Construction Tech: Innovation Founded on Lean …...Clash checking Collaborative multi-disciplinary review Lean - BIM Interaction Matrix 2. Building modeling imposes a rigor on designers

© 2019 Rafael Sacks

Construction Tech: Innovation Founded on Lean Theory and BIM Technology

Prof. Rafael Sacks

Constructs: digital innovation in the built environment | 2018-19 Keynote Lecture Series

UCL, London, UKTuesday, 5th February, 2019



In this decade, we are witnesses to a surge in innovation in

construction. Some of that innovation has emerged within

existing architectural, engineering and construction

companies, and some from established software vendors,

but the most exciting developments are in Construction

Tech startup companies. Most of these build directly on the

theoretical and technological foundations provided by Lean

Construction thinking and BIM technology. In this keynote

lecture, Rafael Sacks will review some of the most

promising innovations, tracing their development back to

the fundamental and applied research in academia and in

industry that make them possible.

2

To download the slides….


Seskin Virtual Construction Lab

3

To study, model, experiment with and understand the flow of work and trade crews in complex construction projects

Observations, action research, process mapping and modeling, management games (LEAPCON), discrete event simulation, agent-based simulation (EPIC)

Lean Construction

https://youtu.be/erSqpbFswIk https://youtu.be/NmF0dp-Bm2g

Sacks, R., (2016). ‘What constitutes good production flow in construction?’, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp. 641-656.

https://youtu.be/erSqpbFswIk

https://youtu.be/NmF0dp-Bm2g

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01446193.2016.1200733



4

To study, model, experiment with and develop BIM technology, process and people

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

IFC and interoperability, BIM tools, virtual reality, BIM education, adoption, and standards, semantic enrichment and model checking

https://youtu.be/KJPnYKghqlw

Sacks, R., Eastman, C.M., and Lee, G., (2004), ‘Parametric 3D Modeling in Building Construction with Examples from Precast Concrete’, Automation in Construction, Vol. 13 No. 3 pp. 291-312.

https://youtu.be/KJPnYKghqlw

http://tx.technion.ac.il/~cvsacks/publications/Automation%20in%20Construction%202003%20-%20Parametric%203D%20Modeling%20in%20Building%20Construction%20with%20Examples%20from%20Precast%20Concretey.pdf



5

To propose, define, develop and test BIM-enabled systems to support production planning and day to day production control on construction sites

Lean and BIM synergies

Prototyping (KanBIM, iKAN), field experiments, ‘Virtual Construction Site’ experiments

Sacks, R., Koskela, L., Dave, B. and Owen, R.L., (2010). ‘The Interaction of Lean and Building Information Modeling in Construction’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 136 No. 9 pp. 968-980.

https://youtu.be/FZ3XRfXmeGE

http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000203

https://youtu.be/FZ3XRfXmeGE

© 2019 Rafael Sacks 6

BIM Handbook, 3rd EditionChapter 7


Construction Tech startup companies

7

29

51

85 84

126

184

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Num

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ctio

n te

chno

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sta

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com

pani

es

foun

ded

Daqri

WinSun

Atlas44

Fieldwire

Flux Factory

BuildingConnectedGreentown

PlanGrid

Ofbusiness

Buildzar

EquipmentShare

Rhumbix

Data source: Tracxn Technologies Private Limited.

© 2019 Rafael Sacks 8Construction Tech Sector Funding Rises As Prescient Raises $50M MoreMary Ann Azevedo, Crunchbase News, October 24, 2018

Construction Tech startup investment

https://news.crunchbase.com/news/construction-tech-sector-funding-rises-as-prescient-raises-50m-more/


Construction Tech

Paths of Innovation• Within design and construction companies

• Within software companies

• Startup companies

• ….. acquisitions (Revit, PlanGrid, etc.)

9

High Tech Industry

Low Tech Industry

No Tech Industry ?








The House of Construction Tech

16

Information Theory

Lean Production

Theory

Design Theory

Theory piles

Tech

no

logy

Bu

sin

ess

Pro

cess

Nee

d

Entr

epre

ne

urs

hip

Construction Tech columns

Ideas, Investment, ImplementationInnovationbeams

AdoptionAdoption roof

BIM Technology, Processes, PeopleBIM foundation


Lean Construction

Theory of production in construction

o Waste

o Transformation, Flow and Value (TFV)

o Craft, Mass, Industrial, Lean Construction

o Portfolio, Process and Operations Model (PPO Model)

17


Can you see the waste?

18



± 0.00

+4.60

19



20



21


And here?

22


Laying blocks

32%

Scaffold2%

Marking out7%

Cutting blocks

24%

Fixing ends3%

Moving blocks

4%

Cleaning10%

Move between

floors0%

Rework11%

Changes7%

Work Hours

Quantifying the waste

23


TFV Theory

T – Transformation

F – Flow

V – Value

24

Koskela, L., 2000. An exploration towards a production theory and its application to construction(D. Tech). Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo.

24


Flow

Process A

Inspection

Moving

Waiting

Scrap

Process B

Inspection

Moving

Waiting

Scrap

Lean thinking emphasizes the flow of products in production. But what flows in construction?


Operations (Operators and Equipment)

Joining

Moving

Cutting

Raw Material Stock

Waiting

Waiting

Product Stock

Theory of production

Shingo, S. (1992). The Shingo Production Management System: Improving Process Functions. Taylor & Francis.



Locations

A3

Project AResources

Materials

Information A2

A1

What flows in construction?


27



Construction Flow Index (CFI)

Flow line chart of project H1 (hospital project with good production flow).


Sacks, R., Seppänen, O., Priven, V., and Savosnick, J., (2017). ‘Construction Flow Index: A Metric of Production Flow Quality in Construction’, Construction Management and Economics Vol. 35, No. 1-2, pp. 45-63.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/01446193.2016.1274417?scroll=top


Projects, processes, operations

The CPM Mental Model

The Process Mental Model

The Real World ?

Bertelsen, S., and Sacks, R. "Towards a new Understanding of the Construction Industry and the Nature of its Production," 15th

Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, East Lansing, Michigan, 46-56.


Portfolio, Process and Operations (PPO) Model



Locations

(Process)

Project

Resources

MaterialsDesign Information



Portfolio, Process and Operations (PPO) Model



Locations

(Process)

Project

Resources

MaterialsDesign Information

Project axis



Processes

Location Flow

Operations

Trade Flow

Portfolios

Flow of

Projects

ProcessesLocation Flow

OperationsTrade Flow

PortfoliosFlow of Projects

PPO Model of flow in construction


PPO Model


32



Portfolio, Process, Operations Flow Simulation

33

../../../../OneDrive - Technion/Virtual Construction Lab/NBRI Advanced Lean 2017/Avi Telyas - discretized products/out.mp4



BUILDING INFORMATION MODELINGTHEORY AND PRACTICE

35


First concepts

o Eastman, C., (1975) “Building Description System”, AIA Journal

36

“Designing would consist of interactively defining elements… It should be possible, then, to derive sections, plans, isometrics or perspectives from the same description of elements… Any change of arrangement would have to be made only once for all future drawings to be updated. All drawings derived from the same arrangement of elements would automatically be consistent… any type of quantitative analysis could be coupled directly to the description. All data preparation for analyses could be automated. Reports for cost estimating or material quantities could be easily generated… Thus BDS will act as design coordinator and analyzer, providing a single integrated database for visual and quantitative analyses, for testing spatial conflicts and for drafting. … Later, one can conceive of a BDS supporting automated building code checking in city hall or the architect’s office. Contractors of large projects may find this representation advantageous for scheduling and materials ordering.”

The Use of Computers Instead of Drawings


BIM Processes

37

Collaborative BIM with an integrated model

Multi-disciplinary BIM with coordinated models

Lonely BIM with simulations

Lonely BIM for producing drawings

3D CAD

2D CAD

Manual drafting

The BIM Ladder

Gurevich, U., Sacks, R. and Shrestha, P., (2017). ‘Mapping the Impact of BIM Adoption Efforts on Occupant Value’, Building Research and Information, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 610-630.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1289029


Multi-disciplinary BIM with coordinated models

38

Sacks, R., Eastman, C. M., Lee, G., Teicholz, P., (2018). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors and Facility Managers, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, ISBN 978-1-119-28753-7

https://www.amazon.com/BIM-Handbook-Information-Contractors-Fabricators/dp/1119287537/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1523195607&sr=1-3


Pre-BIM

Design

Build Errors

Functional Failures


Basic BIM

Design

Model Check

Functional Failures

Build


BIM

Design

Model Check

Build

Simulate Evaluate


BIM ProcessVirtual Design, Virtual Construction and Digital Twin

42

1Model the building

2 Simulate the building

3Build the model

4Simulate the construction

5Build the building

6Measure the building, Monitor

the construction,Update the model

Virtual DesignVirtual Construction

Construction

Operation

8Operate & maintain the

building

7Update the model


20081st Edition

20112nd Edition

20183rd Edition

43


2009Korean1st Edition

2014Portuguese1st Edition

2016Italian1st Edition 2017

Chinese1st Edition

2014Korean2nd Edition

44


The Interactions between Lean and BIM

45

Sacks, R., Koskela, L., Dave, B. and Owen, R.L., (2010). ‘The Interaction of Lean and Building Information Modeling in Construction’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 136 No. 9 pp. 968-980.

2 + 2 > 4 ?



Lean Principles

BIM Functionality

Reduce Variability

AGet quality right the first time

reduce product variabilityB

Collaboration in design and construction

9

10Multiuser viewing of merged or separate

multidisciplinemodels

2,13Clash checking

Collaborative multi-disciplinary review

Lean - BIM Interaction Matrix

2. Building modeling imposes a rigor on designers in that flaws or incompletely detailed parts are

easily observed or caught in clash checking or other automated checking. This improves design

quality, preventing designers from “making do” Koskela 2004a and reducing rework in the field as a

result of incomplete design.

Dehlin and Olofsson 2008; Eastman et al. 2008, p. 422

13. Multidisciplinary review of design and of fabrication detailing, including clash

checking, enables early identification of design issues.

Eastman et al. 2008, p. 362; Khanzode et al. 2008

46


Lean Principles

BIM Functionality Red

uce

Var

iab

ility

Red

uce

cyc

le t

imes

Red

uce

bat

ch s

izes

Incr

ease

fle

xib

ility

Sele

ct a

n a

pp

rop

riat

e p

rod

uct

ion

co

ntr

ol

app

roac

h

Stan

dar

diz

e

Inst

itu

te c

on

tin

uo

us

imp

rove

men

t

Use

vis

ual

m

anag

emen

t

Des

ign

th

e p

rod

uct

ion

sys

tem

fo

r fl

ow

an

d v

alu

e

Ensu

re

com

pre

hen

sive

re

qu

irem

ents

ca

ptu

reFo

cus

on

co

nce

pt

sele

ctio

n

Ensu

re r

equ

irem

ents

fl

ow

do

wn

Ver

ify

and

Val

idat

e

Go

an

d s

ee f

or

you

rsel

f

Dec

ide

by

con

sen

sus

con

sid

er a

ll o

pti

on

sC

ult

ivat

e an

ex

ten

ded

net

wo

rk o

f p

artn

ers

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X

Visualization of form 1 1,2 3 4 11 5 6 4

Rapid generation and evaluation of multiple design alternatives

2 1 22 7 7 8

3 9 9 22 51 1 16 5

4 10 12 8 16 5

5 1,2 1 12 1 1 1 5

Maintenance of information and design model integrity

6 11 11 11

7 12 12 22 12

Automated generation of drawings and documents

8 11 22 (52) 53 54 54

Collaboration in design and construction

9 23 36 36

10 2,13 24 33 43 46 49

Rapid generation and evaluation of multiple construction plan alternatives

11 14 25 (29) 31 (41) 44

12 15 25 (29) 37 (41) 44 47

13 2 40 25 (29) 17 40 40 40 44 47 49

Online/electronic object-based communication

14 29 26 30 30 34 34 (42) 47 48

15 18 26 30 30 34 38 38 34 (42) 45 49

16 19 27 32

17 20 28 35 (42) 50

18 21 30 30 34 39 (42) 47 48

Lean - BIM Interaction Matrix

47


Building Lean,Building BIM

48


CONSTRUCTION TECHFROM RESEARCH TO STARTUP

49


TAMIRTechnion Autonomous Multi-purpose Interior Finishing Robot

50Interior Finishing Building Robot "TAMIR"Yehiel Rosenfeld, Abraham Warszawski, Uri ZajicekPages 345-354 (1991 Proceedings of the 8th ISARC, Stuttgart, Germany)

1993

https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC1991/0035


2018



-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

HE

IGH

T,

m

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

16:4116:42

16:4316:44

16:4516:46

16:4716:48

16:4916:50

16:5116:52

16:53

TIME, hh:mm

WE

IGH

T,

t

ATTACH TRANSPORT EMPTYMOTION

ATTACH

LOAD DETACH

UNLOAD

CRANE OPERATION

Sacks, R., Navon, R., and Brodetskaia, I., (2006). ‘Interpretation of Automatically Monitored Equipment Data for Project Control’, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol. 20 No. 2 pp. 111-120.

2006

53

http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCCEE5000020000002000111000001&idtype=cvips&type=ALERT


CRANE

MONITORING

▪ 6 SECONDS INSTALLATION

PROCESS

▪ NON-INVASIVE DATA COLLECTION

▪ COMMUNICATION ON EXISTING

TOOLS

▪ Gathering sensor data in real time

▪ Extracting real world events

▪ Creating a digital representation of the process

2018

54


2018

55


2018

56


Lean and BIM Production ControlProposed 3D visualization of past, present and future work status for a trade

2008

Sacks, R., Treckmann, M., and Rozenfeld, O., (2009). ‘Visualization of Work Flow to Support Lean Construction’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 135 No. 12 pp. 1307-1315.

57



KanBIM

Aim: To propose, define, develop and test a BIM-enabled system to support

production planning and day to day production control on construction sites.

Kanban(Pull flow control in lean production management)

+BIM

(Building Information Modeling)

=KanBIM

58


+

-

Main ducts –Ducts 20-31



Secondary ducts –Ducts 10a-20a

End Units –Zone 1

Testing HVAC -Zone 1

Sprinkler pipes Floor 3

Install main lines Basement 3 Fire fighting pump room

Pipe installation in drywalls West side basement 1

Install main lines Basement 2 Fire fighting pump room

Sprinkler pipes Floor 4

Main distribution board –Wiring Entrance floor Lobby

Support installation of hoist South side facade

Duct installation in drywalls West side Basement 1

Electrical connection HVAC end unit zone 1

Framing West side Basement 1

Side A West side Basement 1

Framing East side Basement 1

Framing for false ceiling Entrance floor Lobby

Side A East side Basement 1

Fix cracks West side basement 3 W12

Partitions Basement 1

Lintels and ring beams Basement 1

Complete to ceiling Basement 1

Partition walls Storerooms Basement 3

Close openings above HVAC Stairwell 2 Basement 1

Partitions Basement 2Lintels and ring

beams Basement 2

Complete to ceiling Basement 2

Erect HollowcoreFloor 5 Grids A1 to D4

Erect HollowcoreFloor 5 Grids A5 to D8

Prepare and pour topping Floor 5 Grids A1 to D8

Strip and clean Floor 5 Grids A1 to D8

Erect columns Floor 6 Grids E5 to H8

Erect columns Floor 6 Grids E1 to H4

Cut HVAC access holes Floor 4 Grid B3-C4

KanBIM Mock up2009

59


.NET custom user controls for displaying

objects of the Task class

KanBIM application,

.NET 4.0

Autodesk NavisWork COM viewer, .NET API 2011

Model Navigation

Controls

KanBIM Prototype2011

60


2018


Developing PracticeVisiLean

62

2018


Developing PracticeVisiLean

63

2018


Layout of interior works in building construction

• Time Consuming

• Error-prone

64



State-of-the-art solutions, 2016

o Manual marking and layout

o Robotic Total station

o Augmented reality – Hololens, Daqri, etc.

65


Hands-free solution

o Localization

o Calibration

o Projection

Degani, A., Li, W.B., Sacks, R. and Ma, L. (2019). ‘An Automated System for Projection of Interior Construction Layouts’ IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, in press


2016

66


Lab experiments

Degani, A., Li, W.B., Sacks, R. and Ma, L. (2019). ‘An Automated System for Projection of Interior Construction Layouts’ IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, in press

Layout of interior works2016

67


A device that accurately projects an augmented reality view of construction plans on the physicalenvironment – in one click

Deliver work product and process informationMonitor construction quality Report project progress status to stake-holders

2019



WHERE TO FROM HERE? CURRENT RESEARCH, FUTURE….

70


Developing Interest

o Google Scholar search for “Lean Construction” AND “BIM”

71

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

An

nu

al n

um

be

r o

f ar

ticl

es

Year

Lean and BIM

Building Information Modeling

Lean Construction


Changing Concepts in Construction

72

Lean and BIM both change the way we think about

construction:

- As a production process with flow

- As a production process with virtual prototyping

- As an information intensive production process, with

two types of information: product and process


Challenges for Construction Tech

73

New challenges

o Modeling existing buildings or infrastructure for digital twins

o Integrating and interpreting product sensing data

o Integrating and interpreting process monitoring data

o Automated/optimized production flow control

Unsolved challenges

o BIM Interoperability

o Design automation, evaluation and optimization

o Automated code compliance checking

o Autonomous/robotic construction equipment


Challenges for Construction Tech

74

Automated code compliance checkingRule inferencing and machine learning for semantic enrichment and for checking compliance

Bloch, T., and Sacks, R. (2018). ‘Comparing Machine Learning and Rule-based Inferencing for Semantic Enrichment of BIM Models’, Automation in Construction, Vol. 91, pp. 256–272.

Model(IFC File)

Explicit Parameter(does not need enrichment)

Results

Building Code (clauses)

3Rule

Processing

4Machine Learning

Concepts (MVD)

1Rule

Processing

2Machine Learning

3Rule

Compilation

4Checking training

3Rule sets

4Trained

classifiers

Enriched Model

1Rule

Compilation

2Enrichment

training

1Rule sets

2Trained

classifiers

Enrichment training

data

Checking training

data

Model Checking Process

System Preparation Process

Semantic Enrichment Code Checking

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.03.018


The House of Construction Tech

75

Information Theory

Lean Production

Theory

Design Theory

Theory piles

Tech

no

logy

Bu

sin

ess

Pro

cess

Nee

d

Entr

epre

ne

urs

hip

Construction Tech columns

Ideas, Investment, ImplementationInnovationbeams

AdoptionAdoption roof

BIM Technology, Processes, PeopleBIM foundation


Thanks for your attention…….

76

[email protected]


Rafael Sacks

Constructs: digital innovation in the built environment | 2018-19 Keynote Lecture Series

UCL, London, UKTuesday, 5th February, 2019

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Construction Tech: Innovation Founded on Lean …...Clash checking Collaborative multi-disciplinary review Lean - BIM Interaction Matrix 2. Building modeling imposes a rigor on designers