Control by existing protocols and current work under the Convention

Richard BallamanChairman of WGSR

Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape

2/15

Scope of my presentation

PM2.5 concentrations current situation and projections

Existing protocols with limitations of primary and / or secondary PM

Open questions and options Challenges for CLRTAP

3/15Sources: Puxbaum et al. 2003 Hüglin NFP 41 2001

PM components (urban background in Zurich Kas (Apr.98-Mar.99) and Vienna AU01; AT02 regional background; Jun.99- May 2000)

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

AU01 ZH KasPM10

AU02 AU01 ZH KasPM2.5

AU02

mic

rog

/m³

ND / water

Dust / mineral

EC

OC

Ammonium

Nitrate

Sulfate

Anthropogenic contribution to PM2.5

2000 2010 2020 Rural concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3]from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosolsEmissions for no further climate measures scenario, Average meteorology for 1999 and 2003, EMEP Eulerian model

Health & environmental impact(RAINS_BL_CLE, August 2004, C. Agren)

Estimated loss in SLE in EU25 from anthropogenic PM2.5 (months)

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1

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5

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8

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10

2000 2010 2020

Percentage forest area in EU25 with acid deposition exceeding critical loads

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25

2000 2010 2020

Percentage ecosystem area in EU25 with nitrogen deposition exceeding critical loads

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60

70

2000 2010 2020

Emissions 1990 – 2020 (RAINS BL_ CLE, Aug. 04)

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10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

SO2 emissions

Sea regionsRem. Eur.EU10 newEU15 old

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1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

NOx emissions (in kTonnes N)

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1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

NH3 emissions (in kTonnes N)

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4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020VOC emissions

Acidification

Eutrophication

Tropospheric ozone

Multi pollutants / multi effects approach: extended version with new avenues for action

SO2

NH3

NOx

NMVOC

Particulate matter

Population exposure

primaryPM

HMs

PAH

9/15

The protocol on Heavy Metals

Annex III BAT for controlling emissions of HMs from 11 stationary source categories.

Annex V with limit values for controlling (mainly particulate) emissions from major stationary sources.

Annex VI with product control measures (e.g. lead free gasoline, batteries)

On-going work by IFARE to review technical annexes and by TNO to explore further measures

10/15

The Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants Annex IV with limit values for PCDD/F from

waste incineration. Annex V with BAT to control emissions of POPs

from major stationary sources Annex VII with recommended control measures

for reducing emissions of POPs (i.a. mass of particulates and PAH) from mobile sources.

On-going work by TNO to explore further measures

11/15

Options to consider by WGSR

Secondary PM are already covered by the MP-ME Gothenburg protocol

Primary PM to be integrated

Protocol on mercury and PM (including HMs)

A single protocol on PM

12/15

Open questions

Which option seems more promising (advantages / disadvantages) ?

Are the necessary information on PM emission inventories and projections accurately enough to allow emission ceilings?

Do we have sufficient data to define BAT and LV for primary PM?

13/15

PM2.5 primary emissions estimated by the RAINS model for BL scenario

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2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

in 1

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tonn

es

Rem. Eur.

Ukraine

Rus. Fed.

EU10 new

EU15 old

14/15

Challenges for the Convention LRTAP Increase life expectancy of European population

by decrease of the mean population exposure to PM2.5

Implementation of a legal instrument to abate PM emissions (ideally with commitments for 48 countries).