Contents · wolf and later founded a city on top of the Palatine Hill in 753 BCE. Romulus named the city after himself and became the ﬁrst of its seven kings. In time Rome grew

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Contents

List of Tables and Figures viii

Foreword by Yuval Noah Harari x

Foreword by Patrick Manning xii

Acknowledgments xiv

Introduction 1

1 Thinking History Globally: Theory in Practice. Argentina underPerón (1946–1955), Thinking Globally a National History 9

2 Thinking History Globally: 12 Branches in Their Singularities,Overlaps, and Clusters 33

3 Thinking History Globally: Comparing or Connecting 59

4 Thinking History Globally: Comparing and Connecting 82

5 Thinking History Globally: Varieties of Connections 98

6 Thinking History Globally: Conceptualizing through SocialSciences 113

7 Thinking History Globally, Thinking Globalization Historically 125

8 Thinking History Globally: Contextualizing on a Bigger Scale 140

9 All Together Now, a Last Rehearsal: Thinking Globally on BorderCrossing Phenomena, the First World War 157

Notes 184

Analytic Bibliography 194

Index 219

vii



Introduction

Thinking within and beyond boundaries: Rome, open city

Legend has it that Romulus, the son of Rhea Silvia, was nourished by a femalewolf and later founded a city on top of the Palatine Hill in 753 BCE. Romulusnamed the city after himself and became the first of its seven kings. In timeRome grew to encompass the entire Mediterranean Sea, becoming one of thelargest and most powerful empires of the ancient world. By 27 BCE Augustusbrought five centuries of republican regime to a close when he became thefirst Roman emperor. Five centuries later, on 4 September 476 BCE, the lastRoman emperor in the West, Romulus Augustus, whose name combined bothof the above-mentioned heroes, surrendered the imperial throne to Odoacer, aGermanic chieftain and Roman officer.

Few developments in history have been subjected to such scrutiny as the fallof the Roman Empire in the West. No less than 210 theories address the riddleof Roman collapse. Some of these theories point toward one major culprit, forexample, the rise of Christianity, the invasion of Germanic peoples, the weak-ening of the Roman army. Other theories argue that there were multiple factorsat play, such as climatic change, population decline, and inner-social conflict.Some theories depict a free fall collapse. Others, by contrast, describe a moregradual decline. There are explanations based on the fragility of the imperialeconomy. Alternatively, other explanations attribute the collapse to the declineof Roman values.

Whether the collapse of the Roman Empire was abrupt or gradual, due toa major single reason or many causes, and whether these causes were mainlymaterial or ideal, in general the literature on the fall of Rome privileges internalexplanations. The decline of slave manpower supply, the rise of Christianity, orlead poisoning due to contamination of water from lead pipelines are goodexamples of that. Alternatively, there are studies ready to cross the boundariesof the Roman Empire, the limes, and engage more cases of imperial collapse.From this wider perspective, the collapse of the Roman Empire is a particular

1



2 Thinking History Globally

case of overstretching, a pattern of imperial expansion beyond logistic capabil-ity identified in several empires. Moreover, by moving beyond the borders ofthe Roman Empire we become aware of the rather simultaneous and similarfates of other empires across Eurasia—that is, the Parthian, Kushan, and Hanempires. This synchronicity stimulates thought about the underlying reasonsfor all of these collapses, such as climatic change, the impact of simultaneousnomadic invasions to imperial territories, and the diffusion of epidemics acrossEurasia (Figures I.1 and I.2).

To us, citizens of a globalized world, this type of reasoning comes almostnaturally. It is only lately that we tracked the global unfolding of the financialcrisis. We also made sense of the Arab Spring as a domino effect. We spot thesequence of environmental disasters and connect the dots of climate change.We learn to be alert, finding the next butterfly’s wings that can unleash a stormin our backyard. Thinking beyond fixed boundaries, thinking out of the box,thinking globally is an outgrowth of our contemporary global experience. Thiskind of global thinking can also be harnessed to make sense of the past ininnovative ways. As historians usually confront the past with the concerns ofthe present, thinking globally about history is on the rise. In fact, it is one of thegreatest innovations in the ways of researching, writing, and teaching history.

As you might recall from your history classes, reading, professors, and col-leagues, most of the study of the past was circumscribed to a particular place

Figure I.1 The Roman Empire: Border closed



Introduction 3

Figure I.2 Eurasian empires: Border crossed

delimited by its political boundaries and language barriers. But what if youneed to think beyond these boundaries? What if you want to think of historyoutside of the box? That is, what if instead of writing another paper, thesis, dis-sertation, book, or syllabus framed within the boundaries of any country, youare asked to or proactively choose to move beyond boundaries and even reacha global perspective? Imagine any unit of analysis with which you are familiar,say Russia, Spain, China, Ethiopia, or the United States, how do their historiescompare to others? How do their histories relate to others? What inroads havethe histories of other places made into them? How do these histories fit withinother generalized trends and patterns? How are these histories part of a largerstory, that of an entire civilization, ocean basin, the globe, humankind, or eventhe universe? This book invites and guides you to think globally about the pastand comes back to our global present historically informed.

Thinking within boundaries in the global village

We are now, and have been for the last several decades, citizens of a global vil-lage. That means, in a nutshell, that we live in an integrated and interdependenteconomy that works as a unit in real time on a planetary basis. This econ-omy relies on information superhighways, communication, and transportationnetworks. These networks simultaneously contribute to enhancements of andreactions to a global culture. Moreover, these networks facilitate the articulationof a global civil society reflected by the blooming of thousands of internationaland transnational nongovernmental organizations. The political realm, how-ever, lags behind this fast-forward compression of both the temporal and spatial




dimensions. The nation-state persists as the central political entity. However,nation-states are deeply subsumed under the impact of the above-mentionedeconomic, cultural, and social globalizing effects. Moreover, regional and globalpolitical institutions have formed to coexist with them.

All of these circumstances stimulate global awareness. It is hardly surprising,then, that historical thinking and writing increasingly strives toward global-ization too. Based on our experiences and perceptions of global lives, thinkingglobally about history enhances our understanding of the past. Conversely, dis-covering the global dimensions of our past expands our understanding of theglobalized world in which we live.

And yet historical thinking grew strongly constrained by borders: the bordersof nation-states (e.g., the Arab Republic of Egypt since 1953) or previous politi-cal entities (e.g., the New Kingdom of Egypt, circa 1550–1077 BCE), often timesalso associated with language barriers (e.g., the Arab language), and embed-ded in a region so defined (e.g., the Near or Middle East). That is the casebecause history as a profession and academic discipline emerged in the latenineteenth century and was closely related to the consolidation of the mod-ern nation-state. Nation-states conditioned the research and writing of historyby funding the departments of history and the training of professional his-torians as well as the national archives in which the national records weredeposited.

The attached expectation of this arrangement was for historians to writethe history of the nation and its origins. This was a task that many histori-ans were willing to fulfill in the first place, as their thinking was shaped bynationalism, a predominant ideology at the time. The disciplinary imperativeof language proficiency to properly scrutinize primary sources in their originalform brought an additional limit. To a great extent, nation-states’ borders andlanguage barriers were mutually reinforcing in establishing historical thinkingas a border-closed endeavor. Politically enclosed, primary source-based historiesbecame the disciplinary norm known as “methodological nationalism.”

Since this foundational period, historical thinking has evolved enormously.A broad range of dimensions, subjects, perspectives, and types of sources andmethods have been cumulatively adopted. From the early twentieth centuryon, history has cumulatively incorporated economic, social, quantitative, intel-lectual, cultural, gender-centered, and postcolonial dimensions, establishingnew branches of historical knowledge. However, by and large, the mutuallyreinforced principles of enclosed political borders and language barriers haveremained in place. Historical thinking expanded the past enormously by study-ing phenomena other than the nation, its state, and origins. Nevertheless,as renovating as the new subjects and perspectives were, they were gener-ally framed within the limits of an enclosed spatial unit, usually a state,



Introduction 5

a previous political entity, or a language area. Methodological nationalismpersisted almost as an unaltered norm.

Thinking history and striving to cross borders

There were significant exceptions to this norm, though often times these excep-tions were consonant with national and philological constraints. For example,the history of foreign relations, diplomacy, and warfare figured among themost prominent subjects from the earliest beginnings of the discipline. Thesestudies necessarily involved more than one nation-state and more than one lan-guage. Nevertheless, the prominence of these subjects highlight the importanceattributed to the nation-state as the unit for the study of the past, as they werecrucial for the writing of the nation’s history. Also beyond these subjects, his-torians focusing on one nation-state were alert, to different degrees, to externalforces and outward impacts.

Another type of exception in which national boundaries were freely crossedby historians has to do with time periods. Nation-states are blunt anachro-nisms for the Middle Ages. Hence, nation-states and predecessor entities areoverlooked in substantial portions of the historiography for this period. Inter-estingly enough, the irrelevance of modern boundaries coincided with theuse of Latin throughout Europe as a lingua franca. In this sense part ofmedieval scholarship offers a complementary equation to that of “method-ological nationalism”: the national unit cum national language is replaced byblurred political boundaries combined with a lingua franca.

The above two counter-tendencies to the national framing of history—subjects that inherently transpire beyond frontiers and periods for whichnations were anachronistic—conflated in the emergence of particular special-ties for which the nation-state did not frame the past either. Military history isa good example, as its subject matter inherently moves beyond frontiers and itsexistence preceded that of the nation-state. Practitioners of this branch and oth-ers, such as art history and economic history, overlooked political and languageboundaries while studying the past.

Finally, and most crucially, throughout the twentieth century and amid cir-cumstances that intensified global connections and consciousness, three wavesof historical writing moving beyond borders have emerged and become con-solidated at the margins of the discipline or in adjacent fields. For the firsttime and in the wake of First World War, during the 1920s and 1930s a wave ofhistorical writing moving beyond the nation developed. Besides meta-historicalnarratives (e.g., Wells, Spengler, Toynbee, and Mumford) generally discarded byprofessional historians, comparative history emerged as the first professionallyrecognized attempt to move beyond political frontiers. The French school of




the Annales was closely associated with the emergence of comparative historyand became a powerful inspirational force for several attempts to go beyondborders later on. Following the Second World War, comparative history con-solidated further and, subsequently, two new enterprises devised ways to movepast political borders: historical sociology and the world-system approach. Evena few first publications in world history saw light amid this second wave.

During the last three decades, in the age of current globalization coinciden-tal with the end of the Cold War, a third wave of historical writing beyondpolitical, linguistic, and regional frontiers is flourishing as the most extensive,the most worldwide encompassing, and, perhaps, the most long-lasting andinfluential.1 This book presents all of these “histories that sweep across cen-turies, languages, . . . cultures,” and polities,2 and it does so by identifying 12branches of history that address the past beyond frontiers. The presentationof these 12 branches in their singularities and commonalities allows defining,applying, and exemplifying four major strategies for thinking history globally:namely, comparing, connecting, conceptualizing, and contextualizing. The dis-tillation of the large literatures evolved by these 12 cross-boundary branches ofhistory into these four big Cs of global thinking aims to encourage and guidehow to think history globally and how to distinguish our global present fromthe vintage point of a global past.

Four strategies for thinking history globally: Comparing,connecting, conceptualizing, and contextualizing

This book offers a straightforward invitation and guide to thinking globally.In the first chapter you plunge into Argentina between the years 1946 and 1955,perhaps an unknown historical destination for some readers. This exercise willserve as a laboratory to experiment with global thinking firsthand. This firstchapter defines very briefly the four strategies for thinking history globally andthe 12 branches that apply them. More importantly, the four strategies in their12 singular forms are applied to a national case in order to bring theory intopractice.

The second chapter initially presents the 12 historical branches that gobeyond boundaries in the singularity of their trajectories and networks. Eachof the 12 historical branches is identified by its name, programmatic agenda,research and writings that materialize that agenda, professional associationsthat gather practitioners, and the professional journals that publish theirwork. This compartmentalized view of the 12 branches contrasts with the firstchapter, which has them clustered into the four big Cs of global thinking.Attention to the overlaps between branches makes explicit the transit from12 branches into four strategies possible. This behind-the-scenes revelation isimportant for two reasons: first, it further sharpens the understanding of each



Introduction 7

of the 12 branches in their singularities, and second, it highlights how the12 branches overlap on multiple dimensions, reflecting the connections andinterrelations shared by their agendas, publications, and associations.

All in all, the first two chapters offer a comprehensive typology of thepossibilities for thinking globally about history. This typology is not an onto-logical exercise in which each publication must necessarily fit into one andonly one category. Rather this typology is envisioned as a functional toolto help visualize clearly the possible strategies and historiographies at handwhen it comes to thinking history globally. Based on the conclusions drawnfrom this typology, chapters 3 through 8 are organized by the four strategiesfor thinking history globally—comparing, connecting, conceptualizing, andcontextualizing—while presenting and exemplifying the 12 historical branchesin their singularities.

Chapter 3 addresses the alternative paths offered by comparisons andconnections as methods of thinking history globally. Through three majorthemes—“the eve of civilization,” “imperial history,” and “the AmericanDivergence”—this chapter explains the aims, means, and results of each ofthese two first Cs of global thinking. Moreover, comparisons and connec-tions are described, applied, and exemplified in their varieties. Finally, thecomparative–connective rift allows for an additional way of clustering the12 transboundary branches of history, a rift that confronts comparative andrelational histories.

Chapter 4 takes a closer look into this rift by examining the criticismon comparative history and the comparative method as well as the alter-natives advanced by relational histories through the study of connections.Moving beyond the exclusionary vision regarding these two methods, thechapter accentuates the possibilities for collaboration between them, theirachievements, and prospects.

Chapter 5 expands the family of relational approaches to include newinternational, transnational, and oceanic histories. Through these three addi-tional branches, the varieties of connections are further explored. Both com-parisons and connections reemerge in the remaining chapters in tandemwith the presentation of the remaining two big Cs: conceptualization andcontextualization.

Chapter 6 presents conceptualization as the third strategy for thinking glob-ally, as offered by historically oriented social sciences. Historical sociology,civilizational analysis, and the world-system approach are introduced as ways ofthinking history globally while combining comparisons and connections withconceptualization.

Up to this point, globalization and the global consciousness that it broughtwere presented as major driving forces for thinking history globally. Chapter 7turns the tables on the present as it analyzes globalization from a historical




perspective. This chapter shows that thinking history globally is not onlyabout what globalization can do for history but also what history can do forglobalization. Moreover, the chapter serves as a necessary introduction forthe remaining three branches of history and the strategy that they stand for,contextualization.

Chapter 8 presents three branches of history ready to encompass the globeand beyond: global, world, and big history. By adopting the largest possiblecontexts, either the planet or the cosmos, in order to make comparisons or trackconnections, these branches use contextualization as their prominent strategyfor thinking history globally.

The ninth and final chapter offers a second experimental laboratory for thereader to think history globally, but this time readers will have insight about thefour strategies and the individualized 12 branches. Also this second experimentpresents a well-known and global phenomenon by definition: the First WorldWar. The main considerations for thinking globally about history and thinkinghistorically about the global village will be illuminated.

Finally, the book ends with a very helpful tool for readers: an analytical bib-liography arranged by the four strategies and 12 branches. This bibliographyprovides a convenient guide to further reading to meet the specific interestsand needs of readers.



1Thinking History Globally: Theory inPractice. Argentina under Perón(1946–1955), Thinking Globally aNational History

Globalization is all about transcending boundaries that are economic, political,linguistic, cultural, and regional, and in order to think globally about history,we need to move beyond these boundaries too. Contemporary historiographyoffers 12 distinct branches defined precisely by their particular transcendence ofboundaries. The list of 12 branches can be collapsed into four main categories,each standing for the four main strategies for global thinking applied by thesebranches. By way of a concrete case study, this chapter defines and exempli-fies each of these four main strategies for global thinking and the 12 branchessubsumed by them. Argentina under Juan Domingo Perón (1946–1955) is acase study typically framed within the boundaries of national history; how-ever, in the following thought experiment, this case provides a platform forexemplifying the strategies and branches for thinking history globally. More-over, readers will see firsthand how global thinking brings history out of thenational box.

On the eve of October 17, 1945, thousands of workers made their way, ratherspontaneously, to the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires. They came to demandthe liberation of Colonel Juan Domingo Perón. For the last two years, in hiscapacity as the secretary of labor in a military government, Perón sanctioneda series of decrees on compensations, retirement, and working conditions thatwere favorable to the working class. Anxious due to the mutual empowermentof Perón and the labor organizations, the members of the military junta pressedPerón into resignation, which was then followed by his imprisonment. But thisseries of events was of no avail for the junta. In a week, the broad mobilizationof the workers in the capital city and nearby locations resulted in the liberationof Perón and his overwhelming return to the political scene.

On February 24, 1946, Juan Domingo Perón obtained 56 percent of thepopular vote and won the national elections in 22 of the 23 provinces.

9




His presidential mandate, prolonged by winning the subsequent election in1952 and thereafter interrupted by a military coup in September 1955, pro-foundly transformed the history of Argentina. As such, Perón’s regime capturedgreat attention resulting in a wide historiography mostly framed within theArgentinean borders.

Argentina under Perón (1946–1955): Nation-state-based histories

Political historians wrote careful accounts of Perón’s political party, regime,decision-making, constitutional reform, political struggles from within andwithout, and fluctuations in power. Similarly, they paid close attention to his“Third Position” (neither capitalist nor communist) in foreign policy and hisrelations with Cold War-age superpowers as well as neighboring states. Eco-nomic historians have studied the nationalization of foreign companies, hisimport substitution policies, the five-year programs envisioned to develop thenational economy, and the shifting balance of power between capital and labor,favoring the latter.

Social and labor historians have addressed the emergence of a new workingclass resulting from the large migration from the provinces to the capital, thelabor unions and federations, and Perón’s social reforms. Gender-centered his-toriography has paid close attention to the figure of Evita, Perón’s second wife,and an additional branch of the party called “The Feminine Section” in Perón’spolitical party, and to women’s changing status during these two consecutivemandates in which women gained legal and political equality, including theright to vote and be elected.

All of these transformations were also approached by intellectual historianswho have searched for the ideological roots and underpinnings guiding andjustifying all the above-mentioned transformations. Similarly, educational poli-cies, the conflict with the Catholic Church, the emergence of a new popularculture, and the impact of Perón’s regime on Argentinean literature, cinema,and architecture attracted the interest of cultural historians.

All of these historiographies were contested and enriched by decentralizedviews that preferred local perspectives and those from below. In this vein, laterpublications have described daily life, family life, private life, and urban lifeduring the years of Perón’s regime. Moreover, many studies have addressed howPerón’s rise to power and his regime coalesced in the specific settings of indi-vidualized localities, including the rural domain, within particular Argentineanprovinces. Some 20 years ago an international bibliography on the subjectamounted to 3392 publications,1 and several thousand more have accumu-lated since.2 This entire range of nation-state-based historical research shedlight on many dimensions of Perón’s regime, a crucial period in the historyof Argentina.



Index

Abernethy, David, 142–4Abu-Lughod, Janet, 123–4Academic history/disciplinary history, 36,

39, 46African Network in Global History, 43, 48Agricultural revolution, 80, 148American divergence, 62, 66–7,

115, 118American Historical Review, 37, 95American imperialism, 102–3Amin, Samir, 131–2Ancient Greece, tyrants, 27Anderson, Perry, 113Annales School, 37–8, 41Argentina, 9–32Arias, Arnulfo, 20Armitage, David, 110, 127Arnason, Johann, 113Arrighi, Giovanni, 129Asian Association of World Historians,

43, 48Asian Review of World Histories, 43, 48–9Atlantic history, 38, 111Atlantic Studies, 38, 47Augustine, 45Axial Age, 117–19, 148–50

Bailyn, Bernard, 38Bairoch, Paul, 134Bendix, Reinhard, 40, 113Bentley, Jerry, 125Betancourt, Rómulo, 20Big history, 28, 46–7, 152–3,

163–5, 218Bloch, Marc, 34Bonnell, Victoria, 68Bordo, Michael, 44, 129Borkenau, Franz, 39Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 45Braudel, Fernand, 37, 42, 113Brazil, 11–12Brazil and United States, compared and

connected, 85

British and Spanish empires, compared,connected, and conceptualized,64–6, 115

Burbank, Jane, 142

Cardenas, Lázaro, 20, 25category, 33–4, 47–8causation, endogenous, 65–8, 91, 116causation, exogenous, 65–8, 78, 124Chaisson, Eric J., 46Chambers, Robert, 46Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 92, 129, 133Chauduri, Kirti N., 38, 110Chaunu, Pierre, 38Chiang Kai-shek, 103China and Rome, connected, 65, 138Christian, David, 46, 153circum-oceanic, 110cis-oceanic, 110Cistercian order, 77civilizational analysis, 19–21, 39–40, 113,

116–19, 170–2, 206–7climate, 2, 27, 76, 84, 122, 148–50closed-boundaries histories, 4–5, 9–10Cold war, 6, 10, 61, 102–6communications, 75, 86, 127, 130Comparative Civilizations Review, 40, 48comparative designs

asymmetrical comparisons, 73contrast-oriented, 69incorporated comparison, 91–2macro-analytic, 69mutual comparisons, 94–5parallel comparisons, 70–1

comparative history, 11, 34–5, 87–90,177–9, 194–6

comparative method, 68–73method of concomitant variations, 24,

70, 89method of crucial agreement, 69–70, 84,

128, 138, 167method of crucial difference, 63–4, 66,

69–71, 82, 91, 96, 138, 177

219



220 Index

Comparative Studies in Society andHistory, 35, 47

Comparativ—Zeitschrift fürGlobalgeschichte und vergleichendeGesellschaftsforschung, 42, 48

comparing, 11–13, 29–32, 59–60comparison and conceptualization,

synergy, 29comparisons and connections,

complimentarily, 90–7comparisons and connections,

contradictions, 68, 83–7conceptualizing, 19, 113Condorcet, Marquis de, 45connected histories, 13–14, 51, 84–6, 98connecting, 11, 14, 29–32, 59–60connections as method, 15, 74–9conquests, 27, 59, 65, 76, 122, 138, 162,

169–70consumerism, 101, 150contextualizing, 24, 30Cooper, Frederick, 142cross-boundaries histories, 5–6, 31, 33, 37,

98–100culturalist turn, 100–1

Darwin, John, 142dependency theory, 41–2, 66–7diachronic time, 63–8, 77, 91, 114, 116diasporas, 110–11Diplomatic History, 36, 47Durkheim, Émile, 40, 70, 89, 113

East Asia and Europe, compared andconnected, 83–5

Egypt, 12–13Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah, 113–18Elliott, John H., 35, 111empires, Spanish and British compared,

connected, and conceptualized,64–6, 115

empires of the classical age, compared,connected and conceptualized, 2, 65,71, 78, 114–15

empires in world and global history, 142–4ENIUGH, European Network in Universal

and Global History, 43, 48entangled history (histoire croisée), 13–14,

35–6, 85–6, 98, 178–80

environment, 2, 27, 61, 70, 76, 105, 125,134, 148, 164

Espagne, Michelle, 37Eurasia, compared and connected, 83–4Evangelista, Matthew, 105–6

Ferguson, Niall, 71Fernández Armesto, Felipe, 127First World War, 157–83Fischer, Steven R., 110Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 96Flynn, Dennis, 44Frank, Andre Gunder, 120Fredrickson, George, 68

Gallicchio, Marc, 103Gambia, 145–6Germany and United States connected,

85, 101–2geschichte.transnational, 37, 47Geyer, Michael, 96Ghana, 159Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E., 101–2Gills, Barry, 44Giraldez, Arturo, 44global history, 24–6, 42–3, 125–6, 140–6,

158–61, 209–12global history, up and down scales, 144–6,

158–61globalization, definition, 136–9globalization, “first”, 26, 30, 131, 133, 165globalization, history of, 26–7, 43–4,

126–3, 165–7, 208–9globalization, “today, ” contemporary, or

current, 3–4, 6, 26, 30–1, 36, 80, 104,126, 128, 133

global spatiality, 50, 56, 155global trend, 50, 56, 155global turn, 50, 56, 155global village, 3–4Great Britain, 14–16, 134, 169–70great divergence, 28, 91, 149Grew, Raymon, 35Gruzinski, Serge, 35, 98

Harari, Yuval, 142–3Hartz, Louis, 70Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 46hegemonic cycles, 89, 170hegemony, 119–20, 123, 135, 159



Index 221

hegemony, American and Britishcompared, 129

Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 39Herodotus, 45Hintze, Otto, 68historical connections, 74–5historical sociology, 6, 21–2, 40–1, 114–16,

167–8, 204–6Hodgson, Marshal G. S., 44, 91Hoganson, Kristin, 101Hopkins, Antony, 44Humboldt, Alexander von, 46Huntington, Samuel, 113, 118–19H-WORLD, 154

Ibn Khaldun, 45Ibn Rušd, 77Iggers, Georg, 125imperial history, 62–4, 123inclusiveness, comparisons and

connections, 90–7Indian Ocean history, 38–9, 99, 107–8Industrial Revolution, 71, 113,

148, 152The International History Review, 36, 47International Journal of Maritime History,

39, 47international organizations, 37, 176Iriye, Akira, 37, 105, 140, 145Islamoglu-Inan, Huri, 98Itinerario: International Journal on the

History of European Expansion andGlobal Interaction, 44

Jastrow, Robert, 46Journal of Global History, 42, 48Journal of Historical Sociology, 40, 48Journal of Pacific History, 38, 47Journal of World History, 45, 49, 95Journal of World-System Research, 42, 48

Kedar, B. Z., 69, 82, 151Kocka, Jürgen, 72–3Kondratiev waves, 89, 120

Lang, James, 66Langlois, Charles-Victor, 34Latin America and North America,

compared, connected and

conceptualized, 62, 66–7, 70–1,115–16, 118–19

Latin America, wars of independence,compared, 70

Lieberman, Victor, 83–4Lipset, Seymour Martin, 40, 113long nineteenth century (1789–1914),

28, 145

Mahoney, James, 115Maimonides, 78Manning, Patrick, 125Mann, Michael, 114–15Maritime History, 39, 47Marx, Karl, 40Mazlish, Bruce, 42–4, 140–1McMichael, Philip, 91McNeill, John Robert, 81McNeill, William H., 44, 65, 80–1Mediterranean Sea, 1, 18, 77, 99, 173Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt,

compared, connected andconceptualized, 62–4, 93, 111, 114,117, 122–3

Metahistories, 5methodological nationalism, 4–5, 50, 88Migration, 10, 27, 37, 59–61, 64–5, 71, 76,

111, 118, 128, 130–1, 147, 173–4Mill, John Stuart, 69modernization theory, 66–7Monde(s). Histoire, espaces, relations, 49Mongol Empire, 80, 123, 138, 142, 162Montesquieu, 39, 113More, Barrington, 113Mukherjee, Supriya, 125multidisciplinarity, 153, 182multinational corporations, 37, 104,

127, 140Mumford, Lewis, 5

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 12nation-state based history, 3–4, 9–10Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia,

compared, connected, andconceptualized,86–7, 96

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 21–2Nelson, Benjamin, 113neoliberal policies, 71network, 33–4



222 Index

network, transnational, 75–7, 79New Global Studies, 43, 48new international history, 15–16, 36,

99–104, 173–5, 197–200new regimes of space, 50, 155Nkrumah, Kwame, 21–2NOGWHISTO, Network of Global and

World History Organizations,43, 48

nomadic societies, 45, 65, 80nongovernmental organizations, 4, 16,

17–18, 37, 104, 176Northrop, Douglas, 154Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos, 43, 48

oceanic histories, 18–19, 37–9, 106–12,172–3, 201–4

oceanic and land base histories,complementary, 107–10

O’Rourke, Kevin, 44Osterhammel, Jürgen, 44, 132

Pacific Historical Review, 38, 47Pacific history, 39Pagden, Anthony, 66Perdue, Peter, 98Perón, Eva, 10, 17–18Perón, Juan Domingo, 9–32, 157, 180–2Petersson, Niels, 44, 132Pirenne, Henri, 34plagues, 27, 123Pomeranz, Kenneth, 91, 149populist regimes, 20–1Prebisch, Raúl, 41

Radhanites, 77Rashid al-din Fadl Allah, 45Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin pour

l’histoire comparative des institutions,35, 47, 83

Red Latinoamericana de Historia Global,43, 48

Redlich, Fritz, 72relational histories, 11, 13–14, 35–6, 85–7,

98–9, 178–82, 196–7religion, 77–8, 113, 117–18Review, 42, 48revolutions, 25, 33, 41, 69, 85–7, 145, 158,

167–8, 180Roman Empire, 1–2

Roman Empire, compared, connected, andconceptualized, 64–5, 114, 143

Rome and China, connected, 65, 138Rosenberg, Emily S., 102

Sachs, Jeffrey, 134Sagan, Carl, 46Scale, 50–2Scientific revolution, 62, 148shared histories, 13–14, 86, 98short twentieth century (1914–1989),

28–31Silk Road, 108–9Sima Qian, 45Skocpol, Theda, 68–9Smelser, Neil, 40, 113Smith, Jonathan, 71–2, 94social sciences, 19, 39, 68–9, 113Somers, Margaret, 68–9Soviet Union and Nazi Germany,

compared, connected, andconceptualized, 86–7, 97

Spanish and British empires, compared,connected, and conceptualized,64–6, 115

spatial turn, 50, 56, 155Spengler, Oswald, 39, 113Spice Road, 108–9Stavrianos, Leften, 44Stearns, Peter, 150Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 35, 83–4, 98Sukarno, 21–2Sun Yat-Sen, 25synchronic time, 2, 64–8, 77–8, 84, 101,

108, 114, 124synergies between branches, 29–32,

95–7, 183

Taylor, Alan, 44Thomas Aquinas, 78Thompson, William, 44Tilly, Charles, 73, 113time scope, 52–3Tocqueville, Alexis de, 40Toynbee, Arnold, 39, 70, 113trade, 14, 18, 27, 41, 61–7, 76, 77transfers, 16–17, 29, 37, 61, 86,

110, 155transnational history, 16–18, 36–7, 104–6,

175–7, 200–1



Index 223

trans-oceanic, 110–12transportation, 3, 14, 18, 74, 108, 130,

134, 166typology, 47–8

United States and Germany connected,85, 101–2

United States and Latin Americanhistories, compared, connected, andconceptualized, 62, 66–7, 70–1, 85,115–16, 118–19

United States history, compared andconnected, 60–1

Civil War compared to War ofParaguay, 67

race relations compared and connected,103–4

units of analysis, 50–2universal history, 45–7

Van den Braembussche A. A., 68, 73Vargas, Getulio, 11–12Velasco Ibarra, José María, 20Vico, Giambattista, 39Vikings and Polynesians compared, 91Voltaire, 45

Wallesrtein, Immanuel, 41, 121

Wang, Q. Edward, 125Weber, Max, 40, 113Weinstein, Barbara, 156Wells, H. G., 5Werner, Michael, 35, 98Wilkinson, David, 117, 119, 127Williamson, Jeffrey, 44Wittrock, Björn, 113world history, 27–8, 44–6, 140–4, 146–52,

155–6, 161–3, 212–18World History Association, 43, 48World History Bulletin, 45, 49World History Connected, 45, 49world history, cross-sectional themes, 27,

150–2, 161–3World history survey, compared and

connected, 80–1, 96, 147–50world history, synthesis, 80–1, 147–50world history, teaching, 96, 147–50world history, textbooks, 96, 147–50world-system approach, 22–4, 40–2, 80,

119–24, 169–70, 207–8World Wars, in global and world histories,

158–62writing systems, compared, 93–5

Zimmermann, Bénédicte, 35

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Contents · wolf and later founded a city on top of the Palatine Hill in 753 BCE. Romulus named the city after himself and became the ﬁrst of its seven kings. In time Rome grew