Continuity Change in Chinese History PP

8/9/2019 Continuity Change in Chinese History PP

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Continuity

and Changein Chinese

History

Luo Guanzhong (1330-1400), famedwriter during the Ming Dynasty


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What we will be studying over the nextfew weeks

Overview of Chinese history prior to thecommunist revolution of 1949

ao!s "rst decades in power

#he role of dissidents in China in the19$%s and 19&%s #he origins and nature of events in #iananmen '(uare in )une 19&9

*esponse of the Chinese +overnmentunder ,eng -iaoping.ational and international repercussions ofsuppression in the dissident movement


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China today #he/*C!spoliticalborders

today


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#erritorialexpansion ofChinasince1%%%0C


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China in ancient history

China!s vast si2e has created an ongoing challengein creating unity amongst the Chinese people

#oday3 China is comprised of over % di5erent ethnicgroups6 long series of dynasties have attempted to uniteand strengthen the Chinese population

#he 'hang ,ynasty 71$%%81%4 0C : is the "rst forwhich there exists written evidence6t various times throughout China!s history3dynasties have broken down along with theboundaries of uni"ed China3 leaving a collection ofwarring states


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#he legacy of ConfuciusConfucius 7 1;4$9 0C :

#aught the importance of harmony3honour and virtueHarmony was3 in part3 created byrespect for others and social or

political hierarchy'ons obey fathers3 wives obeyhusbands3 men obey stateauthority3 worship ancestors

ach person knows their place inthe balance of society


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>mperial China

@ing Aing Bheng of in 7ruled ??18?% 0C : was the "rst touse the term D mperor!3 calling himself the DEirst mperor!3and building the "rst +reat Wall?% 0C 8 ??% 6, 8 Han ,ynastyF D+olden 6ge!3 Confucianismas oGcial state philosophy

1&89%$ 8 #ang ,ynasty emerges and reunites China after 4ooyears of division3 followed by 'ong ,ynasty 79 %81?$9:

1?$181 & 8 ongols con(uer ChinaI >ncrease incommunication with WesternersI 0eiJing becomes capitalI1 & 8 ing ,ynasty overthrows ongols and establishessophisticated agricultural economy3 underpinning strongcentralised bureaucracy and militaryI +reat Wall of Chinacompleted in the form seen today


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anchu ing ,ynasty 71 448

191?:1 44 8 anchu ing ,ynasty drives out ingI Chineseempire reaches its 2enith3 with the annexation of #ibet3

ongolia and present8day -inJiang19 th century brings about a loss in the strength of the

ing ,ynasty in its hold on China>ncreased Western inKuence and power8grabs fromregional warlords3 *ussia and )apan,ivision between those in support of trade andassociated cultural inKuence of Western powers 7namelyChristianity: and those preferring an independent3 self8suGcient and uncorrupted Chinese cultureO ium !ars 71& 9 to 1&4? and 1& to 1& %: overopium tradeI *esulted in Western8favouring treatieswhich limited China!s ability to control borders3 tradeand tari5s3 as well as the cession of Hong @ong to the0ritish mpire"o#er $e%e&&ion 71&99819%1:F seeks to stiKe reforms inthe ing administration3 drive out foreigners and re8establish traditional ruleI ,efeated by foreignintervention3 with Western powers3 *ussia and )apanextracting further concessions from weakened inggovernment

mpress ,owager Cixi71& 819%&:F

reluctantlyacknowledged the


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#he *epublic

'un Aat8sen3 an educated reformer who gained support from expatChinese living in the West3 was a driving force for change late 19 th 8early

?%th

CI6fter years of minor revolts3 a military revolt on the 1% th October 319117,ouble #en ,ay: turned into the revolution which e5ectively endedimperial reign 7the last emperor would oGcially abdicate in Eeb 191?:'un Aat8sen was elected provisional president of the *epublic of China3replaced by Auan 'hikai 7general of the 0eiJing 6rmy: in arch3 191?

Auan!s desire for an autocratic style of government was decried by thenewly established @uomintang 7@ #:3 but in 191 he established the

mpire of China 7191 81 :'eeing this as a return to pre81911 monarchic government3 Chineseprovinces revolted and began a period of political division known as theWarlord ra 7191 8?&:


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*easons for the fall of the ing

,ynasty *ulers! reluctance to make small changes 7eIgIHundred ,ays! *eform: resulted in increaseddisenchantment amongst population3 eventuallyleading to revolution0y the time the need for change was acknowledged3 itwas too late to prevent a coup>nternational presence in China and failed attempts toresist that presence 7eIgI Opium Wars and 0oxer*ebellion: had highlighted China!s weaknesses andweakened popular support for government.ationalist3 republican reformers recognised the needto embrace Western technologies 7particularlyweaponry3 after the humiliating defeats of the 19 th C:and drew support from the Chinese military

ssentiallyF conKict between continuity 7 ing rulers:and change 7international presence:3 with nationalistreformers wishing to strike a middle ground by riddingChina of the international presence while incorporatingaspects of international technology and governmentinto a Chinese setting


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Chinese CivilWar 719?$8

1949:

#he nominally reigning @uomintang 7@ #: had had a positive relationship with theCommunist /arty of China 7C/C or CC/:3 which was still in its infancy during the 'un Aat8seneraWith 'un Aat8sen!s death in 19? 3 Chiang @ai8shek emerged as leader of the @ #I He wasideologically opposed to communism and broke ties with the CC/3 who were gaining powerand inKuence across rural China

#he two parties had Joined forces in the mid8?%s in order to reunify China and end thewarlord era

#he CC/ had the support of the 'oviet Lnion and by the 19 %s was actively pursuing controlover China3 while the @ # had the support of the staunchly anti8communist L'6

#he @ # and CC/ Joined forces once again after the invasion of the )apanese in 19 $3 until )apan!s defeat in 194 3 setting aside national disputes in order to defeat an internationalenemyErom 194 8493 the civil war regained momentum3 with the 'oviet Lnion continuing tosupport the CC/ who achieved a communist revolution under ao Bedong in 1949

ao became the "rst president of the /eople!s *epublic of China3 with Republic of Chinabeing con"ned to the region commonly known as #aiwan

#his marked the beginning of the communist era of ChinaI #he Communist /arty of Chinaremains in power today

Documents

Continuity Change in Chinese History PP