Fiscal Year 2011Design, Procurement, Site Preparation

Fiscal Year 2012Fabrication, Installation

Fiscal Year 2013Commissioning, Data Taking

Superconducting RF Gun Vault

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Isometric Cross-Section of Niowave 3-D Model of Cavity and Helium Vessel as Approved in FDR

Spectra-physics Tsunami (oscillator) + Spitfi re (amplifi er) system

B h ith I iti lBunch with InitialBunch with InitialBunch with Initial Z 0Z=0Z=0 L it di lZ 0 LongitudinalLongitudinalLongitudinal gM d l iModulationModulationModulationModulation

“Bad” laser“Bad” laserBad laserBad laser

T Di t ib ti i t Z 13Di t ib ti i tT psec Distribution in t Z=13 mDistribution in tT psec Distribution in t Z=13 mDistribution in tT, psec Distribution in t, Z=13 mDistribution in t, p ,

B h ith I iti lBunch with InitialZ 0 Bunch with InitialZ=0 Bunch with Initial Z=0 u c aZ=0Z 0TTransverseTransverseTransverse M d l tiModulationModulationModulation

“B d” th d“Bad” cathodeHi t i Bad cathodeHistogram in x Bad cathodeHistogram in xHistogram in xgHi t i Z 13Histogram in x Z=13 mHistogram in x, Z=13 mHistogram in x, Z 13 m

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Overall WiFEL R&D Plan• Development of a high repetition rate, VHF superconducting RFelectron gun, including a high repetition rate (several megahertz)electron gun, including a high repetition rate (several megahertz)photocathode drive laser

• R&D on photocathode materials, including novel approaches, byp , g pp , yAngle Resolved Photo Emission Spectroscopy (ARPES) studies onthe Aladdin storage ring at SRC

• Studies of the laser high harmonic generation (HHG) process toestablish the necessary noise performance as a seed laser source

• Evaluation of FEL facility architectures with the specific goal ofcost containment

• Addition of post acceleration (~50 MeV) as test bed for beam andFEL physics

Coming Attractionsg• Cathode Preparation Chamber• High repetition rate drive laser• Photocathode physics programPhotocathode physics program

Bi thin film in the rombohedral0°EDC

EPhoton=22 eV17.6phase. The surface state ~0.4 eVbelow the Fermi edge (blue spot)only has +2° emission angle. Theangular EDCs for Cs GaAs are 0.5°

17.6

17.2angular EDCs for Cs:GaAs areshown (inset) for comparison.

This involves accessing a specific

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This involves accessing a specificsurface state withoutthermalization.

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G. Bian, T. Miller, and T. C. Chiang, Phys. Rev. B 80, 245407 (2009)

2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0E (eV)

-404

deg

SRF Electron Gun Parameters

Parameter ValueBeam kinetic energy 4.0 MeVBunch charge 10–200 pCNorm. trans. emittance 0.2–0.9 mmmrMax. average beam current 1.0 mAPeak current (at 100 MeV) 50 APhotocathode variedDriving laser wavelength 266 nmPulse duration (FWHM) 0.100 psBunch repetition rate 5 MHzElectric fi eld at cathode 45 MV/m

Wisconsin Free Electron Laser (WiFEL) Concept

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Assembly & Installation Including Diagnostic Controls Beam Tests

Project Timeline

University of Wisconsin SRF Gun

AbstractAn SRF electron gun was chosen because it is

well suited to the requirements of an accelerator based lightsource. [1] It uses low charge bunches with a high peak current at the exit of the injector to minimize downstream magnetic compression and reduce collective effects. The electric fi elds on the cathode in an SRF gun are higher than other CW sources (>20 MV/m) resulting in greater ultimate brightness. Finally, the electron bunch pulse rep-etition rates for SRF guns are only limited by the RF power couplers and HOM suppression, mean-ing that user beamlines can be driven at megahertz repetition rates by a single accelerator. These fea-tures make the SRF gun very attractive at moder-ate currents compared to other devices proposed. Further details of the design may be found in ref-erence [2]. This approach complements programs in room temperature RF guns at LBNL, DC guns at Cornell, and L-band guns in Europe.

The electromagnetic design itself was opti-mized to produce maximum electric fi eld at the cathode while minimizing the peak electric fi eld in the cavity. This will reduce the possibility of fi eld emission limiting the cavity gradient. Similarly, the peak surface magnetic fi eld was minimized to reduce the possibility of magnetic quench of the cavity. The cavity was also optimized to pro-duce a large integrated fi eld between the cathode and anode gap in order that the gun should have a large exit energy. The overall design produces very bright bunches that have suffi cient momentum to use the demonstrated LCLS emittance compensa-tion scheme (gun / solenoid / linac section) as part of the injector for an FEL. The cathode is warm with respect to the cavity. Another feature of the design is a high Tc superconducting solenoid for emittance compensation.

To meet the stringent requirements on the lon-gitudinal distribution of the bunch to avoid den-sity modulations in the FEL, we plan to use self infl ating (blow out mode) bunches for the FEL. Blow out mode is a scheme in which a laser pulse that is signifi cantly shorter than the fi nal bunch length is used to create a charge pancake on the surface of the cathode, which then expands under its own self space charge force to an ellipsoidal bunch with uniform charge density [3].

Major procurements are now in place. Nio-wave is fabricating the cavity/helium vessel, and Danfysik is responsible for the High Tc emittance compensation solenoid. A variant of the Jeffer-son Lab 12-GeV low level RF control module will used to operate the 20 kW solid state RF system that has been delivered. The photocathode laser system has been selected and is scheduled for de-livery at the end of the year. A vault area adja-cent to the Aladdin synchrotron is currently be-ing refurbished as the home of the electron gun, and there is suffi cient space to allow installation of a post-accelerator at a later date. Installation and system commissioning is scheduled for early 2012 with beam testing scheduled for fall 2012.

References[1] J. Bisognano, et al., “The Wisconsin Free Electron Laser Initiative,” in: Proceedings of the 2009 Part. Accel. Conf. (2009).[2] R. Legg, et al., “SRF Photoinjector R&D at University of Wisconsin,” in: Proceedings of ERL09, 45th ICFA Advanced Beam DynamicsWorkshop.[3] O.J. Luiten, et al., “How to Realize Uniform Three-Dimensional Ellip-soidal Electron Bunches,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 094802 (2004).

Publications• J. Bisognano et al., “Progress toward the Wisconsin Free Electron Laser

Facility,” 2011 Particle Accelerator Conference, 2011.• R. Legg, “Gun R&D at Wisconsin,” Mini-workshop on Compact X-ray

FELs, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, August 5-6, 2010.• R. Legg, M. Fisher, K. Kleman, “Development of a Frequency Map for the

WIFEL SRF Gun,” SRF 2011, Chicago, IL, July 25-29, 2011.

*The electron gun program is supported by DOE Award DE-SC0005264

Construction and Test of a Novel Superconducting RF Electron GunJ. Bisognano, R. Bosch, D. Eisert, M. Fisher, M. Green, K. Jacobs, K. Kleman, J. Kulpin, G. Rogers (UW-Madison/SRC); J. Lawler, D. Yavuz (UW-Madison); R.Legg (JLAB); T. Miller (UIUC)

The University of Wisconsin FEL team is moving forward with the development a 199.6 MHz superconducting RF gun that meets the required specifi cations for a CW FEL in the soft X-ray region. A three year program is under way, with key procurements in place and installation of the hardware and commissioning in a one year time frame.

Post Acceleration Cryomodule

Overall SRF Gun Cryostat

Copper Prototype for Cake Pan

NbTi Cathode Flange3/1

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JLAB LLRFRF Power Amplifi er

Wisconsin Superconducting RF Electron GunSRF offers advantages for high average current electron gun

Higher gradients achievable at cathode (~ 40 MV/m)With t d t ti i f h t l d l ti bWithout need to optimize for heat load, acceleration gap can be large, yielding substantial increase in output beam energy (~4 MeV)

Lower frequency for temporal field flatness (quasi-DC)q y p (q )High gradient allows operation in so-called “blow out” mode

D l t f F M f th SRF GDevelopment of a Frequency Map for the SRF GunDevelopment of a Frequency Map for the SRF GunDevelopment of a Frequency Map for the SRF GunDevelopment of a Frequency Map for the SRF Gunp q y pFEA t E l t St d D f tiFEA to Evaluate Stress and Deformationo a ua e S ess a d e o a o

STIFFENED CAVITY DESIGNSTIFFENED CAVITY DESIGNI i ll di f diff h i l

bl bInner cavity wall coordinates for different mechanical

Humble beginnings: loads. Distortions shown are exaggerated by a factorHumble beginnings: loads. Distortions shown are exaggerated by a factorof 100 Cavity wall thickness is 4mm in all locations

g gl f h f l

of 100. Cavity wall thickness is 4mm in all locationsf d i d iff ia simple Superfish file except for anode port region and stiffener ring ata simple Superfish file toroidal shaped end of cavity.p p toroidal shaped end of cavity.

VACUUM LOADING + VACUUM LOADING +VACUUM LOADING VACUUM LOADING + VACUUM LOADING +VACUUM LOADINGONLY MID RANGE TUNER MAX RANGE TUNERONLY

FORCE (800 LB ) FORCE (1600 LB )FORCE (800 LB.) FORCE (1600 LB.)

Ni bi ll thi k tiff t k t b l 7k i f ll l di •Tuner force always opposes vacuum loading i e : anode flange is pulled away •Third loading case: VACUUM LOADING + MAX RANGE TUNER FORCE (1600#)•Niobium wall thickness, stiffeners, etc. keep stresses below 7ksi for all loadings. •Tuner force always opposes vacuum loading, i.e.: anode flange is pulled awayf h d b i h i

•Third loading case: VACUUM LOADING + MAX RANGE TUNER FORCE (1600#),thi l t f lt i hi h t t th d d f it d•Do NOT want to have weld joints in the highest stress regions. from cathode by tuning mechanism. this larger tuner force results in a higher stress at the anode end of cavity and

•First Loading Case: VACUUM LOADING ONLY results in highest stresses at •Second loading case: VACUUM LOADING + MID RANGE TUNER FORCE (800 LB.), prompted the addition of a thicker region at anode port.First Loading Case: VACUUM LOADING ONLY results in highest stresses atcathode end of cavity drives need for stiffener ring

gthis tuner force tends to offset vacuum loading and creates minimum stress state.cathode end of cavity , drives need for stiffener ring. this tuner force tends to offset vacuum loading and creates minimum stress state.

Leading to a cavity with physical dimensions and specificationsLeading to a cavity with physical dimensions and specifications.g y p y p

Freq Volume D volumeFreq, D Freq MHz Volume, D volume,State MHz

D Freq, MHzin^3 in^3State MHz in 3 in 3

Nominal 4 K 199 58953 6269 213Nominal, 4 K 199.58953 6269.213,

0 06303 6267 753 1 46R 1600 lb l d t 199 65256 0.06303 6267.753 1.46Remove 1600 lb preload on tuner 199.65256p

0 28216 6294 653 26 9Warmed to 273 K 199 3704 0.28216 6294.653 26.9Warmed to 273 K 199.3704

0 05180 6295 853 1 2Skin depth vs temp at 200 MHz 199 3185945 0.05180 6295.853 1.2Skin depth vs temp at 200 MHz 199.3185945

0 07 6300 243 4 39Remove vacuum load 199 2485945 0.07 6300.243 4.39Remove vacuum load 199.2485945

0 05383 6300 243 0Ch i i i i f /f i 199 1947645

0.05383 6300.243 0Change in permitivity, fvac/fair 199.1947645Change in permitivity, fvac/fair 199.1947645

d h 0.174042 6282.793Undo BCP etch 199.3688075 0.174042 6282.793 17.45Undo BCP etch 199.3688075 17.45

0.088 6294.87Final weld shrinkage 0 7 mm 199 280 0.088 6294.87 12 08Final weld shrinkage, 0.7 mm 199.280 12.08

Steps from cavity blank to final frequencySteps from cavity blank to final frequency

“B d” th d“Bad” cathodeHi t i Bad cathodeHistogram in x Bad cathodeHistogram in xHistogram in xgHi t i Z 13Histogram in x Z=13 mHistogram in x, Z=13 mHistogram in x, Z 13 mg

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thicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknessthicknesst c ess isisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisiss 4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm4mm ininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininininin allallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallallalla locationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationslocationsocat o sfffffff dddddd iii dddddd ffffffiffiffiffiff iiih file tttttttttttttttte cepte ceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexceptexcepte cepe ceppppppppppppppppppppppppppp ffffffffffffffffffffffffffforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforforfor ddddddddddddddddddddddddddanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanodeanode ttttttttttttttttportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportportpopopppppppppppppppppppppppppp iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiire ionre ionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregionregioneg oeg ogggggggggggggggggggggggggg ddddddddddddddddddddddddddandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandandand iffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftifftiffstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffenerstiffener iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirinrinringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringringgggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ttttttttttttttttatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatath file d ld lid lid lid lid lid lid lid l h dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh d dddddddd fffffffff iiiiii