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BTRC Consultation Paper on QoS
Consultation Paper No. 02/2009
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission
Standardization of Quality of Service (QOS) Parameters for
Public Switched Telephone Network (Wire Line and WLL)
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CHAPTER 1
1. Background
1.1 Bangladesh National Telecommunication Policy, 1998 stipulates
maintenance of Quality of Service to prescribed standards set by the
commission. Further, Article 30 (2)(j)&(k) of the Bangladesh
Telecommunication Act, 2001 empowers Bangladesh Telecom Regulatory
Commission (BTRC) to set the technical standards of telecommunication
services provided by operators and to ensure that such services conform to
such standards set by the Commission. Also in accordance with this Article,
the Commission is mandated to make arrangements for monitoring the QoS
standards set by the Commission and their compliances. The licenses issued
to operators by the BTRC as well as the licenses previously issued by the
Ministry of P&T on revalidation require the Operators to comply to standards
and QoS benchmarks and reporting of performance at the specified periodic
intervals, primarily to achieve the following objectives:
i) Create conditions for customer satisfaction by making known the
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standards. Maintenance of QoS is important to achieve customer satisfaction and
to protect consumer interest as well as to enable the customer to make informed
choice of an operator. In a competitive scenario, the need for service providers to
provide good service to attract and retain the customer should serve as an
incentive for operators to maintain high quality of service.
1.3 Wire line services being the traditional form of telecom services that the
consumers are accustomed to in this country; the operators need to take proper
measures to meet their expectations in regard to the Quality standards. In this
context, this consultation paper intends to facilitate the operators for eliciting their
comments in relations to various parameters proposed. The paper also contains
the QoS parameters and their benchmarks for the WLL services.
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CHAPTER 2
Quality ofService (QoS) Parameters and their
Benchmarks for PSTN (Wire Line)
2. PSTN (Wire Line) Services
2.1 Present Status
Even though fixed wire line licenses have definite provisions in regard to quality
of service standards and their benchmark and also for reporting of performance
by the operators at the specified periodic intervals, it has been observed that the
same is not being followed by them. Therefore, in order to obtain views of all the
stakeholders on plausible reasons in not complying with the license conditions
and also to bring out a regulation by BTRC for enforcing the QoS standards,
there is apparent need to review the existing QoS performance standards, their
monitoring and measurement in the interest of subscribers and above all
indicative of QoS actually being realized and provided by the operators.
Sched le 4 1 (cla se 10 02) of PSTN license relates to QoS standards hich
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5. Percentage of calls for operator services answered within 15
seconds.
6. Number of complaints per 1000 bills issued.
7. Customer satisfaction rate.
8. Call setup time.
9. Call success rate.
ITU, however, has chosen these performance indicators for collecting
comparative statistical data of its member countries for publication in the ITU
Telecom Indicators Handbook and has not recommended any benchmarks for
these parameters and left it to regulation by each country. Considering, therefore,
the ITU-T recommendations as well as QoS benchmarks adopted by the
countries of Asia Pacific region1, the following QoS benchmarks for objective
(measurable) and subjective (Customers perception of service quality)
assessment are suggested for the purpose of consultation with the stakeholders.
2 2 Obj ti A t
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publicized. In order to ensure that applications for telephone connections are
registered in a transparent manner and without any discrimination, it is
mandatory for the service provider to register all demands for main lines and
allocate registration number to the prospective customer in chronological order. If
the telephone can be provided on demand, the same should be provided within
the period in accordance with the prescribed benchmark as above. In all other
cases, waiting list should be maintained and connections released in a non-
discriminatory manner as per the waiting list, objectively predetermined for
various categories, if specified. The customer should also be made aware of his
position in the waiting list.
2.2.2 Service blocking probability
The blocking of service could occur either due to an Exchange failure or partial
blocking of the common control equipment in the exchange. The benchmark
prescribed in schedule 4.1 of the license is 1% i.e. the service blocking
probability should not be more than 1%.
2.2.3 Installation Appointment Met
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other force-majeure condition, which are beyond the control of service providers
are excluded.
In all such cases, the customer should be informed about the reason and the
time by which the fault will be rectified and the service restored. However, the
customer will be entitled for rebate in rent till the fault is rectified in all cases.
Measurement
Fault incidences i.e. no. of faults/100 customers (main lines)/month =
Total number of faults in the Quarter (3 months) 100---------------------------------------------------------- x --------
3Total No. of Main Lines at the end of the Quarter
2.2.5 Percentage of Faults Cleared
In order to bring out perceptible improvement in QoS, it is suggested that these
parameters be fixed as under:
a) Faults cleared by the next day>= 80%
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taken in rectifying the fault, the nonworking hours i.e. from 6 P.M to 8 A.M
next day and holidays shall be excluded).
Measurement:
Mean Time to Repair(MTTR) = sum of duration of each repair time in
hours for all the fault incidences in a Quarter(3 months) / Total no of fault
incidences in that quarter( 3 months)
2.2.7 Call Completion Ratio
Call Completion Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of successful calls to
the number of call attempts. Not all call attempts result in successful calls i.e.
called party answers. A variety of reasons such as called line busy, no answer
and congestion in the network as well as customer behavior like premature
release, wrong dialing etc. are responsible for the failure. Congestion or blocking
occurs due to either common control equipment congestion in the exchange or
congestion in the trunk circuit / junction group to handle the calls. Considering
these aspects, it is proposed that the benchmark for call completion ratio within
th l l t k h ld b b tt th 55% d d i Ti
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received from customers due to billing/charging errors, including the timeliness in
delivery of bills. All complaints on each bill are taken as one complaint. The
benchmark for this parameter should not be more than 0.1% of bills issued
i.e. not more than one bill in one thousand bills issued should be disputed
over a billing cycle.
The types of billing complaints generally include the followings:
Payment made and not credited or wrongly credited;
Payment made on time but late payment charges levied wrongly;
Wrong billing;
Excess billing;
Charging for toll free services;
Local call charges billed as NWD/IDD or vice versa;
Calls or messages made disputed;
Credit agreed to be given but not accounted in the bill;
Charging for services provided without consent;
Charging not as per tariff plan;
Overcharging or undercharging;
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during the quarter X 100) / number of billing complaints received during
the quarter.
Further, it is proposed to introduce a parameter Period of all refunds/
payments due to customers from the date of resolution of complaints.
Not only, a billing complaint has to be resolved within 4 weeks but any
credit/waiver/adjustment arising out of resolution of that complaint has to
be made to the customers account within 4 weeks of resolution of the
complaint and intimation thereon to the customer.
2.4 Customer Care/ Customer Help
2.4.1 Promptness in Attending to Customers Requests
a) Shift
Shifting of telephone involves shift within the exchange area, shift outside the
exchange area and shift outside the service area. One of the important issues
involved in shifting of wire line telephone is technical feasibility at the address,
where the telephone is required to be shifted. It is proposed to set the
b h k f hifti f t l h i th h ithi 3
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Within 60 seconds = 80%
Within 90 seconds = 95%
In addition to above, there is need to provide a benchmark for accessibility of call
centre number which means that the customer should be able to access the call
centre without much difficulty. The benchmark for this is proposed as under:
Minimum 95% calls to be connected successfully.
2.5 Point of Interconnection (POI) Congestion
Telecom networks interconnect with each other at the Point of Interconnection.
Each interconnecting party should provide sufficient capacity up to the Point of
Interconnection to carry its traffic to the other network. Congestion at the POIs is
due to inadequate interconnection commensurate with the outgoing traffic at thePoint of Interconnection between two telecom networks. The benchmark for
POI congestion is proposed as =1 %. Each service provider has to measure its
outgoing traffic during Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH) to check adequacy of
available network resources to ensure that the POI congestion is within the
specified benchmark limit.
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CHAPTER 3
Quality ofService (QoS) Parameters and
their Benchmarks for WLL
3. PSTN (WLL) Services
3.1 Complaints/ Fault Incidence and Repair
There are distinct provisions in the PSTN (WLL) licenses to set up a mechanism for
receipt and disposal of complaints. Complaints/ fault incidence will include the
problems relating to network performance namely non-availability of service, delay in
call setup, no ring back, call blocking, call drop, poor voice quality, service
coverage, etc. The benchmark proposed for this Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is
as under:
No of complaints per 100 subscribers per month: Benchmark: =1%.
3.2 Network Performance
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The parameter is computed from the data generated by BTS failure alarm
display in OMC/NMS.
3.2.2 Worst Affected BTSs on account of Downtime
Worst affected BTSs on account of down time are those BTSs, which remain out of
service for more than 96 hours in a Quarter (each time for more than 1 hour). Such
BTSs shall be taken as worst affected BTSs for the computation of this parameter.
The benchmarks for worst affected BTSs due to downtime are proposed as:
Benchmark = 1%.
Measurement:
The performance against the benchmark shall be measured as under:
Percentage of worst affected BTS based on down time =
No. of BTSs having accumulated down time of >=96 hours in a quarter x 100
divided by the Total no. of BTSs in the network
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Thus established calls is a process which includes complete signaling in the call set
up and does not measure the performance of the called exchange or that of the
Point of Interconnection. This is defined as under:
Call set up success rate = (Total no. of Established calls x 100) / (Total no. of call
Attempts)
While computing this parameter the off-net and on-net calls shall be taken into
account but the hand off will be excluded.
It is proposed to keep the benchmark for this parameter as: = 95%
Measurement:
This parameter is to be computed from NMS/OMC Data. Quarterly value of
this QoS parameter will be computed by averaging the daily TCBH value for
the whole quarter.
3.2.4 Service Access Delay
This parameter defines the time taken from pressing the send button of WLL Set
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Measurement:
These parameters shall be measured offline by using TEMS tool. Quarterly
value of this QoS parameter will be computed by averaging the value of 1000
sample calls over a period of one quarter.
3.2.5 Block Call Rate
Block call means a call that is not connected because there is no free channel toserve a call attempt.
a. Paging Congestion: This parameter denotes congestion in the network due to
non-availability of signaling channel known as paging channel in respect of
CDMA network. This is defined as under
Paging Congestion = (Total no. all type of Paging Assignment Failure x 100 ) /
(Total no. of all type of Paging Assignment Attempt)
Handoff, MOC, MTC, SMS, disconnect, location update, emergency call and all other
counters/procedures should be taken into account while computing this parameter. .
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Measurement:
This parameter is to be computed from NMS/OMC Data. Quarterly value of
this QoS parameter will be computed by averaging the daily TCBH values for
the whole quarter.
3.2.6 Call Drop Rate
This parameter is a measure of uninterrupted quality of call during the entire length
of conversation i.e. once the Traffic Channel has been assigned, the call should not
drop. This parameter measures failure in coverage, problem with the quality of
signal, network congestion and network failure. Dropped Call Ratio is the
percentage of calls which, once they have been correctly established and therefore
have an assigned TCH, are interrupted prior to their normal completion by the user,
the cause of the early termination being within the operators network. This is
defined as under
Call Drop Rate = (Total no. of calls dropped due to all the reasons x 100) /
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as user voice voice/data. In CDMA system a good channel should have FER value =
4%.
The proposed benchmark for connections of good voice quality = 95%.
Measurement
The measurement of voice quality parameter can be done from data derived
from the system, as well as from drive test, which may be done on sample
basis.
3.2.8 Service Coverage
This parameter is intended for measuring the coverage in terms of the received
signal strength in a given service area. However this parameter is used by the
operator primarily to check and improve the radio coverage, if necessary, in the
service area. The benchmarks for the service coverage are proposed as under:
Indoor = - 75 dBm.
In-Vehicle = - 85 dBm.
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Inter-network congestion at the POI,
loss of calls ,
repeated call attempts by customers,
deterioration in QoS; and
Customers dissatisfaction
The benchmark proposed for POI Congestion = 1%
Measurement
This parameter is measured using OMC generated data during Time
Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH) once in a month.
3.3 Customer Care/Assistance
3.3.1 Response Time to the Customer for Assistance
This parameter reflects the speed with which a call is answered either by the
operator or by the IVR system at the Call Centre/Customer Care/Help Desk or fault
repair service provided by the service provider. It is proposed to set QoS standards
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In case of calls handled by IVRS and operator, the call center data will
be used to compute the response time. In case of calls to be connectedto the call centers successfully, the parameter has to be computed on
sampling basis.
3.3.2 Customers Request Compliance
Customer can demand provision of supplementary value added services as well as
termination of the service and it is expected that prompt attention will be given in
compliance to customers requests. It is therefore, necessary that QoS benchmarks
are fixed for complying with the requests of the customers n respect of the following
services:
Provision of supplementary/ Value added services.
Termination of Services.
It is proposed that 100% requests for providing supplementary services or for
terminating the service should be complied within 24 hours. Thus the benchmark for
this parameter is proposed as = 24 hours.
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Benchmark should be = 0.1% i.e. not more than 1 bill in 1000 bills issued
should be disputed over a billing cycle.
3.4.2 Resolution of Billing Complaints
In order to have customers confidence in the matters of billing and charging, it is
important that the complaints in this regards are minimal and disposed off quickly.
Accordingly, it is proposed to set the benchmark as under:
100% complaints should be resolved within 4 weeks.
3.4.3 Refunds / payments due to Customers from the Date of Resolution
of Complaints
The benchmark for this parameter is proposed as under:
All refunds in the form of deposits/ credit / waiver / adjustment should be
made within 4 weeks after the resolution of the billing.
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CHAPTER-4
Customers Perception of Service
Subjective Parameters and their Benchmarks
4. Background
A customers perception of Quality means his judgment on the overall
satisfaction or otherwise of the service. Customer perception is the main
criterion by which the service providers can assess and measure the true
value of the quality they provide. Market research study2 shows that around
70% of customers dissatisfied with a service will go elsewhere, but only 5%
will tell that they are unhappy. Dissatisfied customers tell an average of more
than ten people about their poor experiences while satisfied customer will tell
only five. Another study3 has shown that it costs up to five times as much
money to attract a new customer as to keep an existing one, but 95% of
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Customers perception could be influenced by a variety of factors which will
affect their judgment of quality, such as
Customers awareness of services
Customers expectations
Experienced Quality
Customers recent experiences
Advertising and marketing
Nature of the survey
Survey by Independent Agency
Survey by an independent agency is the most direct way of measuringcustomer satisfaction by means of the verbal or written feedback from a
sample of customers. This method can be carried out to find out the customer
satisfaction on the different aspects of the telecommunications services. Such
surveys and the resulting analysis should ideally done by an independent
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Satisfaction about time taken for shifting a telephone.
Satisfaction with re-activation of service in case of disconnection due to
non-payment.
Satisfaction with ease of understanding the offer or tariff plan.
The benchmark proposed in regard to provision of service = 95%
4.1.2 Billing/ Charging Performance
Post Paid:
Satisfaction with timely receipt of the bill.
Satisfaction with the accuracy and completeness of the bill
Satisfaction with the clarity in bills/ presentation of the billing information
in terms of transparency and understandability.
Satisfaction with the process of resolution of billing complaints
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Satisfaction with the overall grievance redressed mechanism.
The benchmark proposed is % satisfied with help service = 90%
4.1.4 Network Performance, reliability and Availability
Satisfaction with the network coverage (signal strength or availability of
telephone connections).
Satisfaction with the ability to make or receive calls easily.
Number of call drops experienced during conversation.
Satisfaction with the voice quality.
Satisfaction on Bandwidth availability.
Satisfaction with Internet Access.
The benchmark proposed is % satisfied with Network Performance,
reliability and availability = 95%
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Satisfaction with the voice mail.
Satisfaction with the quality of the supplementary/ value added services.
The benchmark proposed is % satisfied with Supplementary
Services/Value Added Services = 95%
4.1.7 Overall Customer Satisfaction
Satisfaction with the quality of total service offering
The benchmark proposed for Overall Customer Satisfaction is = 95%
4.2 Assessment of Customers Perception of QoS
The assessment could be made either by getting the response of the customers to
questionnaire or through personal/telephonic interviews. For computing the
percentage satisfaction level of the customers, one of the following two methods may
be adopted:
4.2.1 Weighted Satisfaction Scores
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4.2.2 Alternate Approach - Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
In this process the customer perception is recorded on a five point scale as under:
Customer
Perception
Excellent Good Fair/Average Poor Bad
Mean opinion
Score(MOS)5 4 3 2 1
Minimum acceptable Mean Opinion Score can be specified as a benchmark of
customers perception of QoS. It is proposed that (4-Good) could be an acceptable
indicator of customer satisfaction.
Measurement
The MOS can be computed by using the following formula:
MOS = (5 A + 4B + 3C + 2D + 1E) / N
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100000 1056
200000 1061
500000 1065
1000000 and above 1066
These are determined on the following basis:
Confidence level - 95%
Confidence interval - 3
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CHAPTER - 5
Record Keeping, Reporting of Quality of Service Performance
by operators and Customer Survey
5.1 Need for Record Keeping
For the purposes of verification and audit of QoS parameters by the Regulator, it is
important that the data regarding performance and benchmarks are kept and
maintained properly. While some of the data related to network performance is
generated by OMC/ NMS and stored in electronic form, the others are to be recorded
and kept in a manner that these could be retrieved/ obtained whenever required.
This calls for adopting uniform record keeping procedure by all the service providers
so that the verification and auditing could be done either by the staff of the BTRC or
by an independent agency engaged by BTRC. For this purpose the Reporting
formats given in Tables 1 and 2 may be utilized.
5.2 Reporting of Performance against the QoS Benchmarks
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carried out to verify the correctness of these reports The BTRC may also put in place
a system of Direct Monitoring for which purpose, secure access to the concerned
Operators facility and necessary tools to enable it shall be provided by the Operator.
As far as customer survey is concerned, this has to be carried out by an expert
agency to assess the perception of a customer about the service he/she is getting.
To carry out the customer survey a set of questionnaire, is provided in Table 3.
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CHAPTER - 6
Proposals on QoS Benchmarks and Issues for Consultation
Summary of Proposals for Consultation
6.1 Benchmarks for PSTN (Wire Line) Services
Chapter 2 of this document contains objective QoS parameters in respect ofService
provisioning interval, Service blocking probability, Installation appointment
met, Installation appointment with other service providers, in time activation of
service switched to other service providers with both parties agreed, fault
incidence, % of faults cleared, Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), call completion
ratio, metering and billing credibility, customer care, Point of Interconnection
Congestion. All these parameters have been defined as well as benchmark in
respect of each has been proposed. Also the method of measurement has been
brought out against each parameter. The comments of the stakeholders are solicited
in regard to the benchmarks, their relevance in todays context and the methods of
measurement to compute the performance parameters.
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customer perception of QoS, two approaches have been suggested namely the first
one as the Weighted Satisfaction Scores and second one as Mean Opinion Score
(MOS). The comments of the stakeholders are invited regarding the method of
assessing the customers perception by using either Weighted Satisfaction Scores or
Mean Opinion Score (MOS).
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TABLE 1
OPERATORS REPORTING FORMAT FOR PSTN (WIRELINE) SERVICES
REPORT FOR THE QUARTER ENDING: ---------------------
NAME OF SERVICE PROVIDER: ---------------------
SERVICE AREA: ---------------------
Sl No. Parameters Benchmarks AveragedOver Period
of
QoSAchieved
1 ServiceProvisioningInterval.
Urban- 90% within 5 daysand 100% within 7 days.
Rural- 90% within 10 days
and 100% within 15 days.
One Quarter
2 Service BlockingProbability
=
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complaints
10 Customer Care
i) Promptness inattending toCustomer request
ii) Closure
i) Shift =
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TABLE 2
OPERATORS REPORTING FORMAT FOR PSTN (WLL) SERVICES
REPORT FOR THE QUARTER ENDING:---------------------
NAME OF SERVICE PROVIDER:---------------------
SER VICE AREA:---------------------
Sr.
No. QoS Parameters Benchmarks
Averaged
Over a
Period of
QoS
Achieved
1 Complaints/ Fault
Incidence and Repair
1.1 No of complaints per 100
subscribers per month
=
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b. In vehicle (assuming 10
dB loss of signal)
>= -85 dBm One Quarter
c. outdoors >= -95 dBm One Quarter
2.9 Point of Interconnection
Congestion (POI)
=< 1% One Quarter
3 Customer
Care/Assistance
3.1 Response Time to the
customer for assistance
a. Electronically 80 % within 20 sec
95% within 40 sec
One Quarter
b. Voice to voice (By
Operators)
80 % within 60 sec
95% within 90 sec
One Quarter
c. Call center
accessibility
>= 95 % One Quarter
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TABLE 3
SURVEY OF PSTN (WIRELINE and WLL) SERVICES
Questionnaire for Customer Survey
Name of the operator: -----------------
Name of the service area: --------------
1. Service Provisioning
1.1 How much time was taken to get thetelephone connection installed and activatedafter you applied for it?
1. =< 7 days
2. 7-15 days
3. 16-30 days
4. >= 30 days
1.2 How satisfied are you with time taken toprovide telephone connection?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
1.3 How satisfied are you with the time takenfor shifting of telephone?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
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2.4 Have you made any billing relatedcomplaints in last 12 months?
1. Yes
2. No
2.5 How satisfied are you with the process ofresolution of billing complaints?
1. Very satisfied2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
2.6 How satisfied are you with the clarity ofthe bills sent by your service provider interms of transparency and understandability?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied2.7 Please specify the reasons for yourdissatisfaction in regard to question 2.6
1. Difficult to read the bills
2. Difficult to understand the language
3. Calculations not clear
4. Item-wise charges not given
5. Others(please specify)------------
3. Help Services/ Customer Care
3.1 Did you complain or make a query in thelast 12 months to the customer care/callcentre of your service provider?
1. Yes
2. No
3.2 How satisfied are you with ease ofaccess of call centre/ customer care or helpline?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
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4. Very dissatisfied
4.3 How satisfied are you with the voice
quality?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
5. Maintainability (Fault Repair)
5.1 Have you experience fault in yourtelephone connection in the last 12 months?
1. Yes
2. No
5.2 How many times your telephone became
faulty in the last 1 month.
1. Nil
2. 1 time3. 2-3 times
4. More than 3 times
5.3. How long did it take generally forrepairing to fault after lodging complaint?
1. 1 day
2. 2-3 days
3. 4-7 days
4. >= 7 days
5.4 How satisfied are you with the fault repairservice?
1. Very satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
6. Supplementary Services
6.1 Do you use services like call waiting, callforwarding voice mail etc
1. Yes
2 No
BTRC C l i P Q S
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3. 4-7 days
4. >= 7 days
8.5 Did your service provider adjust yoursecurity deposit in the bill raised after yourequested for termination?
1. Yes2. No
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Annexure - 1
International QoS Benchmark for Fixed Wireline Services
Sr. No.
QoS
Parameters /
KPI
International
Australia India KSA
(Saudi
Arabia)
Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Singapore
1 ServiceProvisioning
Urban within
5 days
Rural within
10 days
100% in less
than 7 days
90% within
3 days`
Urban
90% within
2 days
Rural
100%
within 7
days
100%
within 5
days
100%
within 5
days
95% within 5
working days
2 Service
Blocking
Probability
_ _
_ _ _
=
1%
_
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3 Installation
Application
No. booked
and No. met
_ _
_ _ _ _
_
4 Installation
Appointment
with other
service
provider
_ _
_ _ _ _
_
5 In time
activation ofservice to the
customer
switch to
other service
provider with
both party
agreed
_ _
_ _ _ _
_
6 Fault
incidence (
_ = 3 _ = 4 = = 4 = 0.5
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No. of faults /
100 station /
month)
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9 Call
completion
rate
_ =55% Within
local network
_ _ =4
5
%
98% _
10 Billing
complaints
_ = 0.1% = 0.3% = 2% 0.1% 1% _
11 (a) Resolution of
billing
complaints
_ 100% within 4
weeks
_ _ _ _ _
11 (b) Refund /
credit / waiver
/ adjustment
after
resolution of
billing
complaint
_ 100% within
4 weeks
_ _ _ _ _
12 Customer
care
Shift
_
_
= 3 days
= 24 hours
_
_
_
_
= 5 days
= 24
1 day
1 day
_
_
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Closure
Additional
facilities
_ = 24 hours _ _ hours
= 24
hours
_ _
13 Response
time to the
customer for
assistance
Electronically
Voice to voice
_
_
80% in 20
sec.90% in 40
sec
80% in 60
sec. 95% in
90 sec.
90% within
20 sec.
_
_
_
80% in
30
sec.95%
in 60
sec.
80% in
60 sec.
90% in
90 sec.
98% in 30
sec._
_
_
14 POI
congestion
_ =.5% _ _ _ _ _