Contents...In the same Nationalist Spain where Mauricio Karl (alias Carlavilla) was writing pamphlets on the question, ‘Where would the world be without Adolf Hitler?’ there was

Contents

Introduction viii

1. The Civil War and France: Unsettled Accounts(1936–1939) 1

2. From Franco’s Victory to the Fall of France(1 April 1939–15 June 1940) 11

3. Vichy France and Britain’s Battle for Its Life( June–September 1940) 27

4. Hitler’s Quandary: South-West or East?(September 1940–June 1941) 39

5. From Barbarossa to Pearl Harbor(22 June–7 December 1941) 56

6. The War in the Mediterranean( January–November 1942) 70

7. Fortunes Reversed: Operation Torch and Italian Capitulation(November 1942–September 1943) 84

8. The Tightening of the Allied Vice: Its Effect on Spain(September 1943–June 1944) 97

9. From D-Day to the Battle of the Bulge( June–December 1944) 106

10. The Death of Hope ( January–May 1945) 113

Epilogue: Duplicity Rewarded (1945–1953) 133

Appendices 147

Notes 150

Bibliography 189

Index 203

vii

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1The Civil War and France:Unsettled Accounts (1936–1939)

1

It was just one day after the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact, themilitary offensive alliance concluded between Germany and Japan, thatGermany and Italy agreed, on 18 November 1936, to grant recognition toFranco. Franco replied to this action on the same day by describingGermany and Italy, as well as Portugal and Nationalist Spain, as Europeanbastions of Christian culture and civilisation. ‘This moment’, he declared,‘marks the apex of the life of the world.’1 On 25 April 1937, on the sameday that Manuel Hedilla, head of the Falange, was arrested on the ordersof Franco, the Roman salute was adopted as the national salute for allofficial ceremonies. With the arrest of Hedilla, Ramón Serrano Súñer,Franco’s brother-in-law2 and an impassioned Germanophile, became sec-retary general of the new national movement.

Relations between Burgos and the Axis were not always smooth. TheGermans disliked Serrano Súñer, for example, and the Italian fascists wereallegedly shocked by the brutality shown by Spanish conservatives.3

After the Civil War ended we heard glowing tributes, especially to theGermans, but during their presence in Spain there was frequent criticism.These reports were, of course, blown out of proportion by the left wingpress inside and outside Spain, but the moderate press in France testifiesto the gravity of the situation. La Dépêche of Toulouse reported that theSpanish Nationalists were ashamed of the invasion of their country bythe Germans and Italians.4 General Juan de Yagüe Blanco made a state-ment in mid-April 1938, reported in El Diario of Burgos, that it was futileto denounce the International Brigades as long as Germans and Italianswere admitted into the Nationalist ranks; he added that the Germansand Italians were behaving in Nationalist Spain like beasts of prey.5

There were many reports of Italians strutting in the streets of Spain likeconquerors. Manuel Chaves Nogales, who had been editor-in-chief of

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the Madrid journal Ahora, and who was now writing for La Dépêche,reported in late 1938 that if Mussolini were to send further massive rein-forcements he would risk antagonising the Nationalist Army, which wassecretly proud of the courage of the Republican Army, and that, if it hadto choose, it would prefer a victory of the Reds to a victory of theItalians.6 The term smacks of hyperbole, but there are reports thatthe popular song Guadalajara no es Abisinia, written in March 1937 afterthe Italian defeat, was being sung also in Nationalist Spain. The Frenchconservative writer and député Henri de Kérillis, who at the beginningof the war had offered a sword of honour to Franco, wrote in 1938 insimilar vein, insisting that the resentment felt in Nationalist Spaintowards the arrogance of the Italians continued to increase.7

Another centrist organ of the French press, L’Ordre, reported in late1938 that the Germans were no better liked than the Italians by theman in the street in Nationalist Spain. It was said that a number ofNationalist officers, including General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, weredisgusted with the reputation they had won as common murderers bytheir alliance with the Germans and Italians. Two German officers wereattacked in Montilla. There was further trouble elsewhere in Andalusia(in Antequera, Utrera, La Linea and Estepona) as well as in Cáceres.8

Nationalist officers were said to be more and more antagonised by theGerman technical specialists who talked as if they were the masters andwho treated the Spaniards like small boys. In Avila and Salamanca,German troops in groups of four were reported to be throwing theirmoney around, and very considerable money at that. Meanwhile, theirofficers were filling up the best hotels and lording it to the point ofimpertinence. At the same time, they were described, even by a Frenchconservative journal, as ‘all quite disappointed by the way the womenreceived them’.9 According to the diplomatic gossip that GenevièveTabouis picked up in Rome, there was talk now even among Nationalistofficers of the need for a holy war to purge Spain of the German infection.In the same Nationalist Spain where Mauricio Karl (alias Carlavilla) waswriting pamphlets on the question, ‘Where would the world be withoutAdolf Hitler?’ there was talk of ‘these German bastards who bombMadrid because it’s not their capital. They’ll pay for it one day.’ Oragain, ‘The day’s coming when there’ll be a real war of independenceagainst these invaders.’10

Whatever animosities existed in Nationalist Spain between Francoand his fascist allies, they did not affect an alliance based on need. In aninterview granted to the French senator Henry Lémery in April 1938,Franco declared: ‘Nationalist Spain has made no appeal to any power.

2 Franco and the Axis Stigma


It was only when the Russian tanks made their appearance in Madrid ...that the Generalissimo of the Nationalist forces decided to allow foreignvolunteers to enlist.’11 General Mola spoke in similar terms: ‘We havenever sought to attract foreign volunteers, on account of the nationalcharacter of the movement,’12 even though Mola himself had grandlyannounced in September 1936 that he would proceed to the enrolmentof such volunteers.13 According to the Paris right wing daily L’ActionFrançaise, the ‘insignificant number’ of foreign volunteers on theNationalist side was in keeping with Franco’s orders.14 On the otherhand, the importance to Franco of the German and Italian forces wasrevealed in November 1936 by Vittorio Cerruti, the Italian ambassadorin Paris, when he confided to his American counterpart, William Bullitt,that Franco’s forces were ‘insufficient to allow him to conquer all ofSpain’15 and by Baron Eberhard von Stohrer, the German ambassador tothe Nationalist authorities in Salamanca, according to whom CountFrancisco Gómez Jordana, the Spanish foreign minister, had told himthat Franco planned to keep the German volunteers until victory waswon.16 In May 1937, Stohrer added: ‘[Franco] asks that the Germanvolunteers remain for some time longer; he expects the Reds to put upa stubborn resistance for some time ... . Only when the war reaches thestage of cleaning-up operations (and when the term police action can trulybe used) can Franco safely do without the German volunteers.’ Francoadded: ‘The excellent German pilots could not possibly be replaced.’17

After the Nationalist victory, a German staff colonel reported: ‘Francois deeply convinced that his future lies at the side of Germany andItaly. He openly detests the French, and he does not like the British. Hethinks that if war should come the British would not be able to holdGibraltar.’18

Meanwhile, in the course of the Civil War, the criticism in theNationalist press of the democracies, and especially France, mounted inabuse. A leading contributor to this campaign was Professor ErnestoGiménez Caballero, one of the founders of the Falange and an unoffi-cial spokesman for Franco. Giménez boasted of never reading the arti-cles of Charles Maurras, founder of the French reactionary movementAction Française. Spain, he said, had no need of the friendship of theFrench right any more than it needed that of the French left. In a speechat Palencia on 15 April 1937, he declared: ‘Germany, Italy and Spain willleap over the Rhine, over the Alps, over the Pyrenees to put an end toFrance.’19 ‘The real France is dead,’ wrote the Falangist daily Hierro andadded: ‘That is the only way to explain the infamy of forcing Spaniardsfleeing from Spain to return to the Red zone. Poor France, how dearly

The Civil War and France 3


will she pay for what she has done!’20 On 8 April 1938, Hierro repeatedits refrain: ‘Ethnic and geographic groupings mean nothing in them-selves, and among the sad examples of peoples who have ceased to existwe find France, which was once our history-shaking neighbour, andtoday is nothing more than contiguous to us, as a foul and stinkinghovel [casucha infecta y mal oliente] might be attached to us in a com-mon patio.’21 ‘The victorious sword of Franco,’ added the daily El CorreoEspañol, ‘in liberating Spain, is working also to liberate Europe from thefilth of democracy.’22 ‘Spaniards’, it went on, ‘have a feeling of hatredwhenever they look over the Pyrenees. They view the enemies of Francewith sympathy.’23 José Félix de Lequerica, the future ambassador toParis, gave a speech in Florence in which he told his Italian audience:‘We are united by our hatred of the enemy, whether that enemy callsitself communism, Freemasonry, or democracy.’24

As if to outdo all other Francophobes, General Alfredo Kindelán,commander-in-chief of Franco’s air force, issued a statement in Saragossain July 1938 which was clarity itself:

It could not have escaped the attention of the worthy members ofthe French defence committee, nor probably that of Blum andBoncour, that the dangerous policy that France was following washeading straight to war, a war for which France remains unprepared.To a world war very probably, which would mean the decline ofFrance to the rank of an insignificant third- or fourth-rate power. Butcertainly to a war with Spain, for our national dignity cannot acceptthat our territorial integrity, sacred and inviolable, be impinged uponby anyone.

It is certain that our population centres near the frontier wouldsuffer from the inevitable air attacks of the French, despite our supe-riority in quality in the air, but such attacks would not go unan-swered. In the first week of a war with France, our bombers wouldreduce Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne, Biarritz and Marseille to a heapof ruins and the French rail communications would be disrupted.

A war with France would develop our fighting spirit and wouldattract to our ranks the opinion and the support, tacit or expressed,of many adversaries of France who would feel their ancient and longdormant rancour rekindled in their souls, and feel, re-awakeningwithin them, the racial characteristics of that indomitable sense ofSpanishness.

However, with or without that succour, we could view war withFrance without pessimism and confront it without fear, given the



present circumstances that we would have a strong and battle-testedarmy of several hundred thousand men mobilized along a frontwhich is ideal for a war against our neighbour, who could scarcelyput into the field against us—unless it were to commit the worst follyby reducing its garrisons on other frontiers—more than four or fiveuntrained army corps, a force easy to contain and even to repulse, ifour High Command acts on its calculations and sets up our defenceline inside French territory, along the only crossable part of thePyrenees that runs from the Bidasoa to Saint-Jean-Pied-de Port.25

In the same month, on 18 July 1938, a similar scene unfolded inAlcazarquivir when Serrano Súñer, on a visit to Spanish Morocco, gave aspeech in the barracks of the Moorish Regulares. His audience, presidedover by the High Commissioner Juan Beigbeder, consisted mainly ofmilitary personnel and included General Franco. In the course of hisspeech Serrano said: ‘Spain is feeling the weight of a foreign domina-tion, more precisely a French deformation [afrancesamiento] of our mindsand morals.’ At this point the officers and men began to cry out: ‘Deathto France! Down with France! Long live Germany! Long live war!’ Thisuproar continued for nearly ten minutes while Beigbeder sat smilingwith approval and giving his comment: ‘Let’s have some calm here.Everything will be taken care of [todo se andará ].’26

This surge of Francophobia did not abate. ‘France oppresses Corsica,which is Italian and must be returned to Mussolini,’ wrote the weekly ElDomingo in 1939.27 Ernesto Giménez wrote in the same paper: ‘We lookforward to paying our debts with interest and, once the war is over, tosending our French friends not one hundred thousand but two hundredthousand Franco troops to help them implant the faith.’28 As if to showthat none of this was mere bluster, when Franco’s troops enteredAlicante they arrested not only the French communist député CharlesTillon but the French consul too.29 In Madrid, the French consul JacquesPigeonneau was the victim of an assault when, on the night of 8–9 July1939, Spanish officers dragged him into an alley and severely beat himup.30 Lequerica, by now Franco’s ambassador in Paris, presented hisapologies to Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet who had little reason, inthe light of Lequerica’s earlier statement, to believe in his sincerity.31

* * * * *

There had never been a time since 1713 when the power of Spain was amatch for the power of France. The difference in their stature was never



more obvious than in 1939, when Spain under Franco emergedexhausted from the Civil War. Nevertheless, certain factors were now inplay that gave Spain a measure of equality. France, with hostile neigh-bours to the north-east and the south-east and a bitter if not vengefulneighbour to the south-west, was strategically on the defensive. Addedto this was the little noted factor that modern war had reshuffled thecards. Certain commodities of vast importance to warfare were not eas-ily available. Spain happened to be blessed with resources that wereboth vital and rare.

It took the Civil War to prove to France the extent of its dependenceupon Spain for its most essential military provisions. At that time, oneof the elements for the manufacture of all gunpowder and of almost allexplosives was sulphuric acid. France, however, could not produce morethan small quantities of sulphur, notably on the outskirts of Narbonne.French sulphuric acid was consequently based almost entirely on pyrites.Certainly, as a result of the development of concentrated synthetic nitricacid, the dependence on pyrites could be reduced for an equal produc-tion of arms, but even so, the need would not be reduced to less than100,000 tons per month, and indeed, during the war of 1914–18 Francehad needed double that quantity. The fact remained that France couldnot hope to draw from its pyrites mines, even at their fullest produc-tion, more than 50,000 tons per month. It was thus necessary to importthe rest. The pyrites producers to which France could apply in time ofwar were few and far between. They were primarily Spain, Portugal,Norway and Greece. The pyrites produced in Norway and Greece, how-ever, were of inferior quality, being too hard to crush. From PortugalFrench imports of pyrites almost tripled in 1936, reaching not less than326,000 tons for the year, at the same time that France imported vastquantities of sulphur. Nevertheless, that still left Spain as the indispen-sable provider. Some of the more clairvoyant French leaders envisaged,from the moment that the Civil War opened in July 1936, that thissource could come to an end. During the last six months of that year,the import of Spanish pyrites was accelerated while at the same timeFrance searched the earth for other sources. Furthermore, with the assis-tance of the huge British enterprise Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI),recourse was now made to gypsum as a source material.

France could thus take it better in stride when in February 1937Franco issued a proclamation forbidding the export of pyrites to Franceor to any country that would re-export the material to France, but theproblem was still unsolved. Most of the detonators manufactured inFrance were produced with mercury fulminate. Obviously, if war were



to break out, France could not count on Italian mercury, or on import-ing mercury from Central Africa or Mexico or Australia. In this state ofaffairs, even if lead nitrate could, at a pinch, partially replace mercuryfulminate, France was nonetheless once again thrown back on a singlesource: Spain.

In March 1937, shortly after Franco’s ban on the export of pyrites toFrance, President Albert Lebrun held a private meeting with the engineerJohn Nicolétis, who was head of ICI in France and also vice-president ofthe Fédération des Officiers de Réserve Républicains, an anti-fascistorganisation formed after the Paris riots of 6 February 1934. ColonelNicolétis, who as a young officer had served on the staff of Marshal Fochduring the First World War, informed the president of his recent experi-ence in Republican Spain. He had taken it upon himself, in late August1936, to visit Barcelona and Madrid, where he found the arms industryin a dishevelled state as a result of the defection of most of its techni-cians. After discussing the matter with José Giral, the prime ministerand minister of war, and his son Francisco, who was then head of theoffice of chemical weapons, together with Admiral Matz, the navy min-ister, and other high Republican leaders, Nicolétis assembled a commis-sion which was given total authority over civil and military industries;it was the nucleus of the office of Undersecretary of State for Arms,which was later filled, in 1937, by Alejandro Otero, a professor ofgynaecology at the University of Granada.

With regard to the production of war explosives, the RepublicanGovernment in August 1936 depended almost entirely on trinitro-toluene (TNT). But TNT, a nitrate explosive, was expensive and rare.Nicolétis answered the problem by advocating the use of nitrate explo-sives (known by the name of Favier) and especially the mixing ofammonia nitrate with phlegmatising or sensitising materials chosen forthe desired properties of progressiveness and brisance or shatteringeffect. In this way a whole range of explosives was obtained, whether forpublic works, mining, army engineers, or loading shells or bombs. Forthe latter use, requiring a higher explosive, Nicolétis advocated a mix-ture known under the name of amatol, consisting of one part TNT andfour parts nitrate of ammonia, producing an impact almost equivalentto that of pure TNT. He thus achieved a considerable saving: while TNTwas expensive, and delicate to produce, ammonia nitrate was relativelycheap. The importation of nitrate of ammonia from France, where itwas abundant, was immediately begun and workshops to handle themixing and loading were built and entered service.32 Since nitrate ofammonia is in general use—it is used especially as manure—it could be



freely imported into Spain without violating the embargo imposed inNovember 1936 by the Non-intervention Committee in London on allexports to Spain of strategic materials.

In the course of his long discussion with President Lebrun, who washimself an engineer, Nicolétis insisted on the danger facing the Frenchpowder and explosives industries by the collaboration between Hitlerand Franco. In his opinion, it was the importance of Spain to France, assupplier of these raw materials, that explained in part why Hitler hadintervened in Spain, his aim being not only to obtain iron but above allto deprive France of the sulphur supplies which were essential to itsnational defence.

Towards the end of the Civil War, Franco used the question of pyritesupply to exert maximum pressure on the French Government, impos-ing terms of export for the future which the French Governmentrefused to accept. Léon Blum, the former prime minister, wrote in theToulouse daily La Dépêche on 19 February 1939 that he was not reveal-ing any secret of national defence in pointing out that France hadfound that sulphuric acid could be produced easily enough with sub-stances other than pyrites. ‘Stocks have therefore been built up,’ hewrote, ‘the procedure for industrial production has been readapted.Franco has perhaps, unwittingly, offered France a gift. The supply ofpyrites or the ban on the export of pyrites has ceased to be a means ofexerting pressure on France.’

Unfortunately for France, this statement was not in line with thefacts. All substitutes for pyrites were either of long-term application orpurely theoretical. From February 1937, in spite of every effort made,French stocks of sulphuric acid were never, at any moment, sufficientfor the needs of national defence. Colonel Nicolétis thought for the restof his life that if there had been no armistice in June 1940, France wouldhave exhausted its sulphur reserves at the end of that year.

In the course of his meeting with President Lebrun, Nicolétis alsoexpressed his concern over the vulnerability of French war factories toair attack. Certainly, defensive measures were being undertaken by evac-uating arms factories, but the measures were being taken as if there wasno risk of attack from the air. Certain factories of vital strategic valuehad been found impossible to evacuate and remained in very exposedpositions. Others which had indeed been evacuated were not necessar-ily in a safer place. It was now necessary—and this was a new elemententirely—to think of the poorly defended frontier in the south-west,where privately owned industries evacuated from the Paris region, thenorth and the east had been set up. Beyond that, a good number of large



French war factories, such as those in Toulouse, Bergerac, Angoulêmeand Saint-Médard were also situated in this region. In the event of waracross the Pyrenees, one of these factories was in an exceptionally pre-carious situation: that in Toulouse, not only because of its manufactureof powder, but also because it was the site of one half—the other was inthe North—of France’s production of ammonia-based nitric acid, of suchvital importance, as we have seen, to national defence.33

It should be borne in mind that the distance between the peaksof the Pyrenees and Franco’s airfields, most of them situated alongthe Ebro between Logroño and Saragossa, ranges from a mere 100 to150 kilometres. This means that a bomber taking off from the Ebro hadnot exceeded a fifth of its range at the time of crossing the Frenchfrontier. Senator André Morizet (Seine) described in the Paris dailyL’Oeuvre how frenzied were the efforts underway to improve theSpanish airfields, when they were of no further value for the Civil War,being in places where future military operations against the SpanishRepublic seemed improbable.34 In L’Ordre, another daily of the centristParti Radical, its director Émile Buré also insisted that Germans andItalians were engaged in militarising the Pyrenees frontier.35 The ques-tion was a source of concern, too, to General Paul Armengaud of the AirForce. The range of fascist planes based south of the Pyrenees encom-passed Bordeaux and Marseilles.36

The article written by Senator Morizet was based on a plan he hadreceived on 25 May 1938 from the Republican Air Force authorities inBarcelona, while he was heading a French parliamentary investigationof German air force activities in the Nationalist zone. In a report toGuy La Chambre, the minister of aviation, Lieutenant Colonel Quir-Montfollet, air attaché at the French Embassy in Barcelona, under-scored certain military measures, ‘not justified by the present conflict’,that were underway in Nationalist territory. He mentioned several proj-ects under construction, among them the intensive work on airfieldssituated to the east of Vitoria (on the road to San Sebastian) and atRecajo (Logroño), and an entire system of airfields intended for use byheavy bombers, on a line closely following the Ebro. Conspicuous inthis system of air bases were those between Saragossa and Tudela. TheGermans were thought to have a plan of penetrating the Cerdagne val-ley along the line of Lérida—Seo de Urgel. From January 1938, an airbase had been set up in San Sebastian, and no unauthorised personcould visit the nearby airfield at Lasarte which contained, according tothe same report, huge underground hangers. The unloading point formost of the German matériel was Pasajes, which had been ‘perfectly set



up as a military port’, and all this within 10 kilometres of the Frenchfrontier.37

Summing up, it was clear to Colonel Nicolétis that, if the Germanswanted to destroy all France’s powder factories, they could achieve itwithin days, supposing of course that Franco agreed, or that Hitlerwould consider such a plan, which was not exactly part of his vision.It is in this context of French vulnerability, however, that the address byGeneral Kindelán in Aragon in July 1938 should be interpreted. It wouldhave been an error for the French authorities to dismiss his speech asmere bombast, and it amounted to one more hostile frontier for Franceto contemplate.



Index

ABC (Madrid), xiv, 16–17, 35, 40, 89,124, 127, 130, 154, 172, 181–2

Abwehr (Ger. Army intelligence), seeGermany

Acoca, Miguel (US journalist), 41Acoz, Château d’ (Belgium), 32Action Française (Fr. reactionary

movement), 3, 184Action Française (Paris), 3, 151, 184Adams, John Quincy (US President),

180Admiral Graf von Spee (Ger. battleship),

21Admiralty Record Office (London),

see United KingdomAfghanistan, 185–6Africa, x–xi, 7, 29, 32–3, 41, 45–6, 80–2,

84–5, 157, 171, 175, 185–6Agen (Lot-et-Garonne), 20Aguirre y Lecube, José Antonio

(Basque Premier), 98Ahora (Madrid), 2Air France, 152, 156Alba and Berwick, Jácobo Stuart

Fitz-James y Falco, Duke of (Sp. Ambassador to Britain), 158

Albi (Tarn), 20Alborán, island of (Spain), 68Albornoz y Liminiana, Álvaro de

(Sp. Rep. political leader), 98Alcalá de Henares (prison), 50Alcázar (Seville), 74, 135, 160Alcázar, El (Madrid), 126, 129, 181–2Alcázar de Velasco, Angel (Sp. military

intelligence official), 35, 158,168

Alcazarquivir (Ksar El-Kébir, Sp. Morocco), 5

Alexander, General Sir Harold (DeputySupreme Allied CommanderMediterranean), 92, 178

Alfaro, José María (Sp. Undersecretaryfor Press and Propaganda), 24

Alfonso xiii, King of Spain, 158Algeciras (Andalusia), 68, 77, 114Algeria, 46, 84, 152Algiers, 84, 99, 114, 157, 171Alicante, 5, 100, 152Almería, 90Alps, 3, 125, 140Álvarez del Vayo, Julio (Sp. Foreign

Minister), 98Amélie-les-Bains (Pyrénées-Orientales),

98Anarchists, 15Andalusia, 2Anglet (Basses-Pyrénéés), 20Anglo-French Riff mines (Sp. Morocco),

12Anglo-Portuguese Agreement, xii, 80Anglo-Soviet Alliance, 57, 134, 166Angoulême, 9Ansaldo, Lieutenant-Colonel

(Sp. Air Attaché in Vichy),164

Antequera (Andalusia), 2Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 1, 15,

61, 160Antonescu, Marshal Ion (Rom. Prime

Minister), 79Aragon, 10Aragon, Charles d’ (Fr. political leader),

186Aranda Mata, General Antonio,

42, 151Araquistáin y Quevedo, Luis (Sp. Rep.

Ambassador to Paris), 98Arasa, Daniel (Sp. historian), 35, 159Ardennes, 112, 114Argentina, 72, 86, 90, 100, 120, 137,

144, 177, 185–6Arias Salgado de Cubas, Gabriel

(Sp. Asst.-Secretary of NationalEducation), 99, 101–2, 172

Armengaud, General Paul (Fr. AirForce), 9

203

PPL-UK_FAS-Pike_Index.qxd 2/14/2008 8:59 AM Page 203

Armour, Norman (AmericanAmbassador to Spain), 124,138, 183

Arrese, José Luis de (Sp. head of theFalange), 57, 78, 87, 89, 91, 96,168, 172, 178

Arriba (Madrid), xiv, 18–19, 23–5,27–32, 34, 36–7, 40, 56, 59, 71,76, 85–6, 94, 96, 98, 107, 112–5,117–9, 122, 124, 126, 128–30, 135, 143, 172, 178

Arroz (Ger. naval program), seeGermany

Asensio Torrado, General Carlos (Sp. Army Chief of Staff), 59, 76

Asociación de las Juventudes Europeas,55

Assia, Augusto (Sp. journalist), 16–17,22–4

Associated Press, 14, 136 Atlantic Charter (1941), 133 Atlantic Wall, 51, 77, 118, 174Attlee, Clement (Br. Prime Minister),

105, 134Audeguil (mayor of Bordeaux), 119Ausland-Abwehr (Ger. Intelligence),

see GermanyAustralia, 7, 139, 185–6Austria, 19, 137, 142, 182Avila, 2 Aznar, Manuel (Sp. journalist), 19,

106–7, 114, 120, 157Aznar Gerner, Agustín (Sp. official), 172Azores Agreement, xii, 80

Bachmayer, Georg (SS-Hauptsturmführer), 63

Badajoz (Estremadura), 50, 73–4Baden (Austria), 126, 181Badoglio, Marshal Pietro (It. Prime

Minister), 95, 113, 178Balearic Islands, 14, 128Balkans, 62, 91Banque d’Etat du Maroc, 156Barbarossa, see Operation BarbarossaBarcelona, 7, 9, 14, 23, 25, 28, 35, 40,

59, 76, 126, 138, 141, 143, 153–4, 160, 168, 183–5

Barcelonnette (Basses-Alpes), 157Barcia, Augusto (Sp. Rep. political

leader), 98Barga, Luis de la (Sp. journalist), 107Bariloche (Argentina), 137 Barrón, Lieutenant-Colonel José

(Sp. agent in the Servicio deInformación, Madrid), 137

Barrón y Ortiz, Major GeneralFernando (Sp. Minister ofAviation), xi

Barroso Sánchez-Guerra, Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio (chief ofoperations in the general staff of the Spanish Army),46, 164

Barth (editor in chief DeutscheAllgemeine Zeitung), 57

Bartlett, Vernon (Br. journalist), 112Basle, 27–8Battle of the Atlantic, 90Battle of Berlin, 129Battle of Britain, 22, 34, 38Battle of the Bulge, 111–12Battle of El Alamein, xiiBattle of Kiev, 61Battle of Kutno, 30Battle of Leningrad, 96Battle of Normandy, 108, 110Battle of the River Plate, 21Battle of Stalingrad, 89Battle of Verdun, 110, 143Baudouin, Paul (Fr. Vichy Foreign

Minister), 29Bautzen (Upper Saxony), 129Bavaria, 96, 101, 125, 140Bayonne, 4, 20, 154, 177Beaulac, Willard (US diplomat and

historian), 20, 154–5, 173Begoña (Vizcaya), 78Beigbeder, Colonel Juan (Sp. Foreign

Minister), x, 5, 21, 33–4, 39,46, 158–9

Beihl, Eugen (West Ger. diplomat), 183Belgium, 22–3, 32, 48, 127, 137, 185–6Bennassar, Bartolomé (Fr. historian),

162, 175, 178Bérard-Jordana Agreements, 12, 152Berchtesgaden, 47Bergerac (Dordogne), 9

204 Index


Berlin (city), x, 16–18, 22, 24–5, 32, 36, 39, 41, 43, 48–9, 57, 59–60,63, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 85, 89, 92, 95, 110–12, 120–1, 125–6,128–31, 135, 161, 167, 169, 175, 178, 181

Spanish Embassy, 43, 63, 79, 95, 184Tempelhof (airport), 111see also Germany

Berlinerfront Nachrichtenblatt, 126Berne, 29, 140, 160–1Bernhardt, Johannes F. (director

Sofindus), 12, 111Besançon, 46Bessel (Ger. tanker), 67, 158Bevin, Ernest (Br. Foreign Secretary),

134, 139Biarritz, 4Bidart (Basses-Pyrénéés), 20Bidasoa (river), 5Bidault, Georges (Fr. Foreign

Minister), 139, 143Bilbao, 15, 78Blaskowitz, Generaloberst Johannes

(Ger. commander Army Group G), 110

Blankney, HMS (Br. destroyer), 67Blue Division, viii, ix, xiii, 59–63, 65,

66, 75–7, 79, 88, 96, 100–3,109, 122, 164, 166, 169–70,177–8, 183

Blue Legion, 101–3, 60, 79, 101–3,113, 134

Blum, Léon (Fr. Prime Minister), 4, 8,29, 153, 157

Bodden, see GermanyBodiguet (chief of the Perpignan

militia), 186Boethius, Severinus (Roman-Christian

philosopher), 118Bolívar, Simón, 179Bolivia, 186Bologna, 137Bolshevism, 74, 89–90, 94, 100, 109,

115, 134Bonnard, Abel (Fr. Vichy Minister of

National Education), 140–1, 185Bonnet, Georges (Fr. Foreign Minister),

5, 15Bonney, Therese (US photographer), 50

Bonsal, Philip (US chargé d’affaires inMadrid), 143

Borbón, General Enrique de (Sp. commander 2° Division in Madrid), 82

Bordeaux, 4, 9, 20, 29–30, 46, 60,118–19, 164, 173

Bordeaux Armistice, xBordighera, 48Borrás, Tomás (Sp. journalist), 89Bourget, Le (Seine-Saint-Denis), 142Boussens (Haute-Garonne), 20Bradford, A. L. (United Press), 108Bradley, General Omar Nelson

(commander US 12th ArmyGroup), 122, 176

Brauchitsch, Marshal Walter von (Ger.Army commander in chief), 41

Braun, Pío (Sp. Rep. journalist), 72 Brazil, 72, 137, 139, 185–6Brenner Pass, 46Brest-Litovsk (Poland), 18Brewer, Sam Pope (US journalist), 137Briesen, General Kurt von (Ger. army

commander), 30Brindisi, 178Brinon, Fernand de (Fr. Vichy

secretary of state), 169Brioni (Yugoslavia), 188British Embassy in Madrid, 19, 39,

73, 95, 173British Expeditionary Force, 23British Ministry of Economic

Warfare, 26British Secret Intelligence Service

(SIS), 155, 158Brugada, Juan (Sp. press sub-delegate),

35Buchenwald (SS concentration camp),

122Budapest, 95, 173–4Buenos Aires, 90, 107, 110, 177Bulletin du Centre polytechnicien

d’Etudes économiques(Paris), 152

Bullitt, William C. (AmericanAmbassador to France), 3

Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Freiburg-im-Breisgau), xiv, xv, 155–6,158, 167, 170–2, 176

Index 205


Burdick, Charles B. (US historian),88, 153

Buré, Emile (Fr. journalist), 9Burgos, xiv, 1, 12, 91, 96, 159Byelorussia, 185–6Byrnes, James F. (US Secretary of State),

139

Cáceres, 2Cadiz, 21, 25, 67, 119, 155Cadogan, Sir Alexander (Br. Permanent

Undersecretary Foreign Office),83, 153

Calais, 32Calvino Ozores, José (Sp. Rep.

purveyor), 154Calvo, Luis (Sp. journalist and spy), 35Canada, 85, 159, 185–6Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm (Ger. chief

of intelligence), 46–7, 75, 83,151, 162

Canary Islands, 25, 36, 162Canning, George (Br. statesman),

179–80Cape Gata, 68Cape Trafalgar, 68Cape Tres Forcas, 68Cárdenas, Juan Francisco de las

(Sp. Ambassador to the United States), 168

Caribbean, 165Carratraca (Andalusia), 142Casablanca, 87, 99, 156Casares Quiroga, Santiago (Sp. Prime

Minister), 98Casey, William J. (OSS agent), 174Castaño, José del (Sp. consul general

in the Philippines), 72Castelsarrasin (Tarn-et-Garonne), 20Castillo, Cristóbal del (Sp. Embassy,

Paris), 163Castillo, Ramón S. (President of

Argentina), 90Castroviejo, José María

(Sp. journalist), 107Catalonia, 142, 151Catholicism, viii, 74, 98, 109Caucasus, 89Cauterets (Hautes-Pyrénées), 104Cerdagne (valley), 9

Cerruti, Vittorio (It. Ambassador toFrance), 3

Ceuta, 68, 77Chacón, Lieutenant-Colonel, 124Chamberlain, Arthur Neville (Br. Prime

Minister), 16, 19, 22–3, 159Chambéry, 134Chambrun, Gilbert de (Fr. political

leader), 186Chaplin, Charles (Br.-US comedian),

177, 183Chappuis, General von, 61, 77chaqueteo, el, ix–x, xii, 32Charlemagne Division, 104Chase National Bank, 186Châtelet (Belgium), 32Chaves Nogales, Manuel

(Sp. journalist), 1Chile, 12, 72, 120, 185–6China, 139, 185–6Christianity, 58, 128Chronique de la Sécurité industrielle

(Paris), 53Churchill, Winston Spencer (Br. Prime

Minister), xiii, 109, 113, 117,146, 153, 157, 183; replacesChamberlain, 22; appeals toFrance, 29–30; praises Sp. Reps.,35; orders air attack on Berlin,36; and Battle of Britain, 37;and Stalin, 56; and Anglo-Sov.alliance, 166; and Canaris, 83;and kind words to Franco, 105,134; and Normandy invasion,107; and post-war relationswith Franco, 134

Ciano, Gian Galeazzo, Conte diCortellazzo e Buccari (It. ForeignMinister), 15, 39, 41, 45, 48

Colombia, 185–6Comisión de Juventud, 54Communism, 4, 12, 53, 56, 61, 177Compañía Hispano-Marroquí de

Transportes (HISMA), 11–12, 14Companys i Jover, Lluis (President

Generalitat of Catalonia), 164Condor Legion, 13, 48, 101, 175Congress of Industrial Organizations,

138Consejo Nacional (Madrid), 87, 93

206 Index


Constanza (Romania), 117Convent of Los Cartujos, see SaragossaCorrea Veglison, Antonio (civil

governor of Barcelona), 141Corregidor, 72Correo Catalán, El (Barcelona), 17, 70,

71, 129, 170, 178Correo Español, El (Bilbao), 4Corsica, 5, 93Coruña, La, xiCosta del Sol, 137Costa Rica, 185–6Cox, Geoffrey (Br. journalist), 72Crozier, Brian (Br. historian), 42, 88,

160, 166Cruz Hernández, Miguel (Sp. Minister

of Culture), 146Cuba, 85–6, 185–6Cuban War, 22Cudahy, John (American Ambassador

to Belgium), 48Czechoslovakia, 182, 185–6, 188

Dachau (SS concentration camp),123, 131–2

Daguerre, Pierre (Fr. sub-prefectBayonne), 154

Daily Express (London), 23, 36Dakar, 81Daladier, Edouard (Fr. statesman), 19,

54, 156Dantzig, 19Daranas, Mariano (Sp. journalist), 124,

127Darlan, Admiral François (Fr. naval

commander in chief and PrimeMinister), 84, 171

Darquier de Pellepoix, Louis (Fr. Vichyhigh commissioner for Jewishaffairs), 142

Dawson, Professor Christopher (Br. historian), 124

Dax, 20Degrelle, Léon alias León José de

Ramírez Reina (Belg. fascist),127, 137–8, 142, 184

Denmark, 185–6Dépêche, La (Toulouse), 1–2, 8Detwiler, Donald (US historian),

ix, 171

Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (Berlin), 57De Valera, Eamon (Ir. Prime Minister),

129 Diario, El (Buenos Aires), 90Diario, El (Burgos), 1Dieckhoff, Hans-Heinrich (Ger.

Ambassador to Madrid), 93,98–100, 110, 175

Diego, Juan de (Sp. Rep. prisoner), 63Dieppe incursion, 170División Azul, see Blue DivisionDoerr, Colonel E. M. (Ger. military

attaché), 177Domingo, El (San Sebastian), 5 Domínguez Muñoz, Juan (Falange

official), 170Dominican Republic, 185–6Dönitz, Grossadmiral Karl (Ger.

commander in chief U-Boats),viii, xiii, 20–1, 33, 67

Donovan, William J. (director OSS),175

Doriot, Jacques (Fr. political leader), 153Doussinague, José María (Sp. historian),

xi, 93, 150Dresden, 101, 180Dublin (city), 185; see also IrelandDueso, El (Santoña), prison, 50Dulles, John Foster (US Secretary of

State), 146, 188Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (Fr. historian),

171Dunkirk, 24, 118

Eben Emael (Belgium), 46Ebro (river), 9Echarri y Gamundi, Xavier de

(director Arriba), 172Ecuador, 185–6Eden, Anthony (Br. Foreign Secretary),

103, 105EFE (Sp. press agency), 12, 158Egypt, 37, 185–6Eigruber, Gauleiter August, 137Eíjo y Garay, Leopoldo (bishop of

Madrid), 60, 99Eisenhower, General of the Army

Dwight D. (SupremeCommander SHAEF), 121–2,125, 128, 146, 178

Index 207


El Alamein (Egypt), xiiEl Salvador, 185–6Elizalde (Vizcaya), 14Enrique de Borbón, General, 82Erika (train at Hendaye conference), 44Eristov, Madeleine (Fr. translator),

151Escoriaza (agricultural attaché,

Sp. Embassy Vichy), 164Escuela Superior del Ejército (Saragossa),

151España Combatiente (Barcelona), 187Espinosa de los Monteros, General

Eugenio (Sp. Ambassador toGermany), 43, 80, 164

Esquerra Sánchez, Lieutenant-ColonelMiguel (commander Sp.battalion Waffen SS), 104

Esteban Infantes, General Emilio(commander División Azul),76–7, 101, 176

Estelrich, Joan (Sp. editor), 52, 164Estepona (Málaga), 2Estonia, 102–3Ethiopia, 185–6Evening News (London), 131

Falaise, 108, 110Falange, 1, 3, 16, 18, 32, 34, 37,

39–40, 49, 52–4, 57, 59–63, 68,72–5, 78, 80, 85, 87, 89, 90–1,96–8, 100, 109, 113–14, 116,122, 134–5, 139, 153, 161, 163,165, 168–70, 173, 178, 184

Falange Auténtica, 60, 75, 161Falkensee, 15Farrell, Edelmiro (President of

Argentina), 110Favrel, Charles (Fr. journalist), 48,

160, 162Fédération des Officiers de Réserve

Républicains, 7Feldkirch (Bavaria), 140–1Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 179Fernández Cuesta, Raimundo

(Sp. Ambassador to Italy),97, 113

Ferro, Marc (Fr. historian), 150, 162,178

Ferrol, El (Galicia), 20, 25, 67, 145, 155Figueroa y Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno,

conde de Quintanilla y condede Romanones, Luis, 174

Finat, José see MayaldeFinland, 56, 79, 90Fiona Shell (Br. merchantman), 67First World War (1914–1918), 7, 69,

99, 107Fiscowich y Gullón, Alfonso (Sp.

consul general in Paris, thenminister plenipotentiary), 177

Flanders, 24, 188Flandin, Pierre-Etienne (Fr. political

leader), 117Fleming, Sir Alexander (Br. scientist),

111Florence, 4, 55Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 7, 30Foltz Jr., Charles (US journalist), 14,

59, 153–4Forte, Ralph E. (US journalist), 109France,

Third Republic, x, 1, 3–13, 15, 17,19–22, 23–5, 27–33, 127, 150,152, 154, 156

État Français (Vichy), ix, x, xv, 33,35, 37, 39, 42, 46, 51–4, 56,58–62, 68, 70, 72–3, 84–5, 88,91, 99, 103, 108, 117, 127, 131,157, 162, 164–6, 169, 174, 177

Provisional Government of theFrench Republic, 109–10,118–9, 121, 129, 134, 137,139–42, 184–5

Fourth Republic, 142–6, 186, 188France intérieure, La (Fr. official

publication), 162France Républicaine, La (Paris), 152France-Soir (Paris), 184Franco, Doña Carmen Polo de (wife

of Franco), xiiFreemasonry, 4Freiburg-im-Breisgau, xiv, xvFrench Consulate in Barcelona, 184French intelligence services, 11–15,

138, 166French Milice, 138French Ministry of the Interior, 14

208 Index


French Morocco, 46, 84French National Committee, 31French North African colonies, 46Fresnes, 142Fricke, Admiral Kurt (Seekriegsleitung),

25Friedenburg, Generaladmiral Hans

Georg von (commander inchief German Navy), 130

Friessner, General Johannes(Wehrmacht), 167

Fromm, General Ernst (Wehrmacht), 76Fulgor (It. tanker), 67Fumel (Lot-et-Garonne), 20

Gabolde, Maurice (Fr. Vichy Ministerof Justice), 140–1, 185

Galarza, Ángel (Rep. political leader), 98Galicia, 91Gallarati Scotti, Duque Tommaso

(It. Ambassador to Spain), 114Gallegos, Rómulo (President of

Venezuela), 186Gallo, Max (Fr. historian), 163, 183 Gambara, General Gastone, 13García Blázquez, Félix (Sp. journalist),

120García, Galindo (Sp. journalist), 56García Grandas, Cristino

(Sp. guerrillero), 143García Martínez, Fidel, Bishop of

Calahora, 163García Oliver, Juan (Sp. Rep. political

leader), 98Garriga, Ramón (Sp. journalist), 22,

24, 43, 104Gassol Rovira, Ventura (Sp. Rep.

political leader), 164Gaulle, General Charles de, 86, 99,

164, 171Gaumont British News, 165George VI, King of Great Britain, 37German Consulate General in Tangier,

104German Embassy in Burgos, xivGerman Embassy in Dublin, 129German Embassy in Madrid, 12, 20,

39, 40, 45, 76, 81, 92, 110, 130,153, 160, 177

German Naval Records, xiiiGerman-Soviet Pact, 18German-Soviet War, 56Germany, viii, x, xi, xii, xiv, xv, 1, 3, 5,

11–13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30,36–7, 40–2, 44–8, 51–4, 56–7,59, 61, 69, 71, 74, 85, 87, 89–90,93–5, 97–100, 104–6, 108–18,120–1, 124–7, 129–31, 137, 139,151–4, 157, 160, 162, 166–7,169–70, 172–3, 175–8, 181–3

Abwehr (military intelligence), 46,68, 81, 83, 100, 151, 159

Arroz (naval program), 33Ausland-Abwehr (foreign

intelligence), 81Bodden (code-name for observation-

post intelligence), 81, 100Embassy in Madrid, 39–40Gestapo, 13, 39–40, 63, 94, 116,

138, 140, 157, 171, 177, 184Kriegsmarine, see SeekriegsleitungKriegsorganisation, 92, 153Luftwaffe, x, xi, xiii, 38, 106–7,

111–2, 114, 120, 177Propaganda Ministry, 61Schutzhaftstaffel (SS), 123, 131,

157, 176 Seekriegsleitung (Supreme Naval

Command), xiii, 20, 24, 82Sicherheitsdienst, 40Volkssturm, 121, 126Waffen SS, 104, 137Wehrmacht (Oberkommando

Wehrmacht: OKW), xiii, 30,32, 51–2, 60–3, 92, 95, 98,102–3, 107, 110, 112, 114, 118,124, 126, 129, 131, 153, 162,179, 182

Wilhelmstrasse (Foreign Ministry),xiv, 14, 95, 108, 151

Gerona, 152Gibraltar, 3, 13, 15, 27, 33, 41,

45–7, 51–2, 67–8, 84, 114, 155, 162

Giménez Arnau, Enrique (Sp. journalist), 35, 40

Giménez Caballero, Professor Ernesto(co-founder Falange), 3, 164

Index 209


Ginés Vidal y Saura (Sp. Ambassadorto Berlin), 181

Giral, Francisco (son of José Giral), 7Giral y Pereira, José (Sp. Rep. Prime

Minister and Minister of War), 7Giraud, General Henri, 87, 171Girón, José Antonio (Sp. Minister of

Labour), 53Glasgow, 37Goebbels, Reichsminister Dr. Joseph,

68–9, 86–7, 126, 178, 180Goering, Reichsmarschall Hermann

Wilhelm, xi, 37, 70, 131, 177Gómez Jordana, General conde

Francisco (Sp. ForeignMinister), x, xii, 3, 12, 27, 80,84, 93–4, 98, 101, 108, 177

Goñi, Uki (Arg. historian), 177González de Mendoza (Sp. military

attaché Vichy), 164Görlitz (Silesia), 120Grafenwöhr (SS training base), 61Granada, University of, 7Gran Cruz de la Orden Imperial del

Yugo y las Flechas, 39Grand Cross of the Order of the

German Eagle, 137, 158Grandi, Dino (It. Foreign Minister), 137Great Britain, see United KingdomGreece, 6, 46, 92–3, 95, 185–6Griffis, Stanton (American

Ambassador to Spain), 145Grigorovo (Russia), 61, 63Gringoire (Paris), 59, 61Gross, Dr (Hitler’s interpreter at

Hendaye), 43–4Guadalajara (song), 3, 13Gualva (Gerona), 152Guani, Dr Alberto (Uruguayan Foreign

Minister), 21Guatemala, 183, 185, 188Guderian, Generaloberst Heinz (chief

of general staff, OKW), 114, 179Guérard, Jacques (Fr. Vichy political

leader), 141, 185Guernica, 133, 151, 183Gurney, J. Chandler (US Senator),

145, 187Gusen (Austria), 63

Guturbay y Alzola, Carmen Marquesade Yurreta y Gamboa, 136

Habel, Herbert alias Kurz Repa (privatesecretary to Eigruber), 137

Haiti, 185–6Halder, General Franz (Ger. Chief of

Army General Staff), 41Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley

Wood, Lord, 13Halstead, Charles R. (US historian),

xii, 84, 93, 97, 160, 168, 170Halt, Dr Karl Ritter von (Nazi official),

172Hamburg, University of, 43Hamilton, Keith (Br historian), 136Hamilton, Thomas (US historian), 50,

168Hansen, General (commander XXIV

Korps of 18th Army), 77Hapsburg Empire, 68–9Hardion, Bernard (Fr. counsellor then

Ambassador to Spain), 177Harvard University, 143Hayes, Carlton (American Ambassador

to Spain), 93–5, 144, 166, 174Heberlein, Dr. Erich (Ger. diplomat),

172Hedilla, Manuel (head of Falange), 1Hedphill, Dr E. E. (Ger. Minister in

Dublin), 129Helsinki, 63Hendaye, 30, 32, 40–9, 60, 74–5, 110,

153, 161Hendaye Protocol, 42Henderson, Sir Neville (Br. Ambassador

to Germany), 17Henlein (Ger. emissary to Berne), 161Heraldo de Aragón (Saragossa), 151Héricourt, Pierre (Fr. journalist, consul

in Barcelona, then Vichyplenipotentiary), 184

Hermet, Guy (Fr. historian), xii, 33,156, 158, 170

Hernani, Juan de (Sp. journalist), 118Herráiz, Ismael (Sp. journalist), 171Hess, Reichsleiter Rudolf, 83, 131Hesse, Princess Mafalda de, 123Hexel, General Edwin, 104

210 Index


Heyde, Lieutenant-Colonel(Wehrmacht), 104

Heyde. Lieutenant-Commander(Kriegsmarine), 67

Hierro (Bilbao), 3–4Hilgenfeldt (Nazi official), 172Hillgarth, Lieutenant-Commander

Alan, RN (Br. Naval Attaché inMadrid), 92, 173

Hillgruber, Andreas (Ger. historian), 161Himmler, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich,

13, 39–40, 42, 68, 94, 159–60, 175

Hispano-Argentine Agreement (1948),144

Hispano-German Pact (1939), 15Hispano-Marroquí de Transportes

(HISMA, Ger. tradingcompany), 11

Hispano-Suiza plant (Barcelona), 154Hitler, Führer Adolf, viii, ix, xi, xii, xiii,

xv, 2, 10, 14, 16–19, 22, 24, 27,37, 53, 74, 87–8, 91, 96–7, 125,131, 158, 160–2, 169, 174, 179;and Sp. Civil War, 8–9; and Fr.Collapse, 31–3; at Hendaye,40–5; and Gibraltar, 46–9, 51;and Barbarossa, 56–7, 60–2;and Blue Division, 66, 76, 80,101, 103–4; and Pilar Primo deRivera, 68–9; critical of Franco,75–80, 89; and Vichy, 85; andfear of attack from south, 92;and fall of Mussolini, 95; facingdefeat, 111, 119; and defiance,122; death, 128–9

Hitlerjugend, 122Hoare, Sir Samuel John Gurney

(Br. Ambassador to Spain),later 1st Viscount Templewood,13, 27, 40, 42, 58, 77, 83, 98,101, 105, 127, 151, 153, 155,158–60, 162, 166, 168–9, 183;arrives in Madrid, 23; andBeigbeder, 33–4; and Hendaye,45; and Jordana, 80; andwolfram, 91; and memoirs,136; see also Templewood

Hof (Bavaria), 101

Hofer, Franz (Gauleiter Tyrol andVorarlberg), 141

Hogar Español, El (Paris), 52, 54–5, 57,61–2, 73, 108, 164–5, 172–3

Hohenlohe-Langenberg, Prince Maxvon, 161

Homma, General Masaharu ( Jap.commander Philippines), 72

Honduras, 185–6Huelva, 91–2Hughes, Emmet (US journalist), 99,

101–2, 109, 111, 168, 170, 172,174

Hungarian Jews, 173Hungary, 111

Ibarruri, Dolores ‘Pasionaria’ (secretary-general Sp. Communist Party),41, 160, 178

Iceland, 185Imperial Chemical Industries

(Br. enterprise), 6India, 23, 185–6, 188Informaciones (Madrid), 12, 111–2,

114–5, 119–20, 123–6, 128–30,172

International Brigades, 1, 103International Telephone & Telegraph

Company, 13Iran, 185–6Iraq, 185–6Ireland, 137, 141, 185Irun, 39, 51, 101, 110, 176–7Isorni, Jacques (Fr. lawyer), 143Israel, 146, 174, 188Italy, 1, 3, 13, 15–17, 47, 67, 71, 74,

92, 95, 97–8, 113, 116, 123,137, 139, 151, 162, 174–5

Izquierdo Luque, Federico (Sp. journalist), 113, 164, 177

Japan, viii, x, 1, 13, 17, 35, 49, 68,70–3, 100, 120, 122, 135

Japanese Embassy in Washington, 71Japanese Imperial Army, 72Japanese Legation in Madrid, 70Jiménez, Celia (Sp. journalist), 98, 178Jiménez de Asúa, Luis (Sp. Rep. leader),

98

Index 211


Jodl, Generaloberst Alfred (Chief ofOperations OKW), 92–3, 169

Jordana, see Gómez JordanaJuventud (Madrid), 100, 113

Kaltenbrunner, SS-ObergruppenführerDr Ernst (head of RSHA), 35

Karl, Mauricio, alias Carlavilla (Sp. pamphleteer), 2

Karlsruhe, 166Keitel, Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm,

75, 114, 130–1, 135, 161, 169Kelly, Sir David (Br. Minister in Berne

and author), 160–1Kennedy, Joseph Patrick (American

Ambassador to Britain), 159Kent Siano, Victoria (Anglo-Sp.

author), 98Kérillis, Henri de (Fr. journalist), 2Kesselring, Generalfeldmarschall der

Luftwaffe Albert, 98, 135Kiev, 61Kindelán, General Alfredo (Sp. Air

Force commander in chief),4, 10, 16, 20, 82–3, 151

Klein, Max (US businessman), 144Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (US historian),

88, 166, 172, 178Königsberg, 65, 76, 103–4Korea, 145Krahmer, Colonel Eckhart (Ger. air

attaché in Madrid), 35, 39, 50,175, 177

Kramer, SS-Hauptsturmführer Josef(commandant Bergen-Belsen),xi, 131

Kramer, Stanley (US film director),183

Krancke, Vice Admiral, 81Krappe, General Gunther

(Ger. military attaché in Madrid), 162

Krasny Bor (Russia), 77Krüger, General (Ger. military attaché

Hendaye), 110Krull, Max (Ger. military

correspondent), 121 Küchler, Generaloberst Georg

von, 167Kutno (Poland), 30

La Chambre, Guy (Fr. Minister ofAviation), 9

Laguna del Portil (Andalusia), 92Lake Success (New York), 139Lange, Oscar (Pol. delegate to U.N.),

139Langsdorff, Captain Hans Wilhelm, 21Lannemezan (Hautes-Pyrénéés), 20Largo Caballero, Francisco (Sp. Rep.

Prime Minister), 98, 157La Rocque, Lieutenant Colonel François

de (Fr. political leader), 30Las Palmas, 25Lasarte (Guipúzcoa), 9Latin America, 43, 145, 186Lauban (Silesia), 120Laurel, José, President of the

Philippines, 99Laval, Pierre (Fr. Vichy Prime Minister),

31, 41, 85, 139–42, 156, 185Lavardac (Lot-et-Garonne), 20Lavelanet (Ariège), 20Lazar, Hans (Ger. director of

Transocean), xivLeague of Nations, 13, 15Lebanon, 185–6Lebrun, Albert (President of France),

7–8, 31Leclerc, General Philippe (Fr. Army),

176Leeb, Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm

Ritter von, 61, 95–6, 167Legendre, Maurice (Fr. director Casa

de Velázquez), 174Legión Azul, see Blue Legion Legión Española de Voluntarios, 100Leissner, Colonel Gustav Wilhelm

(director Kriegsorganisation-Spanien), 92

Leitz, Christian (Ger. historian), 152Lémery, Henry (Fr. Senator), 2Leningrad, 62, 77, 96, 103Leningrad-Murmansk railway, 56León, 13, 138Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 32,

127Lequerica, José Félix de (Sp. Ambassador

to Paris and Vichy, then ForeignMinister), x, 4–5, 15–16, 34, 72,108–9, 120, 140–2, 168, 184–5

212 Index


Lérida, 9, 138Ley de la Prensa, xivLézignan (Aude), 20Liberia, 185–6Libertad Vigilada (Sp. judicial

organization), 116Liechtenstein, 140Lindemann, Generaloberst Georg, 61,

101, 167, 172Linea de la Concepción, La (Cádiz), 2Linz, 137, 142Lisbon (city), xii, 28, 67, 80, 128,

163, 168, see also PortugalLissarragüe, Salvador (Sp. journalist),

126Litvinov, Maxim M. (Sov. Foreign

Minister, then Ambassador tothe United States), 166

Llobregat (airfield in Barcelona), 141Logroño, 9, 13Lommatzsch (Styria), 129London (city), 8, 18, 22, 24, 28–9,

31–7, 42, 56, 71, 77, 83, 107,109, 115–7, 127, 130–1, 138,143, 158–9, 164, 168, 171, 176,179, see also United Kingdom

López-Ballesteros, Luis (Sp. journalist),181

Lorient (Morbihan), 118Lourdes, 85, 104Lucientes, Francisco (Sp. journalist),

120Ludwigshaufen, 175Luga (Russia), 103Luna Menéndez, Captain José

(Falange official), 170Luxemburg, 185–6Lyon, 173

MacKenzie, DeWitt (US journalist), 136Madariaga, Salvador de (Sp. historian

and diplomat), 116Madeira, 67Madrid (city), x, xi, 2–3, 5, 7, 12–14,

20, 23, 33–4, 39–40, 46, 48, 50,52, 55, 58–60, 67–9, 71, 73, 76,79, 81–4, 86, 88, 93, 95, 97, 99,101, 104, 108–11, 115–16, 122,136–39, 142–3, 145–6, 151–5,159–63, 168–9, 173–5, 177, 183–6

American Embassy, 26, 50, 73, 85,122, 124, 168

British Embassy, 39, 73, 83, 95, 173French Embassy, 9, 99, 109, 174, 177German Embassy, xiv, 12, 20, 39,

40, 45, 76, 81, 92, 110, 130, 153Japanese Legation, 70, 71see also Spain

Malaga, 68, 138, 142Mallett, Bernard (First Secretary Br.

Embassy Madrid), 83Mallett, Sir Victor (Br. Ambassador to

Spain), 143Mallorca (Sp. vessel), 158Malta, 178Malta convoys, 170Mandel, Georges (Fr. political leader),

29, 157Manila, 72, 150Mannerheim, Marshal Baron Carl

Gustav von, 79Mannheim, 175Marañon, Dr Gregorio (Sp. Rep.

leader), 165Marion, Paul (Fr. Secretary of State),

185Maritain, Jacques (Fr. philosopher), 135Marquina Barrio, Antonio

(Sp. historian), 180Marseilles, 9, 164, 173Marshall Plan, 143, 144Martin, Captain William (Royal

Marines), 92Martín Artajo, Alberto (Sp. Foreign

Minister), 136, 142–3, 184Martínez Barrio, Diego (Sp. Rep.

leader), 98Martínez Nadal, Rafael (Sp. historian),

27Martínez de Tena, Manuel

(Sp. representative AuxilioSocial), 172

Marty, André (Fr. Senator), 136, 186Massilia (Fr. passanger vessel), 157Mateu (Mayor of Barcelona), 153Mathé, Pierre (Fr. Minister of Supply),

185Matz, Admiral (Sp. Navy Minister), 7Maurras, Charles (Fr. political leader),

3, 118

Index 213


Mauthausen (SS concentration camp),63, 122–3, 131–2, 183

Max Albrecht (U-boat supplier), 67Mayalde, José Finat Escrivá de

Romani, conde de (directorgeneral, Seguridad Nacional),39, 152, 170

Melilla, 33, 68Mers el-Kébir, 52, 86Messaggero, Il (Rome), 31, 157Messerschmidt, Eberhard

(Ger. entrepreneur), 14Messerschmitt factory (Seville; Reus), 14Messerschmitt, Willy

(Ger. industrialist), 14Metz, 101Merry del Val (director Sp. foreign

press), 50Mexico, 7, 85, 136, 146, 164, 183,

185–6, 188Meyer-Döhner, Captain Kurt

(Ger. naval attaché in Madrid), 20, 21

Michaelis, Konteradmiral, 118Mindanao (Philippines), 72Miquelarena, Jacinto (Sp. journalist),

35, 107Mira, Antonio (Sp. journalist), 125Mitgang, Herbert (US journalist), 184Model, Generaloberst Walther, 167Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne), 20Mola Vidal, General Emilio, 3, 77Mölders, Werner (Luftwaffe ace), 38Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, viii, 16, 52,

61, 110, 131Moltke, Hans Adolf von (Ger.

Ambassador to Spain), 89, 175Monde, Le (Paris), 184Monroe Doctrine, 179Montagu, Lieutenant-Commander

Ewen (Royal Navy), 92, 158‘Montana’ demands, 12Monte Gorbea (Sp. vessel), 82Montés, Eugenio (Sp. journalist),

117–18, 129Montevideo, 21Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir

Bernard, 124, 175–6Montilla, 2Montjuich (Barcelona), 141–2

Montoire, 46–7Montpellier, 20Montserrat, monastery, 40, 138Morales Lezcano, Víctor (Sp. historian),

79Moreno, Admiral Salvador (Sp. Navy

Minister), 20–1Morizet, André (Fr. Senator), 9Morocco, see French Morocco;

Spanish MoroccoMoscardó Ituarte, Lieutenant General

José, 43, 62Moscow (city), 18, 70, 178, see also

Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics

Moyano, Colonel Ignacio (DirectorServicio de Información,Madrid), 137, 184

Mulhouse, 111Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (Ger. historian),

43, 45, 161Munich, 61, 63, 85, 137Muñoz Grandes, General Agustín

(commander División Azul),60, 75–79, 93, 96, 101, 166,170, 172

Muñoz Laborde, conde de la Viñaza,166

Mussolini, Benito, 49, 53, 116, 128,141 and Sp. Civil War, 2;hatred of France, 5; andSerrano, 15; and entry into war,25, 27, 33, 47; and Tangier, 27;and Gibraltar, 27; and Fr. NorthAfrica, 41; at Brenner Pass, 46;meets Franco, 48; and Alliedattack from south, 91, 95;dismissal, 97; and It. SocialRep., 113, 122, 137; death, 128

Napoleon I, 56, 71Narbonne, 6navicert system, 26, 51, 67Negrín López, Juan (Sp. former Prime

Minister), 28–9, 98, 164, 187Netherlands, 185–6New Falange, 60, 78, 122, 169–70,

see also FalangeNew Orleans, 71New York, 37, 138, 155, 168

214 Index


New Zealand, 185–6News Chronicle (London), 112, 127Newsweek (New York), 41Nicaragua, 185–6Nicolétis, Colonel John (Fr. engineer),

7, 8, 10, 152Non-intervention Committee

(London), 8, 15Nordatlantik (Ger. tanker), 20Normandy, 106–7North Africa, x, xi, 32, 45–6, 82,

84–5, 99, 157, 171North Atlantic Treaty, 145Norway, 6, 22, 125, 137, 185–6Novgorod, 61Nüremberg Tribunal, 133Nye, Lt. General Sir Archibald

(Br. Deputy Chief ImperialGeneral Staff), 92

Ocaña (Toledo), prison, 50, 136L’Oeuvre (Paris), 9, 30Office of Special Services (OSS), 174–5Ohrdruf (SS concentration camp), 122Olagüe, Ignacio (Sp. author), 83, 171Old Falange, 60, 75, 78, 135, 170,

see also FalangeOloron (Basses-Pyrénéés), 20Operation Barbarossa, 47–8, 51, 60, 62Operation Bodden, 100Operation Brimstone, 92Operation Felix, 51Operation Felix-Isabella, 46–7 Operation Gisela, 51, 88, 169Operation Husky, 92Operation Ilona, 51, 77, 169, 172Operation Isabella, 51, 77Operation Moro, 33Operation Pilgrim, 162Operation Seelöwe, 48Operation Torch, 78, 80–1, 84–5,

91, 171Oranienburg (SS concentration camp),

157Oran, 41, 46L’Ordre (Paris), 2, 9Orgaz, General Luis (Sp. High

Commissioner Morocco), 32, 82Ortega, Colonel Julio (garrison

commander Irún), 110, 177

Oslo, 122, 181Otero, Professor Alejandro (Sp. Rep.

Under-Secretary of State forArms), 7

Oviedo, 53

Pact of Steel, 45Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (Pol. composer

and Prime Minister), 19, 73, 168Pakistan, 186Palacios Costa, Alberto (Arg.

Ambassador to Spain), 86Palencia, 3Pallerola, Domingo (Sp. Rep.

diplomat), 152Palma, 173Pamplona, 119Panama, 138, 183, 185–6Paraguay, 185Paris (city), 3–5, 8–9, 15, 18–19, 30,

46, 48, 52, 54, 57, 60–3, 108,117, 123, 131, 142, 144, 150,168, 170, 173, 176, 184

arrival of Ger. forces, 25Hotel Lutétia, 132liberation, 110, 176riots of 1934, 7Salle Wagram, 74Sp. Chamber of Commerce, 165Sp. Consulate General, 177Sp. Embassy, 54, 163–5see also France

Paris-Presse, 48Parti Populaire Français, 140, 153Parti Radical, 9Pasajes (Guipúzcoa), 9, 43‘Pasionaria’, see Ibarruri, DoloresPatton, General George S., 122, 176Paul-Boncour, né Joseph Paul Boncour

(Fr. Foreign Minister), 157Paulus, Generalfeldmarschall

Friedrich, 89Payne, Stanley (US historian), 159,

163, 180Pearl Harbor, 70, 71, 85Peloponnesus, 93Peña (Sp. intelligence chief), 164Peretti della Rocca, Louis (Fr. Vichy

Ambassador to Spain; directorCouncil of Political Justice), 186

Index 215


Pérez González, Blas (Sp. Minister ofHome Affairs), 122

Pérez Torreblanca (director LibertadVigilada), 116

Périgueux, 103Perlasca, Giorgio (It. diplomat), 174Perón, Juan, President of Argentina,

144Perpignan, 20, 88–9, 167, 172, 184,

186Peru, 185–6Petacci, Claretta (mistress of

Mussolini), 141Pétain, Marshal Philippe, ix, x, 28–9,

31, 39, 41, 46–7, 51–2, 70, 85–6,108, 117, 140–3, 154, 156–7, 164

Peterson, Sir Maurice (Br. Ambassadorto Spain), 153

Philby, Kim (Br. intelligence agent),158

Philippines, viii–x, 72, 86, 99, 122,185–6

Piétri, François (Fr. Vichy Ambassadorto Spain), x, xi, 74, 84, 99, 109,139, 169, 177, 183–185

Pigeonneau, Jacques (Fr. consul inMadrid), 5

Pilate, Pontius, 77Pittman, Senator Key (US Democrat,

Nevada), 32Pizarro, 18Pointe-de-Grave (Gironde), 118–9Pokrovskoye (Russia), 77Pola, Zita (Franco’s sister-in-law), 150Poland, viii, 16–19, 30, 73, 90, 95, 109,

114, 139, 144, 154, 185–6, 188Polignac Memorandum, 179Polish Uhlan cavalry, 18Portela Valladares, Manuel (Sp. Prime

Minister), 164Portugal, xii, 1, 6, 29, 50–1, 80, 91,

128, 162, 180, 183Potsdam Conference, 134Preston, Paul (Br. historian), 41,

49, 105Primo de Rivera, José Antonio (founder

of Falange), 160, 163, 178Primo de Rivera, Miguel (Sp. dictator),

68

Primo de Rivera, Pilar (sister of José Antonio Primo de Rivera), 68

Proctor, Raymond (US historian), xiii,62, 146, 161, 176

Prussia, 65Pueblo, El (Madrid), 135Puerto Rico, 86Pushkin, Alexander S., 77Puzzo, Dante A. (US historian), xii Pyrenees, 3–9, 51, 77, 89, 92, 104,

143–4, 154, 171, 177

Queen Elizabeth, 85Queipo de Llano y Serra, General

Gonzalo, 2Queralt Castell, José María (Blue

Division), 63Quir-Montfollet, Lieutenant-Colonel

(Fr. Army), 9

Radio Berlin, 178Radio Moscow, 178Radio Nacional (Salamanca), 161Raeder, Grossadmiral Erich (Inspector-

general Kriegsmarine), xiii, 84,135

Rahn, Dr Rudolf (Ger. representativeto the It. Social Republic), 141

Ramírez Reina, León José de, seeDegrelle

Ramonaxo (Franco informer), 184Randall (US commercial attaché), 144Recajo (Logroño), 9Reglamentos de Trabajo, 53Reichsarbeitsblatt (Berlin), 53Remer, Colonel Hans (Ger. military

attaché Tangier), 162Renom de La Baume, comte Robert

(Fr. representative in Madrid),26, 46, 169

Repa, Kurz, see HabelRetuerto, Marcial (Sp. journalist),

53–4, 86, 165Reus (Tarragona), 14Reynaud, Paul (Fr. Prime Minister),

25, 27–8, 30, 127, 156–7Rhein-Metall-Borsig (Düsseldorf), 87Rhine, 3, 32, 119–20

216 Index


Ribbentrop, Joachim von (Ger.Foreign Minister), 12, 16, 32,34, 40, 43–5, 49, 50, 52, 61, 75,161, 168, 170

Rich, Norman (US historian), 46Richthofen, Colonel Wolfgang

von (commander CondorLegion), 13

Riff mines (Sp. Morocco), 12Rio de Janeiro, 72Río de Oro, 41, 46, 160Riom trials, 186Ríos, Fernando de los (Sp. Rep.

Ambassador to Washington),138

Rochat, Charles (Fr. Secretary GeneralForeign Ministry), 140, 185

Rochelle, La, 118–19Röhm, Ernst (head Sturmabteilung), 60Rolland, Bernardo (Sp. consul general

Paris), 177Romanones, Luis Figueroa y Pérez de

Guzmán el Bueno, conde deQuintanilla y conde de, 174

Romanyach, S. (Sp. Rep. exile), 54Rome (city), 2, 15, 24, 31–2, 49, 55,

67, 75, 85, 97, 158, 178–9Spanish Embassy, 97see also Italy

Rommel, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin,98, 174

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (USPresident), 71, 73, 87, 105,123–4, 168, 181, 183

Ros Agudo, Manuel (Sp. historian),20, 118, 155, 158–60, 163–4,170, 175

Rothschild, Louis Jérobéam (Fr. banker), 157

Royan (Charente-Maritime), 118, 119Royat (Puy-de-Dôme), 164Rubio, Javier (Sp. diplomat and

historian), 164Rufat, Ramón (Sp. Rep. prisoner and

author), 50Rundstedt, Generalfeldmarschall Gerd

von, 112Russia, see Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics

Sabadell (Barcelona), 14Sachs, General Karl, 110Sachsenhausen (SS concentration

camp), 157Saint-Astier (Dordogne), 103Saint-Florentin-Vergigny (Auxerre), 70Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Basses-

Pyrénées), 5Saint-Médard (Gironde), 9Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique), 118Salamanca, 2, 3, 12, 161Salaverria, José María (Sp. journalist),

17Salazar, Antonio Oliveira de (Port.

dictator), xii, 73, 80Salerno, 178Salzburg, 131San Francisco, 71San Francisco Conference, 116, 133,

138Sangróniz, José Antonio de (Sp.

Foreign Minister; Ambassadorto Italy), x, 113

San Sebastian, 9, 137–8Santiago de Compostella, 110Sanz Briz, Ángel (Sp. diplomatic

representative in Budapest), 173Saragossa, 4, 9, 138

Convent of Los Cartujos, 138Escuela Superior del Ejército, 151

Sardinia, 91–3Saudi Arabia, 185–6Schmidt, Karl (Nazi philosopher), 161Schmidt, Dr. Paul Karl Otto (Hitler’s

interpreter), xiv, 40, 43–5, 160–1Schmidt-Decker (Ger. correspondent),

48Schoerner, Generaloberst Ferdinand,

167, 182Schroeder, Georg (editor-in-chief

Transocean Agency), 112Scotland, 83, 175Segerstady, Hermann von (Ger.

nuclear scientist), 136Segovia, 75Segunda Bis (Sp. counter-intelligence),

184Segura y Sáenz, Pedro Cardinal

(Archbishop of Seville), 163

Index 217


Seibel, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard R.(US Army), 183

Seo de Urgel (Lérida), 9Seraph (Royal Navy submarine), 92Serna, Victor de la (Sp. publisher), 12,

111, 172, 178Serrano Suñer, Ramón (Sp. Foreign

Minister; secretary general ofFalange), x, xii, xiv, 16, 26,33–5, 49, 58, 75–6, 84, 93, 97,108, 119, 150, 159–64. 166,168, 170; heads Falange, 1; inSp. Morocco, 5; in Rome, 15;in Berlin, 37; at Hendaye,39–45; in Berchtesgaden, 47; inBordighera, 48; and Barbarossa,56–7; warns Roosevelt, 59; andBlue Division, 59–61; and PearlHarbor, 70; in Badajoz, 73; andBegoña, 78; dismissal, 79–80

Seville, 14, 74, 90, 120, 163Sherman, Admiral Forrest P. (US Chief

of Naval Operations), 146Sicily, 91–3, 95Sigmaringen (Bade-Wurtemberg), 140Silesia, 120, 126Simonsen, Conrad (Sp. priest and

Franco envoy), 95–7 Sitges (Barcelona), 138Skorzeny, SS-Obersturmbannführer

Otto, 137Smith, Walter F. (US businessman), 144Smyth, Denis (Br. historian), 153Sofindus (Ger. firm in Spain), 111South Africa, see Union of South AfricaSoviet Union, see USSRSpanish airfields, 9, 77Spanish Air Ministry, 110Spanish Army, 47Spanish Chamber of Commerce in

Paris, 165Spanish Civil War, 173Spanish Communist Party, 41Spanish Consulate General in Paris, 177Spanish Consulate in Bordeaux, 29Spanish Consulate in Toulouse, 152Spanish Consulate in Vancouver, 71Spanish Consulate in Zurich, 137Spanish Embassy in Berlin, 43, 63,

79, 95, 184

Spanish Embassy in Budapest, 95, 174Spanish Embassy in London, 34, 71Spanish Embassy in Paris, 54, 163–5Spanish Embassy in Rome, 97Spanish Embassy in Vichy, 52, 72, 164Spanish Embassy in Washington, 120Spanish Foreign Legion (Tercio), 100,

137, 183Spanish gold, 135Spanish Legation in Berne, 160Spanish Morocco, 5, 12, 79, 82, 84–5Spanish Republic in exile, 135, 179, 186Spanish Republicans, 35, 52, 61, 63,

91, 118, 123, 131, 133, 139,141, 163, 165

Special Operations Executive (SOE), 78Special Staff F (Ger. combat training

group for Sp. volunteers), 104,176

Speer, Reichsminister Albert, 74, 169SS, see GermanyStalin, Joseph Vissarionovitch

Djougatchvili, known as, viii,53, 61, 134, 135, 166

Stalingrad, 12, 89Stampa, La (Rome), 16 Stanley, HMS (Br. destroyer), 67Stark, HMS (Br. sloop), 67 Starkie, Walter (Br. Cultural Attaché),

83Stavnik, Jules (Fr. historian), x–xi, 41,

88, 160Stohrer, Eberhard von (Ger.

Ambassador to Spain), 3, 12,33–4, 39, 43, 73, 75, 88, 168, 172

Strasbourg, 63Stucki, Walter (Swiss Ambassador to

Vichy), 140Suárez, Modesto (Sp. journalist), 85Subils (Sp. Rep. prisoner), 63Suevos, Jesús (Sp. press attaché), 164Suhard, Emmanuel Cardinal,

Archbishop of Paris, 60Suma, Yakichiro (Jap. Ambassador to

Spain), 71Sündermann, Dr. (Ger. press chief), 94Sweden, 162, 185–6Switzerland, 135, 140, 168, 181, 185Syria, 185

218 Index


Tabouis, Geneviève (Fr. journalist), 2,29–30

Tägert, Captain Karl (Wehrmacht), 104Tambs, Lewis A. (US historian), 88, 166Tangier, 25, 27, 33, 68, 104, 156, 162Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), 20, 137Tarifa (Cádiz), 68Tarradellas, Josep i Joan (Prime

Minister of Catalonia), 164Tedder, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur,

RAF, 130, 178Tempelhof (Berlin airport), 111Templewood, Lord, 127, see also HoareTercio, see Spanish Foreign LegionTetuan, 68Thadden, Eberhard von (Ger. Foreign

Ministry), 95Thalia (Ger. tanker), 21, 67Thomsen, Hans (director Nazi Party

in Spain), 39Tillon, Charles (Fr. député), 5Times, The (London), 107, 115–16To– ( Jap. spy network), 71, 168Todt Organization, 118Toledo, 135–6, 160Tomás Verde, José (Sp. Civil Governor

Andalusia), 163Torres, Baron Luis de las (chief of

protocol Spanish Ministry ofForeign Affairs), 44–5, 159

Torrès, Henry (Fr. journalist), 29Toulouse, 1, 4, 8–9, 20, 110,

152, 173Tovar, Professor Antonio (Sp. Under-

Secretary of State for Press andPropaganda), 44, 74, 161

Transocean (Ger. news agency), xiv,12, 107, 112

Tres Forcas (Sp. Morocco), 68Tripartite Pact, 42, 155Trotsky, Lev Davidovitch Bronstein,

known as, 18Truelle, Jacques (Fr. diplomat), 99,

109, 177Truman, Harry S (US President), 134,

144, 188Tudela (Pamplona), 9, 14Turin, 167Turkey, 17, 185–6Tyrol, 141

U-boats, viii, xiii, 20–1, 25, 67, 114,179

Ukraine, 185–6, 188Unamuno, Miguel de (Sp. philosopher),

161Union of South Africa, 185–6Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

viii, x, xiii, 3, 16, 18–19, 56,108, 114, 126, 129, 130, 135,151, 155, 167, 182, 185–6, 188

United Kingdom, xiv, 22, 26, 32, 35,56–7, 77, 111, 139, 143–4, 158, 161–2, 168, 185–6, 188

United Nations, 179United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 146

United Nations Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO), 146

United Nations General Assembly,138–9, 144–5

United Nations Organization(UNO/UN), 138

United Nations Security Council, 138–9United Nations War Crimes Tribunal,

133United Press, 96United States of America, 68, 73, 99,

143, 156, 185, 186US Communist Party, 145US Consulate in Valencia, 73US Embassy in Madrid, 26US House of Representatives, 144–5US National Archives, 104 US National Security Agency, 71, 104US Senate, 145, 180, 187

Unus (Sp. journalist), 114, 119, 123,128, 130

Uruguay, 21, 185–6, 188Utrecht, Treaty of, 68Utrera (Sevilla), 2

V-1 (Ger. reprisal weapon), 107 V-3 (Ger. reprisal weapon), 119, 122,

180Valencia, 73, 138, 158Valladolid, 12, 78Vancouver, 71Vanguardia Española, La (Barcelona),

23–5, 28, 31, 163

Index 219


Varela Iglesias, General José Enrique(Sp. Army Minister), 78

Vatican, 49, 69, 99, 135, 146, 188Velilla, Federico (director Presente),

52, 54Venezuela, 183, 185–6Veracruz (Mexico), 136Verona, 184Versailles, 19, 104Vichy, see FranceVienna, 55, 63, 94, 124, 126, Vigo, 20–1, 25, 67, 74, 155, 158Vigón Sueirodiaz, General Juan

(Sp. Minister of Aviation),32, 42, 81–2, 100

Vilallonga, José Luis de (Sp. authorand actor), xiv, xv, 150

Vilar, Pierre (Fr. historian), xii, 150Villeneuve-lès-Béziers (Hérault), 20Vita (Sp. Rep. vessel), 136Vitoria, 9Vittorio Emmanuelle III, King of Italy,

123, 178Vogel (reportedly Ger. chief of Sp.

police), 152Volchov (Russia), 62Völkischer Beobachter (Berlin), 76Volkssturm, see Germany Volosovo (Russia), 101Vorarlberg (Austria), 141Voz de España, La (San Sebastian),

107–8, 110, 115–16, 118, 120,130, 176

Vyrica (Russia), 77

Walshe, Joseph (Ir. Foreign Minister),129

Warsaw, 19Washington, DC (city), 32, 71,120,

138, 175, see also United StatesWeber, Gunger (Ger. war

correspondent), 107Weddell, Alexander (American

Ambassador to Spain),49–50, 58, 73, 84, 166

Weddell, Virginia, 50Wehrmacht, see Germany Weiler, Braun (counsellor in Ger.

Ministry of Propaganda), 61

Weimar, 55, 68Welles, Benjamin Sumner (US Under

Secretary of State), 138–9West Indies, 146Weygand, General Maxime

(Fr. commander in chief), 27–8Wheeler, Burton K. (US Senator), 114,

135Wheeler, Douglas (US historian), xii, 80Wiesenthal, Simon (Austrian

prisoner, Nazi-hunter andauthor), 184

Wilflingen (Bavaria), 140Wilhelmi, Colonel Hans (assistant

military attaché Ger. EmbassyMadrid), 76

Willkie, Wendell (US political leader),37

Winzer, Paul (Gestapo agent Ger.Embassy Madrid), 39–40, 160,175

wolfram, ix, 91, 99–100, 153, 173 Wolfsschanze (Hitler’s headquarters

East Prussia), 76, 89, 101

Ximénez de Sandoval, Felipe (Sp. military intelligenceofficial), 168

Ya (Madrid), xiv, 16–17, 19–21, 40,110, 113, 116, 120–5, 127,130–2, 177, 181, 183

Yagüe Blanco, General Juan de, 1, 20Yalta Agreement, 117, 133Yamamoto, Grand Admiral Isoroku

( Jap. commander in chief), 135Yugoslavia, 104, 146, 185–6, 188

Zea, Lieutenant-Colonel (BlueDivision), 137

Zhukov, Marshal Georgi, 130Zimmermann, Johann (Ger.

journalist), 137Zugazagoitia Mendieta, Julián

(Sp. Rep. Minister of theInterior), 164

Zuloaga, Antonio (Sp. directorPresente), 52, 164

Zurich, 137

220 Index


Documents

Contents...In the same Nationalist Spain where Mauricio Karl (alias Carlavilla) was writing pamphlets on the question, ‘Where would the world be without Adolf Hitler?’ there was