Control of in-Migration

7/28/2019 Control of in-Migration

1/18

Strategies for Reducing

Urbanisation in LEDCs

Reducing Rural Urban Migration -

Chinas Hukuo System
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


2/18

Strategies for reducing urbanisation and urban

growth in LEDCs include

Encouraging fertility decline

Promoting agricultural development in rural

areas Providing incentives to companies to relocate

from urban to rural areas

All these strategies require significantresources which are usually in short supply in

LEDCs
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


3/18

As part of Chinas development strategy the

government sought to maximize the pace of

industrialisation

Limiting urbanisation was seen as having the

advantage of reducing the need for large

investments in urban housing infrastructure

This would allow more investment to flow to

industry
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4/18

However, in more recent years, restrictions on

migration to urban areas have been gradually

eased to satisfy the growing demand forlabour in Chinas expanding industry
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5/18

For many years the Chinese government

followed a relatively restrictive policy towards

urbanisation, in part by means of policies thatsought to limit rural-urban migration.

Since the Chinese Communist Party came to

power in 1949, regulating and controllingmigration has been one of Chinas most

consistent development policies

From the 1950s the main instrument used tocontrol rural-urban migration has been the

population registry system (the hukuo system)
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6/18
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7/18

The hukuo system identified people as eitherrural or urban

Permission was required to leave thecountryside and was only given if potentialmigrants could produce documentary

evidence that they had an urban job to go to Food rationing was also used to restrict

movement from the countryside

Grain and oil rations in cities were only madeavailable to people in possession of urbanhousehold registration documents
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8/18

Alongside these measures, the authoritiessince the 1950s have periodically encouraged

large numbers of people to leave cities, somevoluntarily, others reluctantly

In the 1950s and 60s significant numbers weresent from urban areas to develop oilfields in

northern and north-eastern China, and tocolonise new land for cereal cultivation

The government was also keen to increase

population in the sparsely populated westernprovinces to get more balanced developmentand to ensure national security
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9/18

Back to Villages Strategy

The back to villages movement in the early1960s saw 20 million people leave large cities toreturn to their rural origins

There was also large scale deportation of yoth tothe countryside from the mid-1950s onwards

Between 1969 1973 it is estimated that 19 to 15million school-leavers were resettled in ruralareas

Thus in contrast to other LEDCs in-migrationaccounted for only about 30% of urban growth inChina during the 1950s to 1970s
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10/18

This process continued until the late 1970s afterwhich it was reversed to support Chinas

industrialisation strategy The emphasis shifted to the coastal regions to

speed up economic growth and these areasexperienced rapid population and economicgrowth

Many rural migrants sort work on constructionschemes

The relaxation of controls on migration in the1980s resulted in rapid population and economicgrowth in these areas
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11/18

Although considerable changes in migrationrestrictions were introduced in the early 1980s

the houshold registration system continues Local authorities in rural areas continue their

efforts to limit out-migration while localgovernments in city destinations have erectedbarriers to migration like:

- Employment discrimination

- Threats of deportation back to origin

- No access to schooling, healthcare andhousing
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


12/18

Balanced Development

Chinas urbanisation strategy emphasisesbalanced development

Inorder to reduce urbanisations impact on large

cities, Chinas urbanisation strategy focuses onpromoting the development of small to medium-sized cities

The objective is if rural dwellers decide to migrate

to an urban area they will go to a smaller urbanarea within their own region and not to a majorcity
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


13/18

In Situ Urbanisation

In situ urbanisation has been a majorcharacteristic of urbanisation in China sincethe 1980s

This process occurs when rural settlementstransform themselves into urban or quasi-urban settlements with little populationmovement

Over 20000 small towns in China havedeveloped in tis way


14/18

Advantages

The advantages of in situ urbanisation:Benefits go to rural population who are often

neglected

diverting many rural urban migrants whowould have ended up in slums in big cities

Critics argue there are no benefits ofagglomeration economies like in large cities

and that they have serious effects on theenvironment


15/18

Case Study: Quanzhou Municipality -

Fujian Province
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=anJ-IHuoN8xZNM&tbnid=BoWk2yxuDy6AHM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.itourschina.com/ChinaMap/fujian/&ei=czB-Ua3MKMPtrQeO0YGIDA&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFjoD5VO54NdxcNuCLSvtKAjrGJww&ust=1367310779270674http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=4OH2xgVzmfmLrM&tbnid=rcK2RHtWAGhhuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.travel-cities.com/2011/01/china-relatives-and-ancestral-places-i/&ei=YDB-UZ7QJY7IrQfnsIHwCA&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFjoD5VO54NdxcNuCLSvtKAjrGJww&ust=1367310779270674http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


16/18

Significant economic development in recentdecades has seen the proportion of workers

employed in agriculture fall considerably However Quanzhous urbanisation level is still

quite low

Quanzhous non-agricultural employment was67.4% well above the provincial average of52.2%

In less than 20 years most ofQuanzhous rural

residents have completed the transfer fromthe agricultural to non-agricultural sectors
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45796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Q5IeBlwXANkAWM&tbnid=l27JzmtYyXX9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-03/22/content_9621922_2.htm&ei=3QV-UcD8JYXLrQej6YCQBQ&bvm=bv.45645796,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHaQ9N93TNPdXI_juduHBkiofMZGw&ust=1367299921278471


17/18

However census data showed that only 38.9%

ofQuanzhous population lived in towns andcities

How was this made possible?
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18/18

In Situ Urbanisation

In situ urbanisation is well develped inQuanzhou in Fujian Province

Rather than moving to existing cities most of

Quanzhous rural dwellers have been

absorbed by township and village enterprises

(VTEs) located in smaller settlements

This has offered rural dwellers opportunities

for in situ development instead of moving to

existing cities thus reducing urbanisation rates

Documents

Control of in-Migration