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Development Alternatives

LCCR CONSTRUCTION FOR COASTAL CLIMATIC ZONE

ORISSA

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Defining Climate Change

Climate is… “ the mean and variability of relevant parameters like temperature, precipitation, and wind over a period of time, usually averaged over 30 years.”

-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate change is… the fluctuations in the “average weather” or variations in patterns of temperature, wind and precipitation over extended periods as well as the occurrence of extreme weather events.

GHG Concentrations during the last 2000 years Source: IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report

“Human activity alters the composition of global atmosphere both directly and indirectly, and is, to a large extent, responsible for climate change.”

- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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Climate Change: Common understanding

• The world is warming

• Much of the warming is to do with human emissions of greenhouse gases

• Warming will cause other changes

• There will be a wide range of impacts due to these changes The Earth’s climate system has demonstrably changed on both global

and regional scales since the pre-industrial era, with some of these

changes attributable to human activities.

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, 2007

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2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Glo

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GtC

O2e) Business as usual

550ppm CO2e stabilisation path

450ppm CO2e stabilisation path

CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent. This converts the various greenhouse gases (methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases) into

comparable units in terms of global warming potential.

To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we need to stabilise emissions

at concentrations of 450-550ppm CO2e…

What is Safe Level?

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Global Impacts of Climate Change

PREDICTED CHANGE

PROJECTED IMPACTS ON

Fluctuating precipitation patterns

Increased droughts, cyclones, floods.

Temperature extremities Increased heat & cold waves

Rise in sea levels Submerging of low-lying coasts

Agriculture Health Shelter

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Global Impacts of Climate Change

Over the period 1991-2005, • 3,470 million people were affected by disasters • 960,000 people died • US$ 1,193 billion economic losses

-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nations

45% of deaths by

natural disaster

79% of economic

losses caused by

natural hazards.

76% of all disaster events(1988-2007)

were hydrological, meteorological or

climatological in nature.

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Global Impacts of Climate Change

Global Climate Change Vulnerability Map Source: Centre of Global Development

“Most economies relying on agriculture and natural resources, are expected to be seriously affected by the adverse impacts of climate change.”

- IPCC 4th Assessment Report, 2007

Climate change mostly affects the developing countries of the world. In developing countries a large proportion of the population is more strongly

connected with natural resources.

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Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia

PROJECTED IMPACTS ON

Ecosystems

Agro-based livelihoods

Habitat

PREDICTED CHANGE • Increased droughts, tropical cyclones, floods • Rise in sea level • Rise in air and sea temperatures

Water systems

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Impacts of Climate Change in Orissa

Temperature fluctuation: • While global mean temperature rose by 0.5ºC over the past 50 years, in Orissa it rose by 1ºC. • In the last decade, the highest recorded average temperature has increased by a range of 4.4-6.6ºC, and the corresponding lowest recorded temperatures have decreased by a range of 3-5.1ºC.

“For 95 of the last 105 years, Orissa has witnessed adverse climatic events.” – InfoChange News & Features, December 2006.

RECORDED CHANGE

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Floods: •Monsoon of 2001: floods in 25 districts with no history of floods, 10 million lives affected, followed by an intense drought in 2002. Cyclones: •Cyclones of 1999: affected as many as 12.57 million people, 1.73 million hectares of agricultural land and damaged 1.65 million houses, fully or partially. Heat wave: •Heat wave of 1998: killed around 1500 people, mostly in coastal Orissa, a region otherwise known for its moderate temperature.

Calamities and Extreme Weather Events in Orissa

Cyclonic storms and floods along the 480 km coastline have been the most recurrent natural calamity in the coastal belt.

Cyclone

Flood

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Impacts of Climate Change in Orissa

“From a case study of the Orissa and West Bengal region, it is estimated that in the absence of protection, a one meter sea level rise will inundate 170,000 ha of predominantly prime agricultural land and displace 0.7 million people.”

– www.orissafactsheet.org

PREDICTED CHANGE Six coastal districts (Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Khurda, Puri and Nayagarh, interior districts of Mayurbhang and Kandhamal )are expected to receive more rainfall, while all other districts would get less rainfall.

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Factors Contributing to Climate Change in Orissa

Many of these activities are carried out to support the needs of the construction activities within the state.

Destroying forest cover

Removal of natural carbon sinks

Depletion of water resources

Disturbing the groundwater hydrology

Uncontrolled mining

Top soil erosion

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How should we address climate change?

Mitigation

• Action to reduce greenhouse gases, and therefore reduce future climate change impacts.

Adaptation

• Action to minimise the impacts of climate change and to reduce its severity as it happens. Public services, businesses and communities need to adapt to the effects of climate change that are apparent now.

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Slide Source: Shukla, 2010

India: Commitments, Actions and Drivers

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Dilemma of providing services and protecting the environment

Energy Service Demand Energy Technology

CO2, SO2, NOX

Air pollutants

Acid precipitation

Why is this difficult?

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The Construction Sector

GLOBALLY, the construction sector : • Accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw materials into the global economy every year. • Contributes 9% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

IN INDIA, the construction sector: • Is amongst the fastest growing sectors today : 156% growth from 2000 to 2007, providing employment to 18 million people directly. • Was estimated at USD 70.8 billion in 2008-09, in a trillion dollar economy. • Has been steadily contributing about 8% to the national GDP over the last 5 years.

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How does Climate Change affect Construction?

Uncomfortably hot or cold temperatures, high

velocity winds and intense precipitation

Increased incidence of extreme weather events

Flood and cylcone proneness in Orissa

Generation of huge amounts of debris from

damaged buildings

Climate resilience in design and

construction of buildings

Increased durability and performance

Building design and location

Appropriate disposal and reutilization of

debris

Changed needs of habitat and shelter in response to climate change.

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Water Storage Water efficiency and

capture

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Extraction of naturally materials such as building stone, wood, limestone (for cement) and

soil for making bricks

Operational energy needs of buildings contributes to peak in

electricity consumption

Rapid increase in housing construction

Alteration of water cycle, land degradation, impact on local communities and impact on

air quality

Green house gas (GHG) emissions

Intensifies pressure identified above

Building construction and operation activities have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment.

At the national level, activities of the

construction sector

22% of the total annual national CO2 emissions (80% results mainly from

production of energy intensive building materials - steel, cement, bricks and lime)

How does Construction affect Climate Change?

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Construction and Climate Change: a cyclic link

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Villages

Highest proportion of kutcha houses in the country.

Conventional Building Practice in Rural Orissa

Kutcha houses Upgraded houses

Roofing: • Biomass • Tiles • Bamboo understructure Walls: • Mud(70% houses) • Brick • Biomass

Foundation: • Laterite foundation and plinth Walls: • Country burnt red bricks walls.

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Conventional Building Practice in Rural Orissa

State govt. pushing for fly-ash to replace brick

and laterite construction

Small Towns

Roofing: • RCC • Tiles • Asbestos sheets Walls: • Bricks • Earth • Biomass • Stone

Pucca houses

Last 10 years: Rising number

of thermal power plants

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Resources in Orissa

• Annual average rainfall : 1,489 mm • 11 major rivers systems

WATER RESOURCES

CONCERNS:

• Water pollution • Variation in rainfall patterns: droughts, floods

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• Recorded forest cover: 60,000 km2 (37% state’s geographical area). • Building resources derived: timber, fuel wood, NTFPs (including Sal seed), bamboo. • Coastal plantations: 203 km2 of coastal mangrove plantations act as natural barriers to cyclone.

FOREST RESOURCES

Resources in Orissa

“Between 1986 and 2003, Orissa’s forest cover shrank by about 8%.” - State Of Forests Report, Forests and

Environment Department

CONCERNS: • Conservation of mangroves for protection from cyclones. • Soil erosion due to forest degradation is a serious issue.

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Minerals quarried: Bauxite (in laterite stone), dolomite,

graphite, sandstone, coal, granite,

marble, limestone, slate.

MINERAL RESOURCES

Resources in Orissa

Orissa is one of India’s most mineralised states.

The Government of Orissa have listed 104 mines which are found to have done over mining beyond the permission granted by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) in the state over the past 10 years period.

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RE-USABLE INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Resources in Orissa

27 power plants produce 20 million tonnes fly-ash per year

Manufacture of building materials that can be substituted by fly ash

Metallurgical & metal-based industries and coal-based

thermal power plants

Large amounts of environmentally hazardous waste is generated of which some are useful for building material

production.

247 sponge iron plants produce dolochar

Usable in brick kilns as internal fuel, reducing the carbon footprint of the unit.

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Pressures of Extracting & Processing

Building Materials in Orissa

Increase in severely degraded land by

136%

Increase in barren land by 69%

Increase in land converted to non-

agricultural use by 34%

Indiscriminate quarrying for 13 years (uptill 2011)

Large scale deforestation and loss of forest cover

Construction of big power projects, roads and buildings

Loss of carbon sinks, irregular water flow (drying up of natural springs and increased vulnerability to flash floods during rains).

The dust, smoke and silt coming out of these plants are heavy sources of pollution.

Cement is one of the biggest industries

Large scale destruction of natural resources with open cast mining of limestone.

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Thank you

Development Alternatives 27

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Development Alternatives

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