Contributions to the Lichen Flora of South-East Ireland: I

Contributions to the Lichen Flora of South-East Ireland: IAuthor(s): M. R. D. SeawardSource: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, andChemical Science, Vol. 75 (1975), pp. 185-205Published by: Royal Irish AcademyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20518975 .

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185

8.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF SOUTH-EAST

IRELAND-I

By M. R. D. SEAWARD*

Trinity and All Saints' Colleges, Leeds

(Communicated by J. Heslop-Harrison, M.R.I.A.)

[Received, 16 JANUARY 1974. Read, 30 NOVEMBER 1974. Published, 26 MARCH 1975.]

ABSTRACT

A lichenological survey of S.E. Ireland in 1973 furnished a list of 203 taxa of which 11 are new to the Irish flora. 242 vice-county records from

Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois and Wicklow, together with 1,050 ten-kilometre grid square records (for incorporation into the British Lichen Society's Distribution Maps Scheme), are also enumerated. The ecology and status, based mainly on an appraisal of 33 major sites, are given for each taxon. The inherently poor lichen flora of the area has suffered greatly from extinctions due mainly to deforestation and agricultural practices and to a lesser extent from urbanisation and industrialisation, but is nevertheless

under-recorded.

Despite the creditable lichenological foundations laid down by numerous workers in the nineteenth century and by Knowles (1912, 1913, 1929), Smith (1911) and Porter (1948, 1951, 1952) in the first half of the twentieth century, lichenological activities over the past Itwo decades have been mainly confined

to the west and north of Ireland-e.g. Mitchell (1958, 1961a, 1961b, 1962,

1964, 1970) and Fenton (1955, 1960, 1964, 1969) respectively. A comprehen sive review of the published sources relating to Irish lichenology from 1727 to 1970 is provided by Mitchell (1971). Little attention has been paid in

recent years to an understanding of the ecology and distribution of lichens in the central, eastern, south-eastern and southern regions of Ireland. This

paper, it is hoped, will form the first of a series of contributions which will

to some extent redress this situation. Although the attraction of the licheno logist to the west and south-west of Ireland will continue to be strong, there

are many areas elsewhere of special lichenological interest, and the present

status of lichens from such areas, especially many of those enumerated by

Knowles (1929), Porter (1948) and Watson (1953), needs further investigation.

* Present address: Postgraduate School of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, England.

PROC. R.I.A., VOL. 75, SECT. B [8]



186 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy

It has become obvious from the British Lichen Society's Distribution Maps Scheme (Seaward 1973), 'that for a more critical evaluation of lichen distribu tion in the British Isles, and indeed for western Europe, a better coverage ill

Ireland is essential. In fact, of the 2021 ten-kilometre grid squares which

have so far received coverage, only 126 (which includes the present survey)

are in Ireland-the latter figure represents only slightly more than 6% of the former; prior to the presenYt contribution 'the figure was less than 5%

of the survey. Ireland constitutes approximately 27-50% of the ten-kilometre

grid squares of the British Isles and for survey completeness such a figure

should be attained. Such coverage is optimistic rather than realistic since

there are few locally-based lichenologists; nevertheless, informative rather than definitive distribution maps can be derived from a careful appraisal of

a comprehensive range of habitats spread as evenly as possible over a wide

area. The present survey, undertaken during July 1973, was concentra!ted on an

area within 100km of, and west, south-west and south of, Dublin. A wide

.range of habitats were visited in each of 19 ten-kilometre grid squares, and

supplementary information was gathered from a further 18 grid squares

(see Fig. 1). The area surveyed is characterised by extensive lowlands (mainly

60m to 120m above sea level) alternating with uplands composed mainly of numerous hill ranges which plateau at a height of between 150m and 300m,

and the Wicklow and Slieve Bloom Mountains which rise in many places to

an altitude of over 500m.

The topographic polymorphism is matched by the geological and pedo logical diversification. The smooth-contoured and peat-covered uplands con trast with the steep-sided ravines and wide valleys which are dissected by streams and rivers. Similarly, the siliceous granites and schists to the east of

the survey area contrast with the calcareous limestones and shales to the west

which occupy the midlands of Ireland. There is a pronounced climatological gradient from Dublin southwards

as exemplified by precipitation measurements. Annual rainfall varies from less than 70cm around Dublin to more than 120cm within a distance of less

than 30km. However, the survey area generally has an annual rainfall of

95cm and 'there are on average 200 raindays per annum. The annual

temperature differential is only lOCG and extremes are unknown (Meenan

and Webb 1957); the Irish Sea has a warming influence during the winter

months to give an average temperature of 50C, but frosts are common. The

uplands have a high degree of exposure (Praeger 1934); 65% of the winds

have a westerly component which creates warm maritime air conditions for

much of the year and produces per.sistent and often strong winds at other

times. The wind pattern for the survey area is further complicated by the

cold and often severe easterly winds in the spring months.

Generally speaking, the Irish climate is more homogeneous than that for

England, Scotland and Wales, and as a result the range of plant communities

is correspondingly more restricted. This would also appear to be the caw

in terms of lichen diversity; a comparison of the lichen flora of Ireland with



SEAWARD-Contributions to the li'chen flora of S.E. Ireland-I 187

9 0 1 ^~~~~~~- I I_ _ _\ X. I 15 -'1 L, I I} I L I T

_ __ __ _ _ _ Ji _ T

TI I L111 1Er

_~~~~~~~~~~ _ ______r_ ___ -lIr

_~~~~~~

_ - ___C

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IF ______r_ ll-I

P M ..___ __-_tz ___

_ __n ___--G_ __ _ _11I L tU

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ F kr______ _7||1l

_ _____ 5 z _ _ _n _ _~~~~~~~m-_3_____

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ S*S___ __ _________

_ . . --- _ _ .I 1 __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sLiLl

_ .~~~i. I-ice reorin unt fo suve of sot-east Ireland

__~~~~~ = unt coee in som deal and _

= addit___iona l 'Units

_~~~~iie fo th evlato of status L- -- -- -- - eclgia rag of certai _~~~~~~seis Reodn unt_ ar l!k X _Ok _square bae on _a___n ______

i~ ~ ~~~~~xeso to the Brts naioa gri (se Web 1955) + Hi.q :E -




that of the neighbouring mainland, by an evaluation of records in Watson

(1953) in the light of recent taxonomic revisions (mainly James 1965, 1966), together with recent recording for the most part assembled through the

British Lichen Society's Distribution Maps Scheme, is as follows:

Ireland England, Scotland and Wales

land area ratio 0-36 : 100 lichen diversity ratio 0t64 : P00 diversity/area ratio 1-78 : 100

The relatively favourable diversity/area ratio for Ireland presented above does not reflect the true picture of the status of the lichen flora, since an

increase in diversity is a logarithmic rather than an arithmetric progression for an increase in the study area (see Dony 1963, Seaward 1964 and

Seaward 1972a) for the use of the species/area concept in the interpretation of the number of species of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens respectively that may be expected from prescribed areas). As can be seen from Fig. 2,

the status of the lichen flora of Ireland falls outside the parameters set by an area with a low extinction rate (viz. Devon) and an area with a high

extinction rate (viz. Leeds-Bradford conurbation of Yorkshire); an inter mediary position is filled by Derbyshire. It is highly probable -that, whilst-the

Irish lichen flora is both under-recorded and has suffered greatly from

extinctions, it is also inherently rather poor in species diversity. The scarcity of woodland conducive to rich epiphytic lichen assemblages

is the result of social and historical, rather than natural, causes. The end of the seventeenth century marked the conclusion of a long process of destruction of Irish woodlands which commenced in prehistoric times (Forbes 1933). From the seventeenth century onwards some measures have been taken 'to

rectify this loss, although Arthur Young, during his tour in Ireland (1776

1779), stated that "Through every part of Ireland, in which I have been, one hundred contiguous acres are not to be found without evident signs that

they were once wood, or at least very well wooded . . . the stumps of trees

destroyed shew that the destruction has not been of any antient date . . . the

greatest part of the kingdom exhibits a naked, bleak, dreary view for want

of wood" (Hutton 1892). Probably too much importance has been attached to

Young's views; nevertheless, in 1600 about one-eighth of Ireland was forested, and by 1800 the proportion had been reduced to a fiftieth as a result of

commercial exploitation (McCracken 1971). Although 'the above presents a rather gloomy picture of Irish afforestation, denudation was not total and left a patchwork of woodlands, albei-t small, over most of Ireland.

The introduction of new tree species in extensive private estate and hedge row planting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries added to the limited

(3 or 4) indigenrous species of any forestry importance. Between 1801 and

1841 the acreage of private plantations (other than natural woodland) had increased from 132,000 to 345,000, but by the 1920s more than two-thirds of



SEAWARD-Contributions to the lichen flora of S.E. Ireland-I 189

BRITISH ISLES 1500 LOG. NO.

OF TAXA *|gl *

*@* f*g 1000- *** *

Soso M .. * v IRELAND

DEVON

500~~~~~~~~~~~~0 500- ..o

DERBYSHIRE *'

250J *'*~W.R.C. 250

lo, 104 105 LOG. AREA (sq. miks)

FIG. 2-The expectation of lichen diversity in various units of the British Isles.

The upper probability line is drawn on the assumption that the total numbers of taxa (species subspecies and varieties) to be found in Devonshire (with a rich lihen flora) and the British Isles are almost fully accounted for. The lower probability line of

mininum expectation is derived from a comparion with an area within the West Riding of Yorkshire which has an inherently poor lichen flora but has been reasonably well-worked im the 19th and 20th centuries. Derbyshire and Ireland lie respectively above and below the mium expectation parameter. Data on the number of taxa recorded have been derived from the following sources: Derbyshire and Devonshire (Hawksworth 1974),

W.R.C. = West Riding Conurbation (Seaward 1972b), British Isles (James 1965, 1966), and Ireland (Watson 1953 with taxo nomic revision according to James 1965, 1966, and other sources listed on p. 196).

this had been felled (McCracken 1971); there are approximately 90,000 acres

of private woodland in Ireland today. State planting commenced in 1903 and gained impetus after 1945; by 1968, 591,000 acres of land had been acquired

for forestry (more than 95% of which has been devoted to conifer planting). The epiphytic component of the Irish lichen flora has been seriously

affected by extensive felling of hardwoods and preference for replanting with softwoods. Nevertheless, there are still numerous mature deciduous woodlands to be found in the area under study (especially in Co. Wicklow) on estates

(some derelict) under private ownership, and as pockets within mainly coni

ferous woodlands under state ownership. In the main, private woods are chiefly hardwoods, and old estates are the only source of large oak, beech,

walnut and Spanish chestnut trees. Such woods are generally 300 to 600 acres in extent, but at Abbey Leix, one of the largest, the woodlands are over 1,000

PROC. R.LA., VOL. 75, SECT. B (8A]




acres and include the 300-year old remnants of ancient forest composed of

pedunculate- oak (Quercus robur) and referred to in the guide books as "the last remaining of the primaeval forest of Ireland". Furthermore, recently planted woodlands in the area have been particularly successful in their

maturation since there is a long forest growing season (c. 223 days) for the

latitude. Immense heigh't and girth are attained relatively quickly by native and exotic trees in the climate of south-easit Ireland-as manifested by the

avenue of monkey puzzle trees (Araucaria araucana) planted about the turn

of this century on a private estate near Inistioge. Post-war plantings can

often be mistaken for English counterparts twice their age. Many woodland interiors proved -to be unsuitable for epiphytic lichens due

to the dense understorey which eclipsed trunks and branches tha!t would have

otherwise received adequate sunlight. Rhododendrons, which have *been extensively planted on private estates, are particularly effective in this respect. Fuethermore, the majority of peripheral trees of many woodlands, as well as many roadside trees (mainly oak and ash, with some sycamore and beech), were heavily clad, often from bole to crown, with a dense growth of ivy-a

condition unsuitable to lichen growth. Further conditions non-conducive to epiphytic lichen growth included agricultural practices; the use of herbicides is uncommon, but eutrophication (- eutrophiation in Hawksworth and Rose 1970) of tree boles, trunks and branches, through the use of fertilisers, was

considerable. This factor was exaggerated by soil erosion in many places, especially in central Ireland. Andther factor which influenced lichen growth on roadside trees was the widespread use of 'the trunks for the pinnhing of

notices-in some areas not a single mature tree was free from either paper or board notices or a liberal peppering of nails or bark mutilation due to

these practices. Epiphytic lichen assemblages were compared with those known from

England, Scotland and Wales, with particular attention being paid -to the

possible effects of air pollution. The effects of the Iatter were most pro nounced in and around Dublin, and lichens indicative of a polluted altmo sphere (e.g. Lecanora conizaeoides) have a scattered distribution away from

Dublin, but always associated with towns (=poleophilous) or with man influences in general (='synanthropous). The distribution of Lecanora coni zaeoides in 'the south of Ireland compares with tthat in the north (cf. Brightman 1964). The present status of this taxon in Ireland, together with its major

distribution in England, Scotland and Wales, is given in Fig. 3; with one exception, all records for the south of Ireland have 'been derived from 'the

present survey (cf. Kershaw 1963), and,those for the north are from Brightman

(1964), Fenton (1969) and Brinklow (in litt.). The presence of this lichen on small trees and shrubs in gardens and estates (e.g. Mount Usher Gardens) and on fences away from towns is almost cettainly due at the present time to its

importation by man. The qualitative scale for the estimation of mean w.initer sulphur dioxide

levels in England and Wales (Hawksworth and Rose 1970) can be applied for the most part to epiphytic lichen assemblages studied. However, certain lichens,




T~~~~~ 1

2< 3 49t

Lecanora 6

conizaeoides

r-'S''l-~~~~r ''''' - -'--''----- '&i

Fio. 3-Distribution of Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb. in the British Isles (post-1960 records only).

e.g. Cetraria glauca (see Fig. 4), which are characteristic of the particular zone as~semblages of Hawksworth and Rose, are noticeably absent from most of Ireland and for the south-east in particular as confirmed by the present survey. Zones 0 to 9, based on a slightlyr modified system, were encountered in the areas surveyed; the majority of sites are within zones 6 and 7 (- c.35-55 ,JLg/m3 mean winter sulphur dioxide). A zone gradient from 0 to 5 was

particularly in evidence along a 25km SSE-transect undertaksen from the centre of Dublin with zones 0 to 3 (= > 100 ,ug/m8 mean winter SO2) extending over more than the first half of this distance (cf. Fenton 1964). Zones 8 and 9 (= < 40 JLg/m8 mean winter SO2) were rare, and difficult to interpret in respect of the Hawksworth and Rose scale due to the complex and fragmentary lichen assemblages on eutrophicated and non-eutrophicated tree barks (e.g. Abbey Leix estate).




| , 1 _ I '" 1

.1 2 3 14

Cetraria 9' * glauca

* 0

SiT -'Ss

* 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

....... ..... .... tL bg

air" zones of less ,than 30-35 ug/m5 mean winter SO2) was represented throughout t!he area-one 'specimen of Sticta limbata occurring on a roadside ash tree 1km south of Laragh. However, several areas warranlt further investigation as possible habitats for Sticta spp. and Lobaria spp. Devil's Glen, in particular, has several oaks providing most suitable habitats for Lobaria spp.,

which precariously overhang the fast-flowing stream, and the important hori zontal branches for 'the moSst part proved inaccessible.

Saxicolous isubstrates were also exasmined in some detail. Very few lichens were noted on walls throughoult the entire area, and 'a similar deficiency was observed on natural rocks at low altitudes. Ancient monu

ments, however, proved the exception to the rule, and divrerse lichen floras




were observed on a wide range of constructions from dolmens to battlements.

The famous Browne's Hill dolmen, in particular, sustained a most distinctive

flora, which was characteristic of a maritime habitat despite being 50km from

the sea (cf. Laundon 1966). The capstone flora bore very little resemblance to

the assemblages found on walls and rocks in the neighbourhood. A good

lichen cover was still present on the massive capstone despite the numerous abrasions it had received from many visitors. The supporting upright stones bore a nitrophilous lichen flora encouraged by the excretory habits of the

cattle which appeared to have free access to this dalmen. On lichenological, as well as historical, grounds there are good reasons to preserve such

monuments. Sites from which important records have been made in the past were also

visited to appraise the present status of the particular lichen(s) and/or

habitat(s). A visit to Tonelagee was made in this context to try and re

discover Umbilicaria spadochroa. This is the only known site of this lichen in the British Isles (Earland-Bennett 1974); the record has only recently come

to light through a re-determination of material collected by Bohler probably in the mid-nineteenth century, previously named as U. polyrrhiza (L.) Tr.

and now housed in Thomas Hebden's herbarium (Seaward 1971) at Keighley

Museum. A detailed examination of rock outcrops along a 50-metre wide

belt transect from the foot of the mountain in the Wicklow Gap at approxi mately 430m to its summit at 820m failed to locate this species. However,

many of the rocks bore rich lichen assemblages, which contained other species of Umbilicaria, and are no doubt suitable habitats for U. spadochroa. At

present, Tonelagee seems relatively free from human interference although quarrying and reservoir construction occur on neighbouring valleys and uplands.

A more detailed list follows of all the major sites visited during this survey

together with the most important habitats and substrates studied. Figures for

the Irish national grid followed by the extension to the British national grid are given in parentheses.

1. Rathnew area, Co. Wicklow (T/2896; 13/2752), OD= 15-30m, deci duous (mainly oak) and exotic (mainly eucalyptus and palm) trees, walls

and farmyard 'buildings. 2. Vale of Clara, 4km SSE of Laragh, Co. Wicklow (T/1493; 13/1351),

OD= 120-130m, mixed coniferous woodland bordered by some oak and

sycamore trees. 3. Bookey's Bridge, lkm south of Laragh, Co. Wicklow (T/1497; 13/1253),

OD= 100m, single roadside ash tree, grainite walls and bridge. 4. Glendalough, Co. Wicklow (T/1297; 13/1154), OD= 130m, ecclesiastical

settlement founded in 617 A.D.; churches, graveyard walls, and essentially siliceous (mainly granite) gravestones and monoliths; many substrates

supporting both calcareous and non-calcareous lichens and therefore not purely siliceous.




5. Wicklow Gap (0/0801; 13/0758) and Tonelagee, Co. Wicklow (0/0802; 13/0759), OD= 430-820m, schist and granite outcrops, some moss

covered; peaty soils mainly trapped between boulders and outcrops; eroded summit with shallow peat cover in places, and poor for lichens.

6. Mount Usher Gardens, Ashford, Co. Wicklow (T/2797; 13/2554), OD= 30m, 20 acre privately-owned garden (established c. 1860) by the

River Vartry; includes wide variety of exotic deciduous and coniferous trees and shrubs; lichens mainly recorded from species of Acer, Crataegus,

Malus, Prunus and Quercus, and from old brick walls, stonework and

roofs. 7. Kilmacarragh Park, Co. Wicklow (T/2487; 13/2245), OD= 120-130m,

privately-owned estate with derelict house, mixed woodland and solitary mature trees (some exotic); lichens mainly recorded from Aesculus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Liriodendron and Quercus.

8. Devil's Glen, Co. Wicklow (T/2499; 13/2356), OD= 60-125m, Forestry Department plantations, mainly conifers (usually Sitka spruce) with some birch, oak and sallow especially along banks of streams; lichens also

recorded from grass embankments, granite and quartzite outcrops (often moss-covered) on steep-sided valley and water-spla-shed rocks of stream.

9. 3km west of Ashford, Co. Wicklow (T/2597; 13/2354), OD 60m, deciduous coppice with a few mature trees on roadside.

10. 2km south-west of Tinahely, Co. Wicklow (T/0272; 03/9931), OD= 140m, ash and beech trees on roadside embankment.

11. 5km north-east of Shillelagh, Co. Wicklow (T/0170; 03/9729), OD= 140m, roa-dside trees (mainly ash, hawthorn and oak) in highly agricul

turalized area, the once-famous ShiIlelagh foresits hereabouts have been replaced almost exclusively by conifers.

12. Rath Gael (Rathgall; Ring of the Rath), Co. Wicklow (S/9073; 03/8633), OD= 120m, hill fort (?) of granite and quartzite; lichens also recorded from elder, hawthorn, decaying tree stump (?oak) and wooden fences.

13. Tullow, Co. Carlow (S/8573; 03/8233), OD= 90m, gravestones, walls and roofs.

14. 3km north-west of Kellistown Cross-roads, Co. Carlow (S/7873; 03/7433), OD= 90m, walls- and two fine roadside ash trees.

15. Browne's Hill, Co. Carlow (S/7577; 03/7237), OD= 90m, fences, old walls and farm buildings; dolmen thought to be 5,000 years old with

capstone (> 100,000kg), one of the largest in Ireland, supported by four upright granite blocks.

16. Castletown Castle, Co. Carlow (S/7673; 03/7232), OD- 75-85m, privaetely-owned estate with some parkland (mainly oak planted in 1786);

lichens also recorded from buildings and granite fence (C arlow fencing).

17. Nurney, Co. Carlow (S/7368; 03/6928), OD= 10Sm, roadside sycamore (some eutrophicated) arnd ash trees; granite churchyard wall heavily

pointed with mortar.




18. Leighlinbnidge, Co. Carlow (S/6966; 03/6527), OD= 60m, single syca more tree by roadside.

19. lkm north of Goresbridge, Co. Kilkenny (S/6755; 03/6316), OD= 30m, churchyard with calcareous and siliceous memorial stones.

20. Mount Loftus, Co. Kilkenny (S/6852; 03/6312), OD 90-105m, mixed woodland (mainly oak, beech and horsechestnut studied).

21. Inistioge, Co. Kilkenny (S/6338; 02/5799), OD= 30m, maples lining town square; church and memorial stones.

22. Woodstock, Co. Kilkenny (S/6437; 02/5797); OD= 75-145m, 18th century mansion (destroyed 1922) in grounds mainly replanted with mixed

woodland by the Forestry Department; there are numerous fine trees

(many from 'the original estate) including beech, elm, maple, sycamore, lime and various exotics.

23. Cullentragh, Co. Kilkenny (S/6937; 02/6397), OD= 180-200m, waLls (mainly siliceous), soil-covered wall-tops, and several mature Quercus spp.

24. Kilkenny (S/5256; 03/4617), OD= 60m, lime trees lining arterial town road.

25. 2km north of Ballinakill, Co. Laois (S/4682; 03/4444), OD= 150m, roadside beech trees on embankment.

26. Abbey Leix Gardens, Co. Laois (mainly S/4284 and S/4384; 03/3946 and 03/4046), OD= 85-9Gm, mansion built in 1773-4 with formalised

terraced gardens; privately-owned estates, woodlands, parklands and gar dens including Quercus spp., Fagus, Fraxinus (some eutrophicated), and a wide variety of conifers and exotics extensive shrubberies.

27. Rock of Dunamase, Co. Laois (S/5398; 03/5260), OD 155m, limestone outcrop (60m high) supporting 13th and 16th century complex fortifica tions destroyed in 1650; wooden fence posts and hawthorns.

28. Coolbanagher, Co. Laois (N/5305; 03/5267), OD= 11Gm, Georgian church, memorial stones (calcareous and siliceous), walls and beech trees.

29. Portarlington, Co. Laois (N/5413; 03/5475), 0D= 60m, walls, buildings and area in immediate vicinity of turf-fired power station opened in 1950.

30. Monasterevin, Co. Kildare (N/6312; 03/6273), OD=, 6m, stonework of walls and bridges on canalside, wooden fences, and living and dead

elder bushes.

31. Kildare (N/7313; 03/7373), OD= 95m, St. Brigid's Cathedral (19th century restoration of 17th century building); churchyard with memorials

(mainly calcareous), sycamore trees and grassy banks.

32. Eadestown area, Co. Kildare (mainly N/9618; 03/9676), OD= 150-230m, mixed woodland (mainly beech and larch) with extensive understorey in

some cases, elder bushes, and siliceous walls (often heavily pointed with

mortar). 33. Dublin suburbs (0/13; 13/18 and 13/19), OD = 15-65m, walls, buildings

and roadside deciduous trees.




Each entry of the checklist conforms to the following arrangement:

(1) An asterisk denotes a taxon new to the Irish flora; the following works

have been consulted in this connection: Watson (1953), Mitchell (1962), Laundon (1963), Fenton (1969), Folan and Mitchell (1970) and Bailey

(1973). (2) Nomenclature mainly according to James (1965, 1966), Poelt (1969)

and Dahl and Krog (1973), with widely-used synonyms given in

parentheses. (3) New vice-county records (Hll = Kilkenny, H13 = Carlow, H14

Laois, H19 = Kildare, H20 = Wicklow, H21 = Dublin) additional to

those enumerated by Watson (1953), Porter (1955) and Laundon (1963) are given in botld type.

(4) Distribution determined from the presenit survey of 37 ten-kilometre squares based on the extension of the British national grid (see Fig. 1).

(5) Ecological notes and status based entirely on the present survey.

Collections to support many of the following recordings are to be found

in the herbarium of the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin (DBN) and in

the private herbarium of the author. All records have been stored on cards

in the data bank of the British Lichen Society's Distribution Maps Scheme

which is housed with the author.

Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold. 13/05, 24. On siliceous rocks and walls. Uncommon. Alectoria fuscescens Gyeln. HI3. 03/73. On siliceous dolmen capstone. Rare. An

important extension of the Irish distribution (cf. Hawksworth 1972). A. pubescens (L.) Howe. 13/05. Montane, forming extensive mats over two granite

outcrops at altitudes of 700m and 730m. First modern record for south-east Ireland (cf. Hawksworth 1972).

Anaptychia fusca (Huds.) Vain. H13. 03/73. On siliceous dolmen capstone. Rare. An interesting record from a non-marine locality.

Arthlonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. H13. 03/34, 41, 44, 67, 73, 83, 92, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On various deciduous trees (rough and smooth barks and twigs). Frequent.

A. spadicea Leight. H20. 13/25. On Malus. Rare. Arthopyrenia alba (Schrad.) Zahlbr. 02/69; 03/44, 93; 13/24. On Fagus, Fraxinus,

Liriodendron and Quercus. Occasional. A. biformis (Borr.) Massal. Hi13, H14. 02/59; 03/44, 62, 83; 13/15, 25. On deciduous

trees, mainly Acer. Occasional. Usually associated with one or more species of Opegrapha.

A. fallax (Nyl.) Arnold. 13/25. On A4nus. Rare. A. punctiformis (Pers.) Massal. Hi3, H19. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 73, 83, 92, 97; 13/15, 25.

On large and small deciduous trees, mainly Fraxinus and Salix. Frequent. Bacidia arceutina (Ach2.) Arnold. 03/83. On Sambucus. Rare. B. chlorococca (Stiz.) Lett. H20. 13/24. On Juglans. Rare. B. endoleuca (Nyl.) Kickx. H20. 03/83. On Sambucus. Rare. B. friesiana (Hepp) K5rb. H19. 03/97. On Sambucus. Rare. B. lignaria (Ach.) Lett. 13/05. On peat at 700m. Rare. Associated with Stereocaulon

spp. B. naegelii Hepp ex Mflll. Arg. H19. 02/59; 03/41, 67, 97. On Acer, Sambucus and

Tilia. Occasional. B. nitschkeana (Lahm ex Rabenh.) Zahlbr. H20. 13/15. On Alnus. Rare. B. umbrina (Ach.) Bausch. 13/18, 24. On concrete and Juglans twigs. Uncommon.




Botrydina vulgaris Breb. ex Meneghini. HI 1. 02/69. On peaty, wall-top soil. Rare. Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) Deichm. Br. & Rostr. 03/62. On Acer. Rare. B. canescens (Dicks.) DNot. 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 62; 13/15, 24, 25. On walls, grave

stones and deciduous trees (c. fr. on single Acer). Locally frequent. B. punctata (Hoffm.) Massal. 02/69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 62, 73, 77, 93; 13/24, 25. On

deciduous trees, often eutrophicated. Frequent. Calicium viride Pers. HIt, H13, H14, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 73; 13/25. On mature,

deciduous trees. Occasional. Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. 03/56. On limestone outcrop. Rare. C. aurantiaca (Lightf.) Th. Fr. 03/56. On limestone outcrop. Rare. C. cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. 03/34, 44, 83. On Fraxinus (often eutrophicated)

and Sambucus. Uncommon. C. citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 57, 61, 62, 67, 77, 83, 97; 13/15,

18, 19, 24, 25. Common on calcareous rocks and mortar of walls, locally frequent on white-washed siliceous stonework, and occasional on eutrophicated Acer and Fraxinus.

*C. decipiens (Arnold) Jatta Hll, HI13, H14, H20. 02/59; 03/56, 83; 13/15. On calcareous rocks and gravestones. Uncommon.

C. heppiana (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. H13, H14, H20 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 62, 67, 77, 83, 97; 13/15, 24. On calcareous rocks, walls, gravestones and cement. Locally common.

C. holocarpa (Hoffm.) Wade (= C. pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr.) HIt, H13, H19. 02/59, 69; 03/62, 77, 83; 13/15, 24. On calcareous rocks, walls, gravestones and mortar. Locally frequent.

C. murorum (Ach.) Th. Fr. 03/56. On calcareous rock. Rare. C. sarcopisioides (K6b.) Zahlbr. H20. 03/83. On Sambucus. Rare. Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. HIt, H13, H14, H19, H20, H21. 03/41, 57, 62,

77, 83; 13/18, 19, 24. On mortar. Frequent. C. medians (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. H19. 03/77. On calcareous gravestone. Rare. *c. reflexa (Nyl.) Lett. (see James, 1971, p. 129). HIt, H13, H14, H20. 02/69; 03/34,

44, 56, 62, 83, 93. On various deciduous trees and bushes. Occasional. C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Mull. Arg. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 57, 62, 73, 77, 83; 13/05,

15, 24. Common on various saxicolous substrates, usually siliceous and/or nitro philous, and rare on Quercus.

*C. xanthostigma (Ach.) Lett. HIt, H13, H14, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 41, 44, 62; 13/24, 25. On various mature, deciduous trees. Occasional.

Catillaria chalybeia (Borr.) Massal. 02/69. On Quercus. Rare. C. griffithii (Sm.) Malme. HIt, H13, H14, H20. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 73; 13/24, 25. On

deciduous trees, especially boles. Occasional. C. lightfootii (Sm.) Oliv. HIt, H14, H20. 02/69; 03/44; 13/15, 25. On various

deciduous trees. Uncommon. Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Rabenh. 13/05. On peaty soils, between 600 and 700m.

Uncommon. C. chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. Hll, HI3. 02/69; 03/44, 73, 83; 13/05.

On acid soils and tree stumps. Occasional. C. coccifera (L.) Willd. Hll. 02/69; 03/83; 13/05, 25. On peaty soils. Locally

frequent. C. coniocraea (Flbrke) Spreng. HIt, H13, H14, H20. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 83,

92; 13/15, 24, 25. On boles and inclined trunks of deciduous trees. Common. C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. 13/15, 25. On acid stonework. Uncommon. C. floerkeana (Fr.) Sommerf. 13/05. On peaty soils. Locally frequent. C. furcata (Huds.) Schrad. 02/69; 03/83; 13/05, 25. On acid soils. Locally frequent. C. impexa Harm. Hll. 02/69; 13/05. On peaty soils. Occasional. C. macilenta Hoffm. Hll. 02/69; 03/44; 13/05, 25. On peaty soils, especially around

tree boles. Occasional.




C. polydactyla (Flbrke) Spreng. 13/05, 25. On peaty soils. Uncommon. C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. 13/05. On acid soils from 700m to summit of Tonelagee.

Occasional. Numerous patches of Cladonia basal squamules, lacking podetia, on the sandier areas at the summit of Tonelagee are probably referable to this species,

C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. var. allosquamosa Hennipm. ( C. subsquamosa (Nyl.) Nyl. ex Cromb.) 13/05. Oil acid soil. Rare. var. squamosa. H11. 02/69; 03/83; 13/05. On soils around siliceous outcrops or tree stumps. Uncommon.

C. strepsilis (Ach.) Vain. 1120. 13/05. On peaty soil near summit of Tonelagee (at 81Om). Rare.

C. subeervicornis (Vain.) Kernst. 13/05. On shallow acid soils, often amongst Rhacomitrium spp., mainly between 490 and 640m. Locally frequent.

C. tenuis (Florke) Harm. Hll, H20. 02/69; 03/83; 13/05. On peaty soils. Occasional. C. uncialis (L.) Web. 13/0S. On peaty soil near summit of Tonelagee. Uncommon. Collema crispum (Huds.) Web. H14. 03/56. On limestone outcrop. Uncommon. C. furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz. H14. 03/44. On eutrophicated Fraxinus. Rare. C. tenax (Sw.) Ach. H14. 03/56. 0n limestone outcrop and walls. Uncommon. Cornicularia normoerica (Gunn.) Du Rietz. 13/05. On granite outcrops and boulders,

mainly between 600 and 650m. Locally frequent. Cyphelium sessile (Pers.) Trev. Hll, H14. 03/44, 61. On Quercus. Uncommon. Enterographa crassa (DC.) F6e. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 83, 92, 93; 13/15, 24, 25.

On deciduous trees, mainly Quercus. Frequent. Evernia Prunastri (L.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 97;

13/15, 24, 25. Common on deciduous trees, rare on granite. Graphis elegans (Borr. ex Sm.) Ach. H11, H13. 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 92; 13/15, 24, 25.

On deciduous trees. Occasional. G. scripta (L.) Ach. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 92, 93; 13/24, 25. Occasional, but more

frequent than C. elegans. Haematomma ventosum (L.) Massal. 13/05. On exposed granite boulders. Rare. Lecanactis premnea (Ach.) Arnold. H13, 1114, H20. 03/34, 44; 13/24, 25. On

deciduous trees, mainly Quercus. Occasional. Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. HII, H113, H14, H119, 120. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 62, 97;

13/24. On Acer, Sambucus and eutrophicated Fraxinus. Occasional. Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. 03/44, 73; 13/15, 24, 25. Occasional on siliceous rocks and

walls, rare on Syringa bark. L. badia (Hoffm.) Ach. 03/62, 83; 13/05, 24. On siliceous rocks and walls. Uncommon. L. calcarea (L.) -Sommerf. 03/44, 56, 61, 62, 67, 83; 13/15, 25. On calcareous rocks,

walls and gravestones. Locally frequent. L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue. 02/69; 03/77, 97; 13/15. On various saxicolous

substrates. Occasional. L. carpinea (L.) Vain. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 61, 62, 73; 13/24, 25. On deciduous trees,

usually twigs of Acer and Fraxinus. Locally frequent. L. chlarotera Nyl. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 62, 67, 73, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/15,

24, 25. On deciduous trees. Frequent. L. confusa Almb. H11, H14, 1H19, H20. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 61, 67; 13/15. 24, 25. On

deciduous trees and fences. Occasional. L. conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb. H13, H14, H20. 03/57, 73; 13/08, 09, 17, 18, 19, 24,

25, 26, 27, 28, 29; 14/10, 11, 20, 21. On trees and fences. Locally common in and around Dublin, decreasing southwards and westwards (see Fig. 3).

L. crenulata (Dicks.) Hook. H1I, 1120. 02/59, 69; 13/15. On concrete post and, mortar of walls. Uncommon.

L. dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. 02/59, 69; 03/41, 44, 56, 57, 61, 62, 67, 73, 77, 83, 97; 13/09, 15, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25; 14/10. Locally abundant on stonework, uncommon on Fraxinus and Tilia.




C* uxpallens Ach. H11, 1113, H14. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On deciduous trees and fences. Common.

J, intricata var. soralifera Suza. H20. 03/83; 13/05, 24, 25. On siliceous wall-tops. Occasional.

1.. lacustris (With.) Nyl. H20. 13/25. On siliceous rock in fast-flowing stream. Rare. I.. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. (including material referable to vars. diffracta (Ach.)

Rabenh. and versicolor (Pers.) Tuck.). HIl, H13, H14, H21. 02/59; 03/41, 57, 60, 61, 62, 83, 92, 96; 13/03, 13, 15, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; 14/10. On wide range of saxicolous substrates, including asbestos-cement and slate roofs. Nitrophilous. Frequent.

I,, varia (Hoffm.) Ach. 02/59; 03/44, 56, 93. On deciduous trees, wooden gates and fences. Occasional.

Ilucidea albocaerulescens (Wulf.) Ach. H11. 02/69; 03/83; 13/05, 15, 25. On siliceous rocks and walls. Occasional.

I., coaretata (Sm.) Nyl. ( - Trapetia coaretata (Turn. ex Sm.) Choisy). 03/83, 97; 13/05, 25. On siliceous rocks and wall-tops. Occasional.

I, crustulata (Ach.) Spreng. H14. 03/56. On siliceous stone. Rare. i. dclksonii (J. F. Gmel.) Ach. HNI, H14. 02/69; 03/56; 13/05, 15. On siliceous rocks

and walls. Uncommon. 1. granulosa (Hoffm.) Ach. Nil, H14. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 83; 13/05, 15, 24, 25.

On peaty soils and rotting tree stumps. Locally frequent. I.. limitata (Scop.) Gray (-n Lecidiella elaeochroma (Ach.) Hert. & Leuck.) var. limitata

02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 62, 67, 73, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On various deciduous trees. Frequent. var. soralifera (Erichs.) Laund. H13. 03/73. On Fraxinus. Rare. Only the second published record for Ireland (see Laundon 1963).

I., lucida (Ach.) Ach. H13, H14, 1120. 03/57, 73, 83; 13/15, 24. On shaded siliceous stonework. Occasional.

l.r macrocarpa (DO.) Steud. 1I11. 02/69; 13/05, 15, 25. On siliceous rocks. Occasional. J,. quernea (Dicks.) Ach. Hll, H13, 1120. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 61, 62; 13/24, 25. On

deciduous trees, mainly Quercus. Occasional. I., scabra T. Tayl. (" Lecidiella scabra (T. Tayl.) Hert. & Leuck.) 111. 02/69; 03/83;

13/05, 24, 25. On siliceous rocks and wall-tops. Occasional. I., scalaris (Ach.) Ach. H14, H20. 03/44; 13/15, 24, 25. On deciduous trees.

Occasional. I., stigmatea Ach (= Lecidiella stigmatea (Ach.) Hert. & Leuck.) H111, H13, H14, H20,

H21. 02/59, 69; 03/56, 57, 62, 83; 13/18, 19, 24, 25. On asbestos-cement, stonework and mortar of walls. Locally frequent.

J.. sulphurea (Hoffm.) Wahlenb. H11, 1113. 02/59, 69; 03/62, 83; 13/05, 15, 25. On siliceous walls. Occasional.

I.. symmicta (Ach.) Ach. 03/34, 44; 13/15. On Quercus. Uncommon. I. tumida Massal. H1l, 1114. 02/59, 69; 03/44, 61, 62, 83, 93, 97; 13/05, 15, 24, 25.

On siliceous rocks and walls. Frequent. 1., utiginosa (Schrad.) Ach. H11, H14. 02/69; 03/44, 83; 13/05, 24, 25. On peaty

soils and rotting tree stumps. Occasional. tIpraria candelaris (L.) Fr. H11, H13, H14, 1119, 120. 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 73, 77;

13/24, 25. On deciduous trees, mainly Fraxinus and Quercus. Occasional. I., crassissima (Hue) Lett. H20. 13/25. On crumbling mortar of shaded wall. Rare. I., incana (L.) Ach. H11, H13, H14, H19, 1120, H21. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 57,

60, 61, 62, 617, 73, 77, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/05, 15, 18, 24, 25, 26. On rocks, stone work, mosses and trees (boles and lower trunks). Common. Many of the records for L. membranacea (Dicks.) Vain. (=z Crocynia lanuginosa Hue) enumerated by Watson (1953) are referable to L. incana (see Bailey 1973); this would make the vice-county records for 20 and 21 published here invalid.

Normarndina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. 02/69; 03/93; 13/15. On Fraxinus and Quercus. Uncommon.




Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold. H1, H13, H14. 02/59; 03/56, 73; 13/05, 25. On rocks, stonework, mosses and trees. Occasional.

0. parella (L.) Massal. 02/69; 03/56, 61, 73, 83; 13/15, 24, 25. On siliceous rocks and wall-tops. Occasional.

0. tartarea (L.) Massal. 13/05. On granite outcrops and boulders up to 725m on Tonelagee. Uncommon.

Opegrapha atra Pers. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 62, 73, 97; 13/24, 25. On various deciduous trees. Frequent.

0. niveoatra (Borr.) Laund. H11, H13, H19, H20. 03/41, 73, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On deciduous trees, mainly Fraxinus. Occasional.

0. rufescens Pers. 1120. 13/15. On Acer. Rare. *0. sorediifera P. James. H20. 13/25. On Malus. Rare. 0. varia agg. 02/59. On Acer. Rare. 0. vulgata (Ach.) Ach. H13. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 62, 73, 92, 93; 13/15, 24,

25. On various deciduous trees, mainly Acer. Frequent. Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turn. H20. 13/24. On Juglans. Rare. Only the second

published record for Ireland; given as P. pseudoborreri Asah. in Mitchell (1962). P. caperata (L.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 73, 83, 92, 97; 13/15, 24, 25.

Locally frequent on mature trees, uncommon on man-made granite structures (e.g. Carlow fencing, hillfort and dolmen capstone).

P. conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. H13. 03/73. On siliceous dolmen capstone (c. fr.). Rare.

P. delisei (Duby) Nyl. H13. 03/73. On siliceous dolmen capstone. Rare. P. glabratula (Lamy) Nyl. (= P. fuliginosa var. laetevirens (Flot. ex Kbrb.) Nyl.) Hll,

H13, H14, H119. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 62, 67, 73, 83, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On various deciduous trees. Frequent. subsp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Laund. (= P. futiginosa (Fr. ex. Duby) Nyl.) 02/69; 03/61, 73, 83; 13/15, 24, 25. On siliceous rocks, walls and dolmen capstone. Locally frequent.

P. omphalodes (L.) Ach. *var. discordans (Nyl.) Magn. ( P. discordans Nyl.) H113, H20. 03/73; 13/05. On siliceous rocks and dolmen capstone. Uncommon. First published record for Ireland; no doubt numerous other records will come to light through re-examination of existing herbarium material. First noted from the British Isles in Culberson (1970).

var. omphalodes. H13. 03/73, 83; 13/05. On siliceous rocks, wall-tops and dolmen capstone. Occasional.

P. perlata (Huds.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 73, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. Locally frequent on deciduous trees, rare on granite.

P. physodes (L.) Ach. (= Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.) 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 83, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. Locally frequent on trees, occasional on siliceous stonework.

P. revoluta Flbrke. lI1, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 44; 13/24, 25. On Juglans, Quercusand exotic trees. Occasional.

P. saxatilis (L.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/05, 15, 24, 25. On various trees (c. fr. on single Fraxinus), rocks and walls. Common.

P. subaurifera Nyl. Hl1, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 73, 83, 13/24, 25. On deciduous trees and bushes. Occasional.

P. subrudecta Nyl. H11, H13, H14, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 73, 83; 13/15, 24, 25. On various deciduous trees and bushes. Occasional.

P. sulcata T. Tayl. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On trees and walls. Frequent.

P. tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. H14, H20. 03/44; 13/24, 25. On deciduous and exotic trees. Uncommon.

P. tubulosa (Schaer.) Bitt. (= Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer) Hav.) H1l1, H13, H14, H19. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 73, 83, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On trees, rocks and walls. Occasional.




Pulidgera canina (L.) Willd. 02/69; 03/44, 56, 77; 13/24, 25. On grassy banks. Occasional.

IS horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg. 13/25. On sheltered rock. Rare. P, polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. 13/25. On exposed bank. Rare. P. praetextata (Flbrke ex Sommerf.) Zopf. 13/25. On damp vertical face of rock

outcrop, forming one rosette (tm in diam.). Rare. 1P rtufescens (Weiss) Huumb. H14. 03/56. On basic soil. Rare. P. Jpuria (Ach.) DC. H14, H20. 03/56; 13/25. On calcareous and non-calcareous

soils. Uncommon. PNrtusaria albescens (Huds.) Choisy & Wern.

var. albescens. H13. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 73, 92, 93; 13/15, 24, 25. On various deciduous trees. Frequent. var. corallina (Zahlbr.) Laund. HI3, H14, H20. 03/34, 44, 73, 93; 13/15, 25. On deciduous trees, mainly Fraxinus. Occasional.

P, amara (Ach.) Nyl. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 73, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. Frequent on deciduous trees, rare on siliceous gravestone (=var. flotowiana (Fl6rke) Erichs.).

P. corallina (L.) Arnold. H11. 02/69; 03/73, 83; 13/05. On siliceous rocks and boulders. Uncommon.

P'. hemisphaerica (Flbrke) Erichs. H14. 03/44; 13/24. On Quercus. Rare. Only one other published record from vice-county 20 (see Laundon 1963).

P. hymenea (Ach.) Schaer. 1l1. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61; 13/24, 25. On various, including exotic, trees. Locally frequent.

P. lactea (L.) Arnold. H20. 13/25. On shaded siliceous rock. Rare. P. leioplaca (Ach.) DC, H13. 03/34, 44, 73; 13/25. On Quercus. Uncommon. P. pertusa (L.) Tuck. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 61, 73, 92, 93, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. On

deciduous trees. Frequent. Often with parasymbiont Sphinctrina gelasinata (With.) Zahlbr. The bark of an exposed Crataegus tree on the limestone outcrop at Rock of Dunamase (03/56) had a high cover value for P. pertusa. The latter was heavily infested by the collembolan Anurophorus laricis Nicolet in such a manner as to

blanket much of the lichen thallus by their darker colour. A. laricis is said to be widespread throughout Europe, mostly under the bark of trees (Davis in. litt.), but nothing appears to be known of its association with lichens.

Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Mull. Arg. 02/69; 13/24. On Juglans and Quercus. Uncommon.

Phlyctis argena (Ach.) Flot. H111, H20. 02/59; 03/44, 61; 13/25. On deciduous trees. Uncommon. Only one other published record for Ireland (see Laundon 1963).

Physcia adglutinata (Florke) Nyl. ( P. elaeina (Sm.) A. L. Sm.; Physciopsis adglutinata (Flirke) Choisy). H13, H14. 03/34, 44, 62. On Acer and Fraxinus (c. fr. on single eutrophicated Fraxinus). Uncommon.

P. adscendens (Th. Fr.) Oliv. em. Bitt. HII, H13, H14,1 H19. 02/59; 03/34, 44, 56, 67, 73, 77, 83; 13/18. On calcareous rocks and walls, and eutrophicated trees (especially the boles). Locally frequent.

P. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Hampe. H11. 02/69; 03/34, 44; 13/24. On deciduous trees and bushes. Occasional.

P. caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe. H111, H13, H19, H21. 02/59; 03/57, 73, 77, 83; 13/18, 19, 25. On mortar and asbestos-cement. Frequent.

'P. enteroxantha Nyl. ( Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt). 1114, 1120. 03/44, 83. On Sambucus. Uncommon.

P. farrea (Ach.) Vain. (-Physconia farrea (Ach.) Poelt). H19. 03/77. On Acer. Rare. P. grisea (Lam.) Zahlbr. (-Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt). H19. 03/77. On calcareous

gravestone. Rare. 9P. nigricans (Fldrke) Stiz. 1113. 03/83. On asbestos-cement. Rare. P. orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch. H13. 02/59; 03/44, 57, 73; 13/18, 19. On various

saxicolous substrates and eutrophicated Fraxinus. Occasional.




P. pulverulenta (Schreb.) Hampe (= Physconia pulverutenta (Schreb.) Poelt). 03/44, 73; 13/24. On Fraxinus and Juglans. Uncommon.

P. stellaris (L.) Nyl. em. Harm. 13/24. On Juglans. Rare. This taxon has been mis understood in the past; many of the Irish vice-county records enumerated by

Watson (1953) may be incorrect. P. tenella (Scop.) DC. em. Bitt. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 61, 67, 73, 77, 83; 13/24, 25. On

deciduous trees, often eutrophicated. Locally frequent. Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray. 02/59, 69; 03/56, 61, 62, 67, 77, 83; 13/15. On

calcareous rocks, walls and gravestones. Locally frequent. Porina chlorotica var. carpinea (Pers.) Keissl. 02/69; 03/34, 41, 44; 13/15, 25. On

Acer, Alnus, Quercus and Tilia. Occasional. Protoblastenia monticola (Ach.) Steiner. 03/56. On calcareous rock. Rare. P. rupestris (Scop.) Steiner.

var. calva (Dicks.) Steiner. 03/56. On calcareous rock. Rare. var. rupestris. 02/59; 03/56. On calcareous rocks and walls. Uncommon.

Pyrenula nitida (Weig.) Ach. var. nitida. 03/34, 44; 13/24. On Aesculus and Fraxinus. Uncommon. var. nitidella (Fliorke) Schaer. H14, 1120. 03/44; 13/25. On Pagus and $Saix. Uncommon.

Ramalina caticaris (L.) Fr. HI1. 03/34, 44, 61; 13/24. On Fraxinus and Quercus. Occasional.

R. farinacea (L.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 41, 44, 56, 61, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 97; 13/15, 24, 25. Frequent on deciduous trees, uncommon on conifers and rare on granite; var. farinacea (confirmed from grid squares 03/97; 13/25) less frequent than var. hypoprotocetrarica (Culb.) Hawksw. (confirmed from grid squares 03/61, 83, 97; 13/25).

R. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 83; 13/24. On various deciduous trees. Occasional.

R. fraxinea (L.) Ach. 03/34, 44, 61; 13/24. On deciduous trees, mainly Quercus. Occasional.

R. obtusata (Arnold) Bitt. H20. 13/25. On Quercus. Rare. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. 03/73; 13/05, 15, 25. On siliceous rocks and

walls. Occasional. R. obscuratum (Ach.) Massal. 02/69; 03/61, 73; 13/05, 15, 25. On siliceous rocks and

walls. Occasional. R. petraeum (Wulf.) Massal. Hil. 02/69; 13/15, 25. On siliceous walls. Uncommon. Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray. H13. 03/62. On roadside Acer. Rare. An interesting

extension of its distribution in the British Isles (cf. Sheard 1967, p. 361). R. sophodes (Ach.) Massal. Hl1, H13, H14. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 92; 13/15, 24.

On deciduous trees. Occasional. R. subexigua (Nyl.) Oliv. Ell, H13, H14, H19, 20. 02/59; 03/44, 56, 61, 62, 77, 83;

13/18, 24, 25. On a wide variety of saxicolous substrates. Frequent. Vice-county records enumerated under several taxa, as well as R. subexigua, in Watson (1953)

may be referable here. Sarcogyne regutlris Kbrb. H14. 03/56. On calcareous stonework. Rare. Schismatomma decolorans (Turn. & Borr. ex Sm.) Clauz & Vezda. Hl1, 1113, H14, H20.

02/59; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 92; 13/24, 25. On deciduous trees, mainli Quercus. Occasional.

*S. virgineum D. Hawksw. & P. James (see Hawksworth and James 1974). H20. 13/24, 25. On Liriodendron and Quercus. Uncommon.

SolenoPsora candicans (Dicks.) Steiner. H14. 03/56. On limestone outcrop. Rare. Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Fl5rke (= S. coralloides Fr.). 13/05. On granite outcrops.

Rare. S. evolutum Graewe. 13/05. On mosses over shallow acid soil at 810m. Rare. S. vesuvianum Pers. 13/05. On granite outcrops, mainly at c. 700m. Uncommon.




Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. 13/15. On single roadside Fraxinus. Rare. Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. HI1, H13. 03/44, 61, 73; 13/24, 25. On mature

deciduous trees. Uncommon. (Frequent in Wicklow according to Porter, 1952.) Tomasellia gelatinosa (Chev.) Zahlbr. H20. 13/15. On Quercus. Rare. Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Del. ex Duby. 13/05. On granite outcrops and boulders

from 580 to 800m. Locally frequent. U. polyphylla (L.) Baumg.

var. glabra Ach. 13/05. On granite boulder at 520m. Rare. var. potyphylla. 13/05. On granite outcrops and boulders from 290 to 610m. Locally frequent.

U. torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad. 13/05. On granite outcrops at c. 730m. Uncommon. Usnea intexta Stirt. H14, H20. 02/69; 03/34, 44, 61; 13/05, 24, 25. On siliceous

rocks and various, including exotic, trees. Occasional. U. subfloridana Stirt. H13, H19. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 61, 73, 83, 97; 13/05, 15, 24,

25. Frequent on trees, mainly Quercus, and rare on granite. Verrucaria muralis Ach. H14. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 57, 62, 77, 83; 13/15, 18, 19,

24, 25. On mortar and stonework. Frequent. V. nigrescens Pers. H13. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 57, 61, 62, 67, 77, 83, 97; 13/15,

24, 25. On calcareous rocks and walls. Locally frequent. V. sphinctrina Ach. H20. 03/56; 13/24. On calcareous rocks and stonework.

Uncommon. V. viridula (Schrad.) Ach. HiI, H20. 03/56; 13/15, 24. On calcareous rocks and

stonework. Uncommon. Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. H19. 03/34, 44, 62, 67, 77, 83, 93, 97; 13/24, 25.

On deciduous trees, often eutrophicated. Occasional. X. elegans (Link) Th. Fr. H13, H14, H20. 03/56, 62, 83, 92; 13/15, 24. On siliceous

rocks and slate roofs. Occasional. *X. fallax (Hepp) Arnold. H19. 03/77. On Acer. Rare. X. parietina (L.) Th. Fr.

var. ectanea (Ach.) Kickx. HI1, H13, H20. 02/59, 69; 03/61, 62; 13/25. On roofs of farm buildings. Locally frequent. var. parietina. 02/59, 69; 03/34, 44, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 67, 73, 77, 83, 92, 97; 13/03, 13, 15, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26. On various saxicolous substrates and eutrophi cated trees. Common.

SUMMARY A preliminary lichenological survey of the south-east of Ireland, under

taken in July 1973, has furnished a list of 203 taxa (species, subspecies and

varieties), of which eleven are reported here as being new to the Irish flora.

In addition, 242 vice-county records are published for the first time (56 from

Co. Kilkenny, 55 from Co. Carlow, 51 from Co. Laois, 21 from Co. Kildare,

54 from Co. Wicklow and 5 from Co. Dublin). Over 1,050 ten-kilometre

grid square records are enumerated; 'these are based on an extension of the

British national grid so that they can be incorporated into ithe British Lichen

Society's Distribution Maps Scheme. The ecology and status, based on an appraisal of 33 major sites and numerous other habitats, are given for each

taxon listed. Ten-kilometre grid square distribution maps of Cetraria glauca and Lecanora conizaeoides are published-the former for the first time. In

general, the inherently poor lichen flora of the area has suffered greatly from

extinctions due mainly to deforestation and agricultural prac-tices and to a

lesser extent from urbanisation and industrialisation, but is nevertheless

very much under-recorded.




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly I should like to express my thanks to the Praeger Committee of the

Royal Irish Academy for awarding me a grant which contributted to the field

work expenses. I should also like to thank the numerous land-owners- who

allowed me free access to their estates, in particular Viscount and Lady de

Vesci of Abbey Leix. Further thanks are due to the following who have

confirmed and/or determined.the more critical lichen mazterial and/or helped

in the preparation of this paper: Miss C. Allen, Mr. R. K. Brinklow,

Dr. B. N. K. Davis, Mr. P. M. Earland-Bennett, Mr. H. L. Edlin, Dr. D. L.

Hawksworth, Professor J. Heslop-Harrison, Miss V. A. Hinton, Mr. P. W.

James, Mr. J. R. Laundon, Mr. M. J. Neff, Miss D. W. Scott, and Professor

J. Poelt. Finally I wish to record my deep gratitude to Mr. B. J. Coppins

for his prompt and detailed attention to the problematical corticolous lichen

taxonomy.

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Documents

Contributions to the Lichen Flora of South-East Ireland: I