavengingair-fuel ratios

Oxidation catalytic converterOxidation catalytic converter

Improved carburettorSecondary air injection

Further improvement inFurther improved combustion

2005combustion and scavengingImproved carburettor

Improved oxidation catalyticImproved catalytic converter

converterSecondary air injection

Secondary air injection

Air assisted direct injectionPort fuel injection with three-way

2008/2010Oxidation catalytic convertercatalytic converter

Electronic engineAir assisted direct injection with

managementOxidation catalytic converter

CATEGORYTECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR PETROL 2 & 3 WHEELERS

TIME FRAME2-STROKE ENGINE4-STROKE ENGINE

KNOWNImprovement in combustion &Improvement in combustion

scavengingImproved carburettor

2005-2010Improved catalytic converterImproved catalytic converter

Secondary air injectionSecondary air injection

POTENTIALAir assisted direct injectionPort fuel injection with three-way

Oxidation catalytic convertercatalytic converter

2010-2015Electronic engineAir assisted direct injection with

managementOxidation catalytic converter

EMERGINGBATTERY OPERATED VEHICLE

HYBRID ELECTRIC WITH IMPROVED ICE

POST-2015HYDROGEN ICE

2-STROKETWO-WHEELERSMOPEDSSCOOTERSMOTORCYCLES

YEARTECHNOLOGYCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/kmCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/kmCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/km

2000Carburettor, oxi-cat390.4845.50.5751.80.7


2010Air assisted fuel injection26.70.3734.90.4443.20.54

4-STROKETWO-WHEELERSMOPEDSSCOOTERSMOTORCYCLES

YEARTECHNOLOGYCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/kmCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/kmCO2, g/kmFC,MJ/km



2010Port fuel injection30.40.440.40.533.60.43

2-STROKETWO-WHEELERS

YEARTECHNOLOGY

MJ/kmMJ/kmMJ/kmMJ/km

2-s Moped4-s Moped2-s 3-wheeler4-s 3-wheeler

2005Carburettor with oxi-cat (2005)0.480.41.060.92

2010Air assisted fuel injection (2010)0.370.40.880.88

2015Battery operated (2015)0.180.180.310.31

2020Hybrid Electric (2020)0.160.160.360.36

TWO-WHEELERS

TECHNOLOGYFC,MJ/kmFC,MJ/kmFC,MJ/km

MOPEDSSCOOTERSMOTORCYCLES

2-S, Carburettor, oxi-cat0.480.570.7

4-S, Carburettor, oxi-cat0.40.530.44

2-STROKE2-S, Air assisted fuel injection0.370.440.54

YEAR4-S, Port fuel injection0.40.50.43

2005

2005OXI-CATOXI-CATFUEL INJFUEL INJ

20102-S CARB4-S CARB2-S AIR ASSIST4-S PORT

2010MOPED0.480.40.370.4

OXI-CATOXI-CATFUEL INJFUEL INJ


SCOOTER0.570.530.440.5



MOTORCYCLE0.70.440.540.43


2-S CARN4-S CARB2-S AIR ASSIST4-S PORT

THREE-WHEELER1.060.920.880.88

0.480.4Carburettor with oxi-cat (2005)1.060.92

0.370.4Air assisted fuel injection (2010)0.880.88

0.180.18Battery operated (2015)0.310.31

0.160.16Hybrid Electric (2020)0.360.36

2-s Moped

4-s Moped

2-s 3-wheeler

4-s 3-wheeler


MOPED


MOTORCYCLE


SCOOTER


THREE-WHEELER


3-W,CO2MJ/kmMJ/km

2-stroke2-stroke4-stroke4-stroke

gasolineCNGgasolineCNG

19861986100

19911991100

1996199678

2001200173736060

2006200673736060

2011201165655857

2016201665655857

2021202165655857

2026202665655857


3-W,fuel consumption

2-stroke2-stroke4-stroke4-strokeMJ/kmMJ/km

gasolineCNGgasolineCNG

198619861.3

199119911.3

199619961.15

200120011.061.060.921

200620061.061.060.921

201120110.920.920.880.95


MJ/kmMJ/km

MJ/kmMJ/km

THREE-WHEELERS-REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION WITH EVOLUTION OFTECHNOLOGY

2-stroke gasoline

2-stroke CNG

4-stroke gasoline

4-stroke CNG


THREE-WHEELERS-REDUCING CO2 EMISSION WITH EVOLUTION OFTECHNOLOGY

2-stroke gasoline

2-stroke CNG

4-stroke gasoline

4-stroke CNG

CO2 EMISSION, g/km

Changes in Technology Choice Resulting from Consumer Preferences & Emission Standards The proportions of 2-stroke and 4-stroke have been calculated based on a study of the sales figures of various companies obtained fromSociety of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) andfrom the knowledge of the models produced by manufacturers

Chart3

549.477833.419377.04119941994

807.4911191.868660.6722131290

898.2311190.292955.1462093556

1029.7851126.3261620.60426061171

603.663761.3142906.32317942477

565.981703.8324355.13715194106

Moped

Scooter

Motorcycle

2-stroke

4-stroke

Annual Sales -- Thousand vehicles

Sheet1

Transport share of emissionslos angeles versus delhi

M2W Vehicle Share of Vehicle numbers, pass-kilometres, vehicle-kilometres, and emissions

for trb-2006 paper1998Los AngelesDelhi

Transport share of emissionsPopulation (millions)9.7611.5

cpcb 96cse 2002cse 1996gurjar 2004Vehicle registrations (millions)6.133.03

CO7676>80Vehicle-km (millions)123,157

HC9797>80gurjar -- nmvocMotor vehicles/1000 persons628264

Nox5049>80Road fatalities6242040 (1999)

SO266app. 26PM10 (micrograms/cu. m.)55

PM1010app. 19

total74

M2W Vehicle share of passenger mv pass-km and veh-km

Badami 2001 -- 60% of veh-km, 16% of pass-km, based on vehicle, daily km, vehicle occupancy data from CIRT, Bose

CIRT96/97bose 96bosedailydailyveh-kmpass-kmmittal 2000

1995 veh#veh occ.km/dayveh-kmpass-km% share% sharedaily veh-km

Car/taxi588,3122.6261529611239769891.223.195808189110.594780538643

M2W16177321.625404433006470928061.330292909217.238684837339

M3W749801.869517362093125167.8455425252.480873351869

Bus262005219250304002615808007.628356376769.6856613255127

65943432375372487.2100100.0000000533

pass-km and veh-km shares re-calculated using bhalla approach; data from rites/org 1994 and same veh occupancy data from bose 96

for trb-2006 paper

rites/org 94% shareShare ofrites 94bose 961000 trips1000 trips1000 tripsveh-kmpass-km

pass-tripspass-trips1000 pass-tripsave trip lengthveh occ.pass-kmveh tripsveh-km% share% share

Car/taxi52937.840784522978.407845228611.42.6893.849435605730.1568635495343.788244463718.82426170368.551381851

M2W1328519.679732172196.797321719610.031.61973.8771368471122.99832607471233.673210529467.550266030718.8839154021

M3W21113.127129440331.27129440356.141.8192.005747637217.3729413353106.66985979855.84075048831.8369027268

Bus4681769.3523538648693.523538648410.66527392.960921992113.3369911279142.17232542297.784702077170.7278310367

67506100100010452.6932420822183.86512208731826.303640214699.9999802998100.0000310167

MOHAN VEH OCCUPANCY FOR REFERENCE, PRESERVE;; pass-km and veh-km shares re-calculated using bhalla approach; data from rites/org 1994 and veh occ. From mohan et al 1997

rites/org 94% shareShare ofrites 94mohan 19971000 trips1000 trips1000 tripsveh-kmpass-kmpass-trip

pass-tripspass-trips1000 pass-tripsave trip lengthveh occ.pass-kmveh tripsveh-km% share% share%share

Car/taxi52937.840784522978.407845228611.42.2893.849435605735.6399296494406.295198002618.31329940788.5513818517.8407845229

M2W1328519.679732172196.797321719610.031.31973.8771368471151.38255516891518.367028343968.438687283918.883915402119.679732172

M3W21113.127129440331.27129440356.141.76192.005747637217.7677809111109.09417479394.9172973161.83690272683.1271294403

Bus4681769.3523538648693.523538648410.66407392.960921992117.3380884662184.82402304988.330735112170.727831036769.3523538648

67506100100010452.6932420822222.12835419552218.5804241902100.0000191199100.0000310167

shares of emissions from passenger motor vehicles; bhalla approach; data from rites/org 1994 and veh occ. From bose 1996; emissions data from gurjar 2004 for period 1995-2000;

1000 tripsemission factorsemissions for 1000 tripsmodal shares of emissionsemissions per pass-km

veh-kmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pm

Car/taxi343.78824446371742.50.220.335844.40015588361375.152977855859.470611159475.633413782113.45012067333.090187274215.944997583822.07865750615.024072134411.97843367556.53846179891.53846159970.96153849980.0846153880.126923082

M2W1233.6732105294850.030.050.59869.38568423556168.366052647237.010196315961.6836605265616.836605264755.879099969571.52264758140.950742745712.253046886665.12762014684.99994208633.1249638040.01874978280.0312496380.3124963804

M3W106.66985979851280.10.10.51280.0383175816853.358878387810.666985979810.666985979853.33492989927.24740033499.89475750930.27402069022.11892546965.63127581186.66666832074.44444554710.05555556930.05555556930.2777778467

Bus142.17232542294.71.6212.51.15668.2099294877227.47572067672985.6188338814355.4308135573163.49817423643.78331242142.637597325576.696579058170.603955509317.2626703660.09038461440.03076923040.40384614960.04807692260.0221153844

17662.03408718858624.35362956663892.7666273365503.4148738457947.1198300734100100100100100

shares of emissions from passenger motor vehicles; veh-km data based on nctd and bose; emissions data from gurjar 2004 for period 1995-2000; pass-km based on veh occ from bose 96

for trb-2006 paper

nctd 97-98emission factorsemissions from various passenger motor vehiclesmodal shares of passenger motor vehicle emissionsbose 96emissions per pass-km

vehiclesdaily kmveh-kmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pmveh occ.pass-kmcovocnoxso2pm

Car/taxi78212426203352241742.50.220.3334569880881340896508380604473749.286710623.9241.172658172921.15424972327.742166287219.420116525216.16497014882.652871582.46.53846153851.53846153850.96153846150.08461538460.1269230769

M2W19917102549792750850.030.050.53983420002489637501493782.52489637.52489637547.442451701864.74776647990.815152319210.807277594159.97194351621.67966840053.1250.018750.031250.3125

M3W802106955344901280.10.10.5664138804427592055344955344927672457.909879686911.51479654710.30201534422.4024690256.66591264131.899620826.66666666674.44444444440.05555555560.05555555560.2777777778

Bus3233319262079364.71.6212.51.1529177299.29932697.6130366656155198407139126.43.47501043852.5831872571.140666049467.370136855717.1971736936523228126720.09038461540.03076923080.40384615380.04807692310.0221153846

839631987.2384513263.6183251947.523036675.7841513370.32

shares of emissions from all motor vehicles; veh-km data based on nctd and bose and goi/escap for 1997; emissions data from gurjar 2004 for period 1995-2000;

nctd 97-98emission factorsemissions from ALL motor vehiclesmodal shares of ALL motor vehicle emissions

vehiclesdaily kmveh-kmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pmcovocnoxso2pm

Car/taxi78212426203352241742.50.220.3334569880881340896508380604473749.286710623.9236.418598724319.2830628257.55421141635.50024953179.8206723292

M2W19917102549792750850.030.050.53983420002489637501493782.52489637.52489637541.964441639159.02054032460.22196655063.060883978236.4346361792

M3W802106955344901280.10.10.5664138804427592055344955344927672456.996554195410.49626189260.08223899090.68043768494.0497287173

Bus3233319262079364.71.6212.51.1529177299.29932697.6130366656155198407139126.43.07376342312.354692919119.371653463219.080862012910.4477649064

Trucks146668159233202124.71.6212.51.15109604996.437312339.24897244525830053026818243.811.54664201818.845442038772.769929579171.677566792439.2471978679

3033045949236983.6421825602.8672976399.581337205.7868331614.12

Motor vehicle growth in India, 1971-2001

YearCars, Jeeps, TaxisM2W VehiclesTrucksBusesOthersTotal Motor VehiclesM2W VehiclesOther Motor VehiclesTotal MVs

19710.6820.5760.3430.0940.171.86519710.5761.2891.865

19811.162.6180.5540.1620.8975.39119812.6182.7735.391

19912.95414.21.3560.3312.53321.374199114.27.17421.374

20017.05838.5562.9480.6345.79554.991200138.55616.43554.991

Annual Sales by M2W Vehicle Type, 1994-2004

MopedScooterMotorcycleMopedScooterMotorcycle

19945494778334193770411994549.477833.419377.041

199680749111918686606721996807.4911191.868660.672

199889823111902929551461998898.2311190.292955.146

200010297851126326162060420001029.7851126.3261620.604

200260366376131429063232002603.663761.3142906.323

200456598170383243551372004565.981703.8324355.137

2-stroke4-stroke

19962131290

19972148293

19982093556

19992450953

200026061171

200121351610

200217942477

200316753401

200415194106

Re-fuelling Frequency and Quantity on Survey Vehicles

frequency of fills -- range 1.5-30; average 6.3; median 4.5; quantity of fills -- range 2-6.5; average 3.6; median 3.6

1 -- 557.5

6 -- 1027.5

11 -- 1512.5

>152.5

2 -- 461

>4-631.7

>67.3

Oil Purchase Mode and Proportion in Fuel on Survey Vehicles

Can46.3

Loose31.7

Sachet19.5

Pre-mix2.4

Metered43.9

2-or=412.3

average fuel tank size on m2w and cars

vehicle mix based on 1998 sales

% sharefuel tank cap

moped3041.2

scooter395.52.145

motorcycle3111.53.565

ave size6.91

cars from 1999 sales

maruti37664336.413709805.2

hyundai75851403034040

daewoo39021501951050

tata engg55151372040587

ave size54666620735482.237.930806379

MopedScooterMotorcycle2-stroke4-stroke

1994549.477833.419377.041

1996807.4911191.868660.6722131290

1998898.2311190.292955.1462093556

20001029.7851126.3261620.60426061171

2002603.663761.3142906.32317942477

2004565.981703.8324355.13715194106

Sheet1

Moped

Scooter

Motorcycle

Thousand vehicles

Sheet2

2-stroke

4-stroke

Thousand vehicles

Sheet3

M2W Vehicles

Other Motor Vehicles

Million vehicles

Fills per month Liters per fill

% of Respondents

Oil Purchase Mode Oil-fuel Ratio

% of Respondents

Moped

Scooter

Motorcycle

2-stroke

4-stroke

Annual Sales -- Thousand vehicles

Progressive Reduction* in Emissions with Introduction of Emission Standards (1991 to 2005)*There is an increase in NOx emissions in case of 2-stroke engines

Chart4

6.53

42.6

2.22.2

1.41.4

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS,g/km

2-WHEELER CARBON MONOXIDE

NVITERIDATA

TWO-WHEELERS - MOPEDS - 2-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 100021232829463625

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03000

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08000.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55000

COg/km2.21.410.8000

CO2g/km393926.726.7000

FCMJ/km0.480.480.370.370.160.160.38

Impr EngImpr EngAir AssistAir AssistBatteryBatteryHydrogen

withwithFuel InjFuel InjOperatedOperatedI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprwithwithVehicleVehicle

Oxi-catOxi-catImpr

Oxi-catCO, g/km

20002005201020152020202520302000200520102015

2-S MOPED2.21.410.8

2-SSCOOTER2.21.410.8

2-S MOTORCYCLE2.21.410.8

TWO-WHEELERS - SCOOTERS 2-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 100031333840534837

PMg/km0.050.050.040.030.0100

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.080.0200.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.550.1400

COg/km2.21.410.80.200

CO2g/km45.545.534.934.914.300

FCMJ/km0.570.570.440.440.180.210.46

Impr EngImpr EngAir AssistAir AssistHybridBatteryHydrogen

withwithFuel InjFuel InjElectric &OperatedI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprwithwithImpr EngVehicle

Oxi-catOxi-catImprwith

Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030

TWO-WHEELERS - MOTORCYCLES - 2-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 100035374244**42

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03**0

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08**0.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55**0

COg/km2.21.410.8**0

CO2g/km51.851.843.243.2**0

FCMJ/km0.70.70.540.54**0.56

Impr EngImpr EngAir AssistAir Assist##Hydrogen

withwithFuel InjFuel InjI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprovedwithwith

Oxi-catOxi-catImproved

Oxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030

# No foreseeable technology to meet the stringent emission standardsCO, g/km

2000200520102015

4-S MOPED2.21.40.42

4-SSCOOTER2.21.40.420.33

TWO-WHEELERS - MOPEDS - 4-STROKE S.I.4-S MOTORCYCLE2.21.40.420.33

COSTRs x 100033354045454540

PMg/km0.050.050.050000

NOxg/km0.30.30.20000.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560000

COg/km2.21.40.420000

CO2g/km32.732.730.40000

FCMJ/km0.40.40.40.160.160.160.32

Impr EngImpr EngPortBatteryBatteryBatteryHydrogen

with/wowithFuel InjOperatedOperatedOperatedI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprovedwithVehicleVehicleVehicle

Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030

TWO-WHEELERS - SCOOTERS - 4-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 100038404649635745

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.0100

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.0300.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.1100

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.0800

CO2g/km42.342.340.440.414.500

FCMJ/km0.530.530.50.50.180.210.42

Impr EngImpr EngPortPortHybridBatteryHydrogen

with/wowithFuel InjFuel InjElectric &OperatedI.C.Engine

Oxi-catImprovedwithwithImpr EngVehicle

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catOxi-cat3-waywith

catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100042455256606050

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.030.030

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.080.080.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.360.360

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.250.250

CO2g/km363633.633.631.531.50

FCMJ/km0.440.440.430.430.410.410.36

Impr EngImpr EngPortPort FuelAir AssitAir AssitHydrogen

with/wowithFuel InjInj withDI withDI withI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprovedwith3-way cat3-way3-way

Oxi-catOxi-catcat *cat *

2000200520102015202020252030

* Battery operated or hybrid vehicles not good prospects due to space constraints

THREE WHEELERS, PETROL, , 2STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 10007578858712511590

PMg/km0.080.080.060.040.1100

NOxg/km0.110.120.120.120.0300.2

HCg/km2.050.750.40.320.0800

COg/km4.32.451.751.40.3500

CO2g/km737365652200

FCMJ/km1.061.060.880.880.310.360.85



TECHNOLOGYOxi-catImprovedwithwithImpr EngVehicle

Oxi-catOxi-catImprovedwith

Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030

THREE-WHEELERS, PETROL, 4-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 10008083919512511596

PMg/km0.080.080.080.060.01500

NOxg/km0.470.450.30.150.0400.2

HCg/km0.670.40.320.260.0600

COg/km4.32.450.740.580.1500

CO2g/km606058582000

FCMJ/km0.920.920.880.880.310.360.74



TECHNOLOGYoxi catImprovedwithwithImpr EngVehicle

Oxi-catOxi-cat3-waywith

catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030

THREE-WHEELERS, GAS, 4-STROKE S.I.

COSTRs x 10009598108115125130114

PMg/km0.050.040.030.020.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.90.70.520.260.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.250.130.10.050.010.0080

COg/km3.61.81.3510.250.20

CO2g/km6060575720200

FCMJ/km110.950.950.320.320.74

CarburaCarburaGasGasHybridHybridHydrogen

ted gasted gasInjectionInjectionElectric &ElectricI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYengineenginewithwithGaswith Gas

Oxi-catOxi-cat3-wayInj withInj with

catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

* NMHC

THREE WHEELERS, DIESEL, 4-STROKE, C.I.

COSTRs x 1000125135140200215220150

PMg/km0.080.050.030.010.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.50.40.30.0750.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.40.240.10.0250.010.0080

COg/km1.10.60.50.120.250.20

CO2g/km1031031032424240

FCMJ/km1.361.361.360.40.40.41

ImprovImpr EngImprHybridHybridHybridHydrogen

EnginewithEngine*Electric &Electric &ElectricI.C.Engine

TECHNOLOGYImprovedwithImpr EngGaswith Gas

Oxi-catOxi-catwithInj withInj with

Oxi-catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

ICLEIDATA

CO

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W6.542.21.410.8

4-STROKE 2W32.62.21.40.420.33

HC

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W3.93.32.131.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.80.70.70.70.560.45

NOx

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.030.060.070.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.310.30.30.30.20.1

PM

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.230.10.050.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.070.060.050.050.050.04

REPEAT DATA

CO2-Stroke CO4-Stroke C02-Stroke HC4-Stroke HC2-Stroke NOx4-Stroke NOx2-Stroke PM4-Stroke PM

20062011201520061.41.41.320.70.080.30.050.05

2-STROKE 2-W1.410.8201110.420.70.560.080.20.040.05

4-STROKE 2W1.40.420.3320150.80.330.550.450.080.10.030.04

HC

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W1.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.70.560.45

NOx

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.30.20.1

PM

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.050.050.04

2-Stroke NOx4-Stroke NOx2-Stroke PM4-Stroke PM

20060.080.30.050.05

20110.080.20.040.05

20150.080.10.030.04

ICLEIDATA

00

00

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

Sheet3

00

00

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS,g/km


00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00

00

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00

00

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00

00

00

00

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

00000000

00000000

00000000

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

0000

0000

0000

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

0000

0000

0000

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

Chart6

3.90.8

3.30.7

2.130.7

1.320.7

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km

2-WHEELER HYDROCARBONS

NVITERIDATA


COSTRs x 100021232829463625

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03000

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08000.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55000

COg/km2.21.410.8000

CO2g/km393926.726.7000

FCMJ/km0.480.480.370.370.160.160.38




Oxi-catOxi-catImpr

Oxi-catCO, g/km

20002005201020152020202520302000200520102015

2-S MOPED2.21.410.8




COSTRs x 100031333840534837

PMg/km0.050.050.040.030.0100

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.080.0200.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.550.1400

COg/km2.21.410.80.200

CO2g/km45.545.534.934.914.300

FCMJ/km0.570.570.440.440.180.210.46





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100035374244**42

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03**0

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08**0.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55**0

COg/km2.21.410.8**0

CO2g/km51.851.843.243.2**0

FCMJ/km0.70.70.540.54**0.56





Oxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


2000200520102015

4-S MOPED2.21.40.42

4-SSCOOTER2.21.40.420.33


COSTRs x 100033354045454540

PMg/km0.050.050.050000

NOxg/km0.30.30.20000.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560000

COg/km2.21.40.420000

CO2g/km32.732.730.40000

FCMJ/km0.40.40.40.160.160.160.32




Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100038404649635745

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.0100

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.0300.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.1100

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.0800

CO2g/km42.342.340.440.414.500

FCMJ/km0.530.530.50.50.180.210.42





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100042455256606050

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.030.030

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.080.080.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.360.360

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.250.250

CO2g/km363633.633.631.531.50

FCMJ/km0.440.440.430.430.410.410.36





2000200520102015202020252030



COSTRs x 10007578858712511590

PMg/km0.080.080.060.040.1100

NOxg/km0.110.120.120.120.0300.2

HCg/km2.050.750.40.320.0800

COg/km4.32.451.751.40.3500

CO2g/km737365652200

FCMJ/km1.061.060.880.880.310.360.85





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10008083919512511596

PMg/km0.080.080.080.060.01500

NOxg/km0.470.450.30.150.0400.2

HCg/km0.670.40.320.260.0600

COg/km4.32.450.740.580.1500

CO2g/km606058582000

FCMJ/km0.920.920.880.880.310.360.74





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10009598108115125130114

PMg/km0.050.040.030.020.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.90.70.520.260.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.250.130.10.050.010.0080

COg/km3.61.81.3510.250.20

CO2g/km6060575720200

FCMJ/km110.950.950.320.320.74





catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

* NMHC


COSTRs x 1000125135140200215220150

PMg/km0.080.050.030.010.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.50.40.30.0750.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.40.240.10.0250.010.0080

COg/km1.10.60.50.120.250.20

CO2g/km1031031032424240

FCMJ/km1.361.361.360.40.40.41





Oxi-catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

ICLEIDATA

CO

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W6.542.21.410.8

4-STROKE 2W32.62.21.40.420.33

HC

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W3.93.32.131.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.80.70.70.70.560.45

NOx

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.030.060.070.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.310.30.30.30.20.1

PM

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.230.10.050.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.070.060.050.050.050.04

REPEAT DATA


20062011201520061.41.41.320.70.080.30.050.05

2-STROKE 2-W1.410.8201110.420.70.560.080.20.040.05

4-STROKE 2W1.40.420.3320150.80.330.550.450.080.10.030.04

HC

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W1.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.70.560.45

NOx

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.30.20.1

PM

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.050.050.04


20060.080.30.050.05

20110.080.20.040.05

20150.080.10.030.04

ICLEIDATA

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

Sheet3

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS,g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

Chart7

0.030.31

0.060.3

0.070.3

0.080.3

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km

2-WHEELER OXIDES OF NITROGEN

NVITERIDATA


COSTRs x 100021232829463625

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03000

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08000.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55000

COg/km2.21.410.8000

CO2g/km393926.726.7000

FCMJ/km0.480.480.370.370.160.160.38




Oxi-catOxi-catImpr

Oxi-catCO, g/km

20002005201020152020202520302000200520102015

2-S MOPED2.21.410.8




COSTRs x 100031333840534837

PMg/km0.050.050.040.030.0100

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.080.0200.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.550.1400

COg/km2.21.410.80.200

CO2g/km45.545.534.934.914.300

FCMJ/km0.570.570.440.440.180.210.46





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100035374244**42

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03**0

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08**0.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55**0

COg/km2.21.410.8**0

CO2g/km51.851.843.243.2**0

FCMJ/km0.70.70.540.54**0.56





Oxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


2000200520102015

4-S MOPED2.21.40.42

4-SSCOOTER2.21.40.420.33


COSTRs x 100033354045454540

PMg/km0.050.050.050000

NOxg/km0.30.30.20000.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560000

COg/km2.21.40.420000

CO2g/km32.732.730.40000

FCMJ/km0.40.40.40.160.160.160.32




Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100038404649635745

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.0100

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.0300.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.1100

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.0800

CO2g/km42.342.340.440.414.500

FCMJ/km0.530.530.50.50.180.210.42





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100042455256606050

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.030.030

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.080.080.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.360.360

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.250.250

CO2g/km363633.633.631.531.50

FCMJ/km0.440.440.430.430.410.410.36





2000200520102015202020252030



COSTRs x 10007578858712511590

PMg/km0.080.080.060.040.1100

NOxg/km0.110.120.120.120.0300.2

HCg/km2.050.750.40.320.0800

COg/km4.32.451.751.40.3500

CO2g/km737365652200

FCMJ/km1.061.060.880.880.310.360.85





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10008083919512511596

PMg/km0.080.080.080.060.01500

NOxg/km0.470.450.30.150.0400.2

HCg/km0.670.40.320.260.0600

COg/km4.32.450.740.580.1500

CO2g/km606058582000

FCMJ/km0.920.920.880.880.310.360.74





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10009598108115125130114

PMg/km0.050.040.030.020.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.90.70.520.260.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.250.130.10.050.010.0080

COg/km3.61.81.3510.250.20

CO2g/km6060575720200

FCMJ/km110.950.950.320.320.74





catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

* NMHC


COSTRs x 1000125135140200215220150

PMg/km0.080.050.030.010.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.50.40.30.0750.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.40.240.10.0250.010.0080

COg/km1.10.60.50.120.250.20

CO2g/km1031031032424240

FCMJ/km1.361.361.360.40.40.41





Oxi-catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

ICLEIDATA

CO

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W6.542.21.410.8

4-STROKE 2W32.62.21.40.420.33

HC

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W3.93.32.131.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.80.70.70.70.560.45

NOx

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.030.060.070.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.310.30.30.30.20.1

PM

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.230.10.050.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.070.060.050.050.050.04

REPEAT DATA


20062011201520061.41.41.320.70.080.30.050.05

2-STROKE 2-W1.410.8201110.420.70.560.080.20.040.05

4-STROKE 2W1.40.420.3320150.80.330.550.450.080.10.030.04

HC

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W1.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.70.560.45

NOx

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.30.20.1

PM

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.050.050.04


20060.080.30.050.05

20110.080.20.040.05

20150.080.10.030.04

ICLEIDATA

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

Sheet3

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS,g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

Chart8

0.230.07

0.10.06

0.050.05

0.050.05

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km

2-WHEELER PM

NVITERIDATA


COSTRs x 100021232829463625

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03000

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08000.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55000

COg/km2.21.410.8000

CO2g/km393926.726.7000

FCMJ/km0.480.480.370.370.160.160.38




Oxi-catOxi-catImpr

Oxi-catCO, g/km

20002005201020152020202520302000200520102015

2-S MOPED2.21.410.8




COSTRs x 100031333840534837

PMg/km0.050.050.040.030.0100

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.080.0200.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.550.1400

COg/km2.21.410.80.200

CO2g/km45.545.534.934.914.300

FCMJ/km0.570.570.440.440.180.210.46





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100035374244**42

PMg/km0.050.050.040.03**0

NOxg/km0.070.080.080.08**0.2

HCg/km2.131.320.70.55**0

COg/km2.21.410.8**0

CO2g/km51.851.843.243.2**0

FCMJ/km0.70.70.540.54**0.56





Oxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


2000200520102015

4-S MOPED2.21.40.42

4-SSCOOTER2.21.40.420.33


COSTRs x 100033354045454540

PMg/km0.050.050.050000

NOxg/km0.30.30.20000.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560000

COg/km2.21.40.420000

CO2g/km32.732.730.40000

FCMJ/km0.40.40.40.160.160.160.32




Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100038404649635745

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.0100

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.0300.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.1100

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.0800

CO2g/km42.342.340.440.414.500

FCMJ/km0.530.530.50.50.180.210.42





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 100042455256606050

PMg/km0.050.050.050.040.030.030

NOxg/km0.30.30.20.10.080.080.2

HCg/km0.70.70.560.450.360.360

COg/km2.21.40.420.330.250.250

CO2g/km363633.633.631.531.50

FCMJ/km0.440.440.430.430.410.410.36





2000200520102015202020252030



COSTRs x 10007578858712511590

PMg/km0.080.080.060.040.1100

NOxg/km0.110.120.120.120.0300.2

HCg/km2.050.750.40.320.0800

COg/km4.32.451.751.40.3500

CO2g/km737365652200

FCMJ/km1.061.060.880.880.310.360.85





Oxi-catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10008083919512511596

PMg/km0.080.080.080.060.01500

NOxg/km0.470.450.30.150.0400.2

HCg/km0.670.40.320.260.0600

COg/km4.32.450.740.580.1500

CO2g/km606058582000

FCMJ/km0.920.920.880.880.310.360.74





catOxi-cat

2000200520102015202020252030


COSTRs x 10009598108115125130114

PMg/km0.050.040.030.020.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.90.70.520.260.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.250.130.10.050.010.0080

COg/km3.61.81.3510.250.20

CO2g/km6060575720200

FCMJ/km110.950.950.320.320.74





catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

* NMHC


COSTRs x 1000125135140200215220150

PMg/km0.080.050.030.010.0050.0040

NOxg/km0.50.40.30.0750.060.030.2

HC *g/km0.40.240.10.0250.010.0080

COg/km1.10.60.50.120.250.20

CO2g/km1031031032424240

FCMJ/km1.361.361.360.40.40.41





Oxi-catOxi-catTWC

2000200520102015202020252030

ICLEIDATA

CO

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W6.542.21.410.8

4-STROKE 2W32.62.21.40.420.33

HC

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W3.93.32.131.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.80.70.70.70.560.45

NOx

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.030.060.070.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.310.30.30.30.20.1

PM

199119962001200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.230.10.050.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.070.060.050.050.050.04

REPEAT DATA


20062011201520061.41.41.320.70.080.30.050.05

2-STROKE 2-W1.410.8201110.420.70.560.080.20.040.05

4-STROKE 2W1.40.420.3320150.80.330.550.450.080.10.030.04

HC

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W1.320.70.55

4-STROKE 2W0.70.560.45

NOx

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.080.080.08

4-STROKE 2W0.30.20.1

PM

200620112015

2-STROKE 2-W0.050.040.03

4-STROKE 2W0.050.050.04


20060.080.30.050.05

20110.080.20.040.05

20150.080.10.030.04

ICLEIDATA

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

Sheet3

2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS,g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km


2-STROKE 2-W

4-STROKE 2W

EMISSIONS, g/km

2-WHEELER PM

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

2-Stroke CO

4-Stroke C0

2-Stroke HC

4-Stroke HC

2-Stroke NOx

4-Stroke NOx

2-Stroke PM

4-Stroke PM

Expected Progression of Emission Regulations & Technology & Fuel Options Beyond 2010EMISSION REGULATIONS.Efforts to further reduce emission of pollutants like PM, NOx and HC will continue,A greater emphasis is likely to be placed on the need to reduce fuel consumption and emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)TECHNOLOGY & FUEL OPTIONS 1.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).2.Battery operated electric vehicles3.Hybrid electric vehicles4.Hydrogen powered vehicles (as ICE) rather than fuel cell)

Expected Time-Line for Evolution of Engine Technologies for 2-Wheelers

ICLEIDATA

EMISSION FACTORS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION FROM ICLEI FOR ADB CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP




1986199053530.0020.0020.150.156.56.53.93.90.030.030.020.020.230.230.720.72

199119955051.40137361320.0020.0020.150.156.56.53.93.90.030.030.020.020.230.230.680.6986849815

199620004548.32534118410.0020.0020.150.1545.29868266763.33.61168384020.060.0444158080.020.020.10.16753149870.560.6320431127

2001200542.2345.6358183420.0020.0020.10.12793788112.23.9314125572.132.95790213830.070.05570463770.020.020.050.11567162070.530.5870173669

2006201042.2344.20424369320.0020.0020.060.09938141141.42.86737869551.322.26943935410.080.06591675750.020.020.050.08806773290.530.5630511395

2011201530.8138.73201527510.0020.0020.040.075121090712.10445971330.71.62824371580.080.07167047690.020.020.040.06842962420.40.4964364728

2016202030.8135.54974518160.0020.0020.030.05699596820.81.58045881330.551.19511368370.080.07501644270.020.020.030.05299246080.40.4576979836

2021202530.8133.66502390450.0020.0020.030.04626124010.81.27011568830.550.93858945310.080.07699811390.020.020.030.0438496950.40.4347548478

2026203030.8132.53668230370.0020.0020.030.03983459210.81.08432001510.550.78501398050.080.07818449730.020.020.030.03837612020.40.4210192918




1986199040400.0020.0020.130.13330.80.80.310.310.030.030.070.070.480.48

1991199540400.0020.0020.130.13330.80.80.310.310.030.030.070.070.480.48

1996200040400.0020.0020.130.132.62.80778922680.70.75194730670.30.30519473070.030.030.060.06519473070.480.48

2001200537.5638.92336859640.0020.0020.110.12117515242.22.53960686270.70.72902595350.30.30290259540.030.030.050.05849017160.460.4711751524

2006201037.5638.35030106210.0020.0020.110.11647787761.42.06059355950.70.71682541460.30.30168254150.030.030.050.05492148020.460.4664778776

2011201535.3237.11226926520.0020.0020.090.10566032060.421.39032781660.560.65275427250.20.2601400620.030.030.050.05291080580.440.4556603206

2016202035.3236.39231548020.0020.0020.070.09133558530.330.96439459350.450.57130796940.10.19581186870.030.030.040.04772454070.440.4493695766

2021202535.3235.96591791580.0020.0020.070.08285166260.330.71213272230.450.5230708380.10.15771305520.030.030.040.04465293970.440.4456438404

2026203035.3235.71064297610.0020.0020.070.07777252280.330.56110903140.450.49419231750.10.1349041250.030.030.040.0428140390.440.4434133232




198619901001000.0020.0020.150.1514148.38.30.050.050.020.020.350.351.31.3

199119951001000.0020.0020.150.1514148.38.30.050.050.020.020.350.351.31.3

199620007889.42840747490.0020.0020.150.158.611.40515456277.67531498720.090.06922107730.020.020.150.25389461341.151.2279209601

200120057382.1794978850.0020.0020.080.11911303354.38.27005926312.055.19318762220.110.08721446620.020.020.080.17716494061.061.1538271162

200620107378.32106060470.0020.0020.030.08165596832.455.82370174820.753.32557340410.120.10099527720.020.020.080.13632340071.061.1143885709

201120156572.87873119290.0020.0020.020.05646637571.754.15938780980.42.13032817130.120.10875967110.020.020.060.10514141750.921.0349709729

201620206569.71384829640.0020.0020.020.04181784841.43.05094292570.321.40312013160.120.11327490630.020.020.040.07897413840.920.988787183

202120256567.83942470590.0020.0020.020.03314215771.42.39445884480.320.97242618510.120.11594908540.020.020.040.0634763880.920.9614345169

202620306566.71724810590.0020.0020.020.02794821061.42.00143611630.320.71457909490.120.11755005810.020.020.040.05419822220.920.9450590711




2001200573730.0020.0021.881.883.443.440.250.250.110.11000.080.081.061.06

2006201073730.0020.0020.731.16505029571.962.51989081530.050.1256609210.120.116216954000.080.081.061.06

201120156568.95711059360.0020.0020.380.76831635521.41.95394147610.040.08237121720.120.1181287586000.060.06989277650.920.9892494354

201620206567.16176879850.0020.0020.310.56037814161.121.57558207690.030.05861038650.120.1189777411000.040.05633041840.920.957830954

202120256566.23841129820.0020.0020.310.45343398781.121.38098905290.030.04639001630.120.1194143791000.040.04935519780.920.9416721977

202620306565.7276491630.0020.0020.310.3942770261.121.27334846040.030.03963022680.120.1196559087000.040.04549680210.920.9327338604




2001200560600.0020.0020.130.134.34.30.67370892020.67370892020.471428

Documents

Controlling Emissions from In- Use and New 2 and 3- Wheelers in Asia Narayan Iyer, Adviser (Technical), Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India Workshop on Developing