Constitutional Law - People v Cayat

7/24/2019 Constitutional Law - People v Cayat

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[No. 45987. May 5, 1939]

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plainti an! app"ll"", #$. %&'&T, !"("n!ant an!

app"llant.

1.%ONSTIT)TION&L L&*+ )&-&NT' OF E)&L P-OTE%TION OF THE L&*S+

LEISL&TION /&SE0 ON -E&SON&/LE %L&SSIFI%&TION.It i$ an "$ta2li$"!

pinipl" o( on$tit6tional la tat t" 6aanty o( t" "6al pot"tion o( t" la$ i$

not #iolat"! 2y a l"i$lation 2a$"! on "a$ona2l" la$$i:ation. &n! t" la$$i:ation, to

2" "a$ona2l", ;<= >6$t "$t on $62$tantial !i$tintion$+ ;?= >6$t 2" ">an" to t"

p6po$"$ o( t" la+ ;3= >6$t not 2" li>it"! to "@i$tin on!ition$ only+ an! ;4= >6$t

apply "6ally to all >">2"$ o( t" $a>" la$$.

?.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ NONA%H-ISTI&N T-I/ES.&t No. 1B39 $ati$:"$ t"$" "6i">"nt$

T" la$$i:ation "$t$ on "al o $62$tantial, not >""ly i>ainay o i>$ial,

!i$tintion$. It i$ not 2a$"! 6pon Cai!"nt o( 2it o pa"nta"C 26t 6pon t" !"""

o( i#iliDation an! 6lt6". T" t"> CnonA%i$tian ti2"$C "("$, .not to "liio6$

2"li"(, 26t, in a ay, to t" "oapial a"a, an!, >o" !i"tly, to nati#"$ o( t"

Pilippin"$ o( a lo a!" o( i#iliDation, 6$6ally li#in in ti2al "lation$ip apat (o>

$"ttl"! o>>6niti"$.

8.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.Ti$ !i$tintion i$ 6n6"$tiona2ly "a$ona2l", (o t" &t a$

int"n!"! to >""t t" p"6lia on!ition$ "@i$tin in t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$. T"

"@"ptional a$"$ o( "tain >">2"$ t""o( o at p"$"nt a#" "a"! a po$ition o(

6lt6al "6ality it t"i %i$tian 2ot"$, annot a"t t" "a$ona2l"n"$$ o( t"

la$$i:ation t6$ "$ta2li$"!.

4.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.Tat t" la$$i:ation i$ ">an" to t" p6po$"$ o( la annot 2"

!o62t"!. T" poi2ition Cto 26y, ""i#", a#" in i$ po$$"$$ion, o !in any a!"nt

$piit$, al", 2"", in", o into@iatin li6o$ o( any in!, ot" tan t" $oall"! nati#"

in"$ an! li6o$ i t" >">2"$ o( $6 ti2"$ a#" 2""n a6$to>"! t">$"l#"$

to >a" pio to t" pa$$a" o( ti$ &t,C i$ 6n6"$tiona2ly !"$in"! to in$6" p"a"

an! o!" in an! a>on t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$. It a$ 2""n t" $a! "@p"i"n" o( t"

pa$t, a$ t" o2$"#ation$ o( t" lo" o6t !i$lo$", tat t" ("" 6$" o( ily

into@iatin li6o$ 2y t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$ a#" o(t"n "$6lt"! in lal"$$n"$$ an!

i>"$ t""2y a>p"in t" "ot$ o( t" o#"n>"nt to ai$" t"i $tan!a! o( li("

an! i#iliDation.

5.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.T" la i$ not li>it"! in it$ appliation to on!ition$ "@i$tin at t"

ti>" o( it$ "nat>"nt. It i$ int"n!"! to apply (o all ti>"$ a$ lon a$ to$" on!ition$

"@i$t. T" &t a$ not p"!iat"! 6pon t" a$$6>ption tat t" non%i$tian$ a"

Ci>p">"a2l" to any i#iliDin in6"n".C On t" ontay, t" L"i$lat6" 6n!"$too!

tat t" i#iliDation o( a p"opl" i$ a $lo po"$$ an! tat an! in an! it it >6$t o

>"a$6"$ o( pot"tion an! $"6ity.

B.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.Tat t" &t appli"$ "6ally to all >">2"$ o( t" la$$ i$ "#i!"nt

(o> a p"6$al t""o(. Tat it >ay 2" 6n(ai in it$ op"ation aain$t a "tain n6>2"



o( nonA%i$tian$ 2y "a$on o( t"i !""" o( 6lt6", i$ not an a6>"nt aain$t t"

"6ality o( it$ appliation.

7.I0.+ I0. + I0. + I0.+ 0)E P-O%ESS OF L&*.To on$tit6t" !6" po"$$ o( la, noti"

an! 2"ain a" not alay$ n""$$ay. Ti$ 6l" i$ "$p"ially t6" "" >6 >6$t 2"

l"(t to t" !i$"tion o( t" a!>ini$tati#" oiial$ in applyin a la to pati6la a$"$.

06" po"$$ o( la >"an$ $i>plyG ;1= tat t"" $all 2" a la p"$i2"! in a>ony

it t" "n"al po"$ o( t" l"i$lati#" !"pat>"nt o( t" o#"n>"nt+ ;?= tat it$all 2" "a$ona2l" in it$ op"ation+ ;3= tat it $all 2" "n(o"! ao!in to t"

"6la >"to!$ o( po"!6" p"$i2"!+ an! ;4= tat it $all 2" applia2l" ali" to all

itiD"n$ o( t" $tat" o to all o( a la$$.

8.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ POLI%E PO*E- OF THE ST&TE.N"it" i$ t" &t an i>pop"

"@"i$" o( t" poli" po" o( t" $tat". It a$ 2""n $ai! tat t" poli" po" i$ t"

>o$t in$i$t"nt an! l"a$t li>ita2l" o( all t" po"$ o( t" o#"n>"nt. It a$ 2""n aptly

!"$i2"! a$ a po" o"@t"n$i#" it $"l(Apot"tion an! on$tit6t"$ t" la o(

o#"6lin n""$$ity. &ny >"a$6" int"n!"! to po>ot" t" "alt, p"a", >oal$,

"!6ation an! oo! o!" o( t" p"opl" o to in"a$" t" in!6$ti"$ o( At" $tat",!"#"lop it$ "$o6"$ an! a!! to it$ "alt an! po$p"ity, i$ a l"iti>at" "@"i$" o(

t" poli" po", an! 6nl"$$ $on to 2" i>$ial o apiio6$ a$ to 6n!6ly int"(""

it t" it$ o( an in!i#i!6al, t" $a>" >6$t 2" 6p"l!.

9.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.&t No. 1B39 i$ !"$in"! to po>ot" p"a" an! o!" in t" nonA

%i$tian ti2"$ $o a$ to ">o#" all o2$tal"$ to t"i >oal an! int"ll"t6al ot an!,

"#"nt6ally, to a$t"n t"i "6aliDation an! 6ni:ation it t" "$t o( t"i %i$tian

2ot"$. It$ 6lti>at" p6po$" an 2" no ot" tan to 6ni(y t" Filipino p"opl" it a

#i" to a "at" Pilippin"$. T" la, t"n, !o"$ not $"" to >a t" nonA%i$tian

ti2"$ a$ Can in("io o l"$$ apa2l" a".C On t" ontay, all >"a$6"$ t6$ (aa!opt"! in t" po>otion o( t" p62li poliy toa!$ t"> "$t 6pon a "onition o(

t"i in""nt it to "6ality in t" "noy>"nt o( to$" pi#il""$ no "noy"! 2y

t"i %i$tian 2ot"$. /6t a$ t"" an 2" no t6" "6ality 2"(o" t" la, i( t"" i$,

in (at, no "6ality in "!6ation, t" o#"n>"nt a$ "n!"a#o"!, 2y appopiat"

>"a$6"$, to ai$" t"i 6lt6" an! i#iliDation an! $"6" (o t"> t" 2"n":t$ o( t"i

po"$$, it t" 6lti>at" "n! in #i" o( plain t"> it t"i %i$tian 2ot"$ on

t" 2a$i$ o( t6" "6ality.

1.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ P-IN%IPLE OF CS&L)S POP)LI S)P-EM& EST LEJ.In t"

on$tit6tional $">" o( o6 o#"n>"nt, ti$ o6t an o no (at" tan to in6i""t" t" L"i$lat6" a! t" po" to "nat t" la. I( t" po" "@i$t$, an! "

ol! it !o"$ "@i$t, t" i$!o> o( t" poliy a!opt"!, an! t" a!"6ay 6n!" "@i$tin

on!ition$ o( t" >"a$6"$ "nat"! to (oa! it, a" >att"$ i ti$ o6t a$ no

a6toity to pa$$ 6pon. &n!, i( in t" appliation o( t" la, t" "!6at"!. nonA

%i$tian$ $all ini!"ntally $6", t" 6$ti:ation $till "@i$t$ in t" allAo>p""n!in

pinipl" o( $al6$ pop6li $6p">a "$t l"@.



11.I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ I0.+ P)/LI% &N0 P-IK&TE INTE-ESTS.*"n t" p62li

$a("ty o t" p62li >oal$ "6i" t" !i$ontin6an" o( a "tain pati" 2y a "tain

la$$ o( p"$on$, t" an! o( t" L"i$lat6" annot 2" $tay"! (o> po#i!in (o it$

!i$ontin6an" 2y any ini!"ntal inon#"ni"n" i $o>" >">2"$ o( t" la$$ >ay

$6". T" pi#at" int""$t$ o( $6 >">2"$ >6$t yi"l! to t" paa>o6nt int""$t$ o(

t" nation ;%(. /o$ton /"" %o. #$. Ma$$., 97 ). S., ?5+ ?4 La. "!., 989=.

&PPE&L (o> a 6!>"nt o( t" %o6t o( Fi$t In$tan" o( /a6io. %alo$, .

T" (at$ a" $tat"! in t" opinion o( t" o6t.

Sinai Ha>a!a y %aio (o app"llant.

SoliitoA"n"al T6a$on (o app"ll"".

MO-&N, .G

Po$"6t"! (o #iolation o( &t No. 1B39 ;$"$. ? an! 3=, t" a6$"!, %ayat, a nati#" o(

/a6io, /"n6"t, Mo6ntain Po#in", a$ $"nt"n"! 2y t" 6$ti" o( t" p"a" o6t o(

/a6io to pay a :n" o( :#" p"$o$ ;P5= o $6" $62$i!iay i>pi$on>"nt in a$" o(

in$ol#"ny. On app"al to t" %o6t o( Fi$t In$tan", t" (olloin in(o>ation a$ :l"!

aain$t i>G

CTat on o a2o6t t" ?5t !ay o( an6ay, 1937, in t" %ity o( /a6io, %o>>on"alt

o( t" Pilippin"$, an! itin t" 6i$!ition o( ti$ o6t, t" a2o#"Ana>"! a6$"!,

%ayat, 2"in a >">2" o( t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$, !i! t"n an! t"" ill(6lly,

6nla(6lly, an! ill"ally ""i#", a6i", an! a#" in i$ po$$"$$ion an! 6n!" i$

ontol o 6$to!y, on" 2ottl" o( &A1A1 in, an into@iatin li6o, ot" tan t" $oA

all"! nati#" in"$ an! li6o$ i t" >">2"$ o( $6 ti2"$ a#" 2""n

a6$to>"! t">$"l#"$ to >a" pio to t" pa$$a" o( &t No. 1B39.C

&6$"! int"po$"! a !">6" i a$ o#"6l"!. &t t" tial, " a!>itt"! all t"

(at$ all""! in t" in(o>ation, 26t pl"a!"! not 6ilty to t" a" (o t" "a$on$

a!!6"! in i$ !">6" an! $62>itt"! t" a$" on t" pl"a!in$. T" tial o6t (o6n!

i> 6ilty o( t" i>" a"! an! $"nt"n"! i> to pay a :n" o( :(ty p"$o$ ;P5= o

$6" $62$i!iay i>pi$on>"nt in a$" o( in$ol#"ny. T" a$" i$ no 2"(o" ti$ o6t

on app"al. S"tion$ ? an! 3 o( &t No. 1B39 "a!G

CSE%. ?. It $all 2" 6nla(6l (o any nati#" o( t" Pilippin" I$lan!$ o i$ a >">2" o(

a nonA%i$tian ti2" itin t" >"anin o( &t N6>2""! Tit""n 6n!"! an!

nin"tyA$"#"n, to 26y, ""i#", a#" in i$ po$$"$$ion, o !in any a!"nt $piit$, al",

2"", in", o into@iatin li6o$ o( any in!, ot" tan t" $oAall"! nati#" in"$ an!

li6o$ i t" >">2"$ o( $6 ti2"$ a#" 2""n a6$to>"! t">$"l#"$ to >a"

pio to t" pa$$a" o( ti$ &t, "@"pt a$ po#i!"! in $"tion on" ""o(+ an! it $all 2"

t" !6ty o( any poli" oi" o ot" !6ly a6toiD"! a"nt o( t" In$6la o any

po#inial, >6niipal o ton$ip o#"n>"nt to $"iD" an! (otit !"$toy any $6

li6o$ (o6n! 6nla(6lly in t" po$$"$$ion o( any >">2" o( a nonA%i$tian ti2".



CSE%. 3. &ny p"$on #iolatin t" po#i$ion$ o( $"tion on" o $"tion to o( ti$ &t

$all, 6pon on#ition t""o(, 2" p6ni$a2l" (o "a o"n$" 2y a :n" o( not "@""!in

to 6n!"! p"$o$ o 2y i>pi$on>"nt (o a t"> not "@""!in $i@ >ont$, in t"

!i$"tion o( t" o6t.C

T" a6$"! all"n"$ t" on$tit6tionality o( t" &t on t" (olloin o6n!$G

;1= Tat it i$ !i$i>inatoy an! !"ni"$ t" "6al pot"tion o( t" la$+

;?= Tat it i$ #iolati#" o( t" !6" po"$$ la6$" o( t" %on$tit6tion+ an!

;3= Tat it i$ an i>pop" "@"i$" o( t" poli" po" o( t" $tat".

%o6n$"l (o t" app"llant ol!$ o6t i$ 2i"( a$ t" C2i"( (o t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$.C

It i$ $ai! tat a$ t"$" l"$$ i#iliD"! "l">"nt$ o( t" Filipino pop6lation a" C"alo6$ o(

t"i it$ in a !">oay,C any att">pt to t"at t"> it !i$i>ination o C>a

t"> a$ in("io o l"$$ apa2l" a" an! l"$$ "ntitl"!C ill >""t it t"i in$tant

all"n". &$ t" on$tit6tionality o( t" &t "" in#ol#"! i$ 6"$tion"! (o p6po$"$

t6$ >"ntion"!, it 2"o>"$ i>p"ati#" to "@a>in" an! "$ol#" t" i$$6"$ ai$"! in t"lit o( t" poliy o( t" o#"n>"nt toa!$ t" non%i$tian ti2"$ a!opt"! an!

on$i$t"ntly (ollo"! (o> t" Spani$ ti>"$ to t" p"$"nt, >o" o(t"n it $ai:"

an! ti26lation 26t alay$ it on$i"n" an! 6>anity.

&$ "aly a$ 1551, t" Spani$ o#"n>"nt a! a$$6>"! an 6n#ayin $oliito6$ attit6!"

toa!$ t"$" ina2itant$, an! in t" !i""nt la$ o( t" In!i"$, t"i on"ntation in

$oAall"! C"!6ion"$C ;o>>6niti"$= a! 2""n p"$i$t"ntly att">pt"! it t" "n! in

#i" o( ao!in t"> t" C$piit6al an! t">poal 2"n":t$C o( i#iliD"! li(".

To6o6t t" Spani$ "i>", it a! 2""n "a!"! 2y t" Spani$ o#"n>"nt a$ a

$a"! C!6ty to on$i"n" an! 6>anityC to i#iliD" t"$" l"$$ (ot6nat" p"opl" li#inCin t" o2$6ity o( inoan"C an! to ao! t"> t" C>oal an! >at"ial a!#anta"$C

o( o>>6nity li(" an! t" Cpot"tion an! #iilan" ao!"! t"> 2y t" $a>" la$.C

;0""" o( t" o#"noA"n"al o( t" Pilippin"$, an. 14, 1887.= Ti$ poliy a! not

2""n !""t"! (o> !6in t" &>"ian p"io!. P"$i!"nt Minl"y in i$ in$t6tion$

to t" Pilippin" %o>>i$$ion o( &pil 7, 19, $ai!G

CIn !"alin it t" 6ni#iliD"! ti2"$ o( t" I$lan!$, t" %o>>i$$ion $o6l! a!opt t"

$a>" o6$" (ollo"! 2y %on"$$ in p">ittin t" ti2"$ o( o6 Not &>"ian

In!ian$ to >aintain t"i ti2al oaniDation an! o#"n>"nt, an! 6n!" i >any o(

to$" ti2"$ a" no li#in in p"a" an! ont"nt>"nt, $6o6n!"! 2y i#iliDation toi t"y a" 6na2l" o 6nillin to on(o>. S6 ti2al o#"n>"nt $o6l!,

o"#", 2" $62"t"! to i$" an! :> "6lation+ an!, ito6t 6n!6" o p"tty

int"(""n", on$tant an! ati#" "ot $o6l! 2" "@"i$"! to p"#"nt 2a2ao6$

pati"$ an! into!6" i#iliD"! 6$to>$.C

Sin" t"n an! 6p to t" p"$"nt, t" o#"n>"nt a$ 2""n on$tantly #"@"! it t"

po2l"> o( !"t">inin to$" patia2l" >"an$ o( 2inin a2o6t t"i a!#an">"nt

in i#iliDation an! >at"ial po$p"ity.C ;S"", &t No. ?53.= CPla"! in an alt"nati#" o(



"it" l"ttin t"> alon" o 6i!in t"> in t" pat o( i#iliDation,C t" p"$"nt

o#"n>"nt Ca$ o$"n to a!opt t" latt" >"a$6" a$ on" >o" in ao! it

6>anity an! it t" national on$i"n".C ;M">oan!6> o( S""tay o( t" Int"io,

6ot"! in -62i #$. Po#inial /oa! o( Min!oo, 39 Pil., BB, 714.= To ti$ "n!, t"i

o>"$ an! :"$i!"$ a#" 2""n 2o6t, in ontat it i#iliD"! o>>6niti"$ to6 a

n"to o( iay$ an! o>>6niation$+ t" 2"n":t$ o( p62li "!6ation a#" to

t"> 2""n "@t"n!"!+ an! >o" lat"ly, "#"n t" it o( $6a". &n! to o>pl">"nt

ti$ poliy o( attation an! a$$i>ilation, t" L"i$lat6" a$ pa$$"! &t No. 1B396n!o62t"!ly to $"6" (o t"> t" 2l"$$in$ o( p"a" an! a>ony+ to (ailitat", an!

not to >a, t"i api! an! $t"a!y >a to i#iliDation an! 6lt6". It i$, t""(o", in

ti$ lit tat t" &t >6$t 2" 6n!"$too! an! appli"!.

It i$ an "$ta2li$"! pinipl" o( on$tit6tional la tat t" 6aanty o( t" "6al

pot"tion o( t" la$ i$ not #iolat"! 2y a l"i$lation 2a$"! on "a$ona2l" la$$i:ation.

&n! t" la$$i:ation, to 2" "a$ona2l", ;1= >6$t "$t on $62$tantial !i$tintion$+ ;?=

>6$t 2" ">an" to t" p6po$"$ o( t" la+ ;3= >6$t not 2" li>it"! to "@i$tin

on!ition$ only+ an! ;4= >6$t apply "6ally to all >">2"$ o( t" $a>" la$$. ;/oni$

#$. Fal %o., 133 N. *., ?9+ Lin!$l"y #$. Nat6al %a2oni a$ %o., ?? ). S., B1+ 55

La. "!., 3B9+ -62i #$. Po#inial /oa! o( Min!oo, 39 Pil., BB+ P"opl" an! Honon

Sanai /anin %opoation #$. K"a an! %6 )ni"n, 37 O. aD., 187.=

&t No. 1B39 $ati$:"$ t"$" "6i">"nt$. T" la$$i:ation "$t$ on "al o

$62$tantial, not >""ly i>ainay o i>$ial, !i$tintion$. It i$ not 2a$"! 6pon

Cai!"nt o( 2it o pa"nta",C a$ o6n$"l (o t" app"llant a$$"t$, 26t 6pon t"

!""" o( i#iliDation an! 6lt6". CT" t"> nonA%i$tian ti2"$ "("$, not to

"liio6$ 2"li"(, 26t, in a ay, to t" "oapial a"a, an!, >o" !i"tly, to nati#"$ o(

t" Pilippin" I$lan!$ o( a lo a!" o( i#iliDation, 6$6ally li#in in ti2al "lation$ip

apat (o> $"ttl"! o>>6niti"$.C ;-62i #$. Po#inial /oa! o( Min!oo, $6pa.= Ti$

!i$tintion i$ 6n6"$tiona2ly "a$ona2l", (o t" &t a$ int"n!"! to >""t t" p"6lia

on!ition$ "@i$tin in t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$. T" "@"ptional a$"$ o( "tain

>">2"$ t""o( o at p"$"nt a#" "a"! a po$ition o( 6lt6al "6ality it t"i

%i$tian 2ot"$, annot a"t t" "a$ona2l"n"$$ o( t" la$$i:ation t6$

"$ta2li$"!.

Tat it i$ ">an" to t" p6po$"$ o( la annot 2" !o62t"!. T" poi2ition Cto 26y,

""i#", a#" in i$ po$$"$$ion, o !in any a!"nt $piit$, al", 2"", in", o

into@iatin li6o$ o( any in!, ot" tan t" $oAall"! nati#" in"$ an! li6o$ it" >">2"$ o( $6 ti2"$ a#" 2""n a6$to>"! t">$"l#"$ to >a" pio to t"

pa$$a" o( ti$ &t,C i$ 6n6"$tiona2ly !"$in"! to in$6" p"a" an! o!" in an!

a>on t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$. It a$ 2""n t" $a! "@p"i"n" o( t" pa$t, a$ t"

o2$"#ation$ o( t" lo" o6t !i$lo$", tat t" ("" 6$" o( ily into@iatin li6o$

2y t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$ a#" o(t"n "$6lt"! in lal"$$n"$$ an! i>"$, t""2y

a>p"in t" "ot$ o( t" o#"n>"nt to ai$" t"i $tan!a! o( li(" an! i#iliDation.

T" la i$ not li>it"! in it$ appliation to on!ition$ "@i$tin at t" ti>" o( it$

"nat>"nt. It i$ int"n!"! to apply (o all ti>"$ a$ lon a$ to$" on!ition$ "@i$t. T" &t



a$ not p"!iat"!, a$ o6n$"l (o app"llant a$$"t$, 6pon t" a$$6>ption tat t" nonA

%i$tian$ a" Ci>p">"a2l" to any i#iliDin in6"n".C On t" ontay, t"

L"i$lat6" 6n!"$too! tat t" i#iliDation o( a p"opl" i$ a $lo po"$$ an! tat an!

in an! it it >6$t o >"a$6"$ o( pot"tion an! $"6ity.

Finally, tat t" &t appli"$ "6ally to all >">2"$ o( t" la$$ i$ "#i!"nt (o> a p"6$al

t""o(. Tat it >ay 2" 6n(ai in it$ op"ation aain$t a "tain n6>2" o( non%i$tian$

2y "a$on o( t"i !""" o( 6lt6", i$ not an a6>"nt aain$t t" "6ality o( it$appliation.

&pp"llant ont"n!$ tat tat po#i$ion o( t" la ">po"in any poli" oi" o ot"

!6ly a6toiD"! a"nt o( t" o#"n>"nt to $"iD" an! (otit !"$toy any poi2it"!

li6o$ (o6n! 6nla(6lly in t" po$$"$$ion o( any >">2" o( t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$ i$

#iolati#" o( t" !6" po"$$ o( la po#i!"! in t" %on$tit6tion. /6t ti$ po#i$ion i$ not

in#ol#"! in t" a$" at 2a. /"$i!"$, to on$tit6t" !6" po"$$ o( la, noti" an! "ain

a" not alay$ n""$$ay. Ti$ 6l" i$ "$p"ially t6" "" >6 >6$t 2" l"(t to t"

!i$"tion o( t" a!>ini$tati#" oiial$ in applyin a la to pati6la a$"$

;M""", 06" Po"$$ o( La, p. 371, it"! it appo#al in -62i #$. Po#inial /oa!o( Min!oo, $6pa.= 06" po"$$ o( la >"an$ $i>plyG ;1= tat t"" $all 2" a la

p"$i2"! in a>ony it t" "n"al po"$ o( t" l"i$lati#" !"pat>"nt o( t"

o#"n>"nt+ ;?= tat it $all 2" "a$ona2l" in it$ op"ation+ ;3= tat it $all 2" "n(o"!

ao!in to t" "6la >"to!$ o( po"!6" p"$i2"!+ an! ;4= tat it $all 2"

applia2l" ali" to all itiD"n$ o( t" $tat" o to all o( a la$$. ;). S. #$. Lin S6 Fan, 1

Pil., 14, ai>"! on app"al 2y t" )nit"! Stat"$ S6p">" %o6t, ?18 ). S., 3?G54

La. "!., 149.= T6$, a p"$on$ pop"ty >ay 2" $"iD"! 2y t" o#"n>"nt in pay>"nt

o( ta@"$ ito6t 6!iial "ain+ o pop"ty 6$"! in #iolation o( la >ay 2" on:$at"!

;). S. #$. S6la, ? Pil., 1B3, 1B7=, o "n t" pop"ty on$tit6t"$ op6$ !"liti, a$

in t" in$tant a$" ;Mo"no #$. &o %i, 1? Pil., 439, 44?=.

N"it" i$ t" &t an i>pop" "@"i$" o( t" poli" po" o( t" $tat". It a$ 2""n $ai!

tat t" poli" po" i$ t" >o$t in$i$t"nt an! l"a$t li>ita2l" o( all t" po"$ o( t"

o#"n>"nt. It a$ 2""n aptly !"$i2"! a$ a po" o"@t"n$i#" it $"l(Apot"tion

an! on$tit6t"$ t" la o( o#"6lin n""$$ity. &ny >"a$6" int"n!"! to po>ot" t"

"alt, p"a", >oal$, "!6ation an! oo! o!" o( t" p"opl" o to in"a$" t"

in!6$ti"$ o( t" $tat", !"#"lop it$ "$o6"$ an! a!! to it$ "alt. an! po$p"ity

;/a2i" #$. %onnolly, 113 ). S., ?7=, i$ a l"iti>at" "@"i$" o( t" poli" po", an!

6nl"$$ $on to 2" i>$ial o apiio6$ a$ to 6n!6ly int"("" it t" it$ o( anin!i#i!6al, t" $a>" >6$t 2" 6p"l!.

&t No. 1B39, a$ a2o#" $tat"!, i$ !"$in"! to po>ot" p"a" an! o!" in t" nonA

%i$tian ti2"$ $o a$ to ">o#" all o2$tal"$ to t"i >oal an! int"ll"t6alA ot

an!, "#"nt6ally, to a$t"n t"i "6aliDation an! 6ni:ation it t" "$t o( t"i

%i$tian 2ot"$. It$ 6lti>at" p6po$" an 2" no ot" tan to 6ni(y t" Filipino

p"opl" it a #i" to a "at" Pilippin"$,



T" la, t"n, !o"$ not $"" to >a t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$ a$ Can in("io o l"$$

apa2l" a".C On t" ontay, all >"a$6"$ t6$ (a a!opt"! in t" po>otion o( t"

p62li poliy toa!$ t"> "$t 6pon a "onition o( t"i in""nt it to "6ality in

t" "noy>"nt o( to$" pi#il""$ no "noy"! 2y t"i %i$tian 2ot"$. /6t a$ t""

an 2" no t6" "6ality 2"(o" t" la, i( t"" i$, in (at, no "6ality in "!6ation, t"

o#"n>"nt a$ "n!"a#o"!, 2y appopiat" >"a$6"$, to ai$" t"i 6lt6" an!

i#iliDation an! $"6" (o t"> t" 2"n":t$ o( t"i po"$$, it t" 6lti>at" "n! in

#i" o( plain t"> it t"i %i$tian 2ot"$ on t" 2a$i$ o( t6" "6ality. It i$in!""! ati(yin tat t" nonA%i$tian ti2"$ C(a (o> "toa!in, a" !":nit"ly

a$$"tin t">$"l#"$ in a o>p"titi#" ol!,C a$ app"llant$ atton"y i>p"$$i#"ly

a#"$, an! tat t"y a" Ca #iil", 6pAan!Ao>in p"opl" "a" to ta" t"i pla" in t"

ol!$ $oial $">".C &$ a >att" o( (at, t"" a" no lay"$, !oto$ an! ot"

po("$$ional$ "!6at"! in t" 2"$t in$tit6tion$ "" an! in &>"ia. T"i ati#"

patiipation in t" >6lti(aio6$ "l(a" ati#iti"$ o( o>>6nity li(" o in t" !"liat"

!6ti"$ o( o#"n>"nt i$ "tainly a $o6" o( pi!" an! ati:ation to p"opl" o( t"

Pilippin"$. /6t "t" on!ition$ a#" $o an"! a$ to aant a patial o o>pl"t"

a2oation o( t" la, i$ a >att" i "$t$ "@l6$i#"ly itin t" p"oati#" o( t"National &$$">2ly to !"t">in". In t" on$tit6tional $">" o( o6 o#"n>"nt, ti$

o6t an o no (at" tan to in6i" "t" t" L"i$lat6" a! t" po" to "nat

t" la. I( t" po" "@i$t$, an! " ol! it !o"$ "@i$t, t" i$!o> o( t" poliy a!opt"!,

an! t" a!"6ay 6n!" "@i$tin on!ition$ o( t" >"a$6"$ "nat"! to (oa! it, a"

>att"$ i ti$ o6t a$ no a6toity to pa$$ 6pon. &n!, i( in t" appliation o( t"

la, t" "!6at"! nonA%i$tian$ $all ini!"ntally $6", t" 6$ti:ation $till "@i$t$ in

t" allAo>p""n!in pinipl" o( $al6$ pop6li $6p">a "$t l"@. *"n t" p62li $a("ty

o t" p62li >oal$ "6i" t" !i$ontin6an" o( a "tain pati" 2y a "tain la$$

o( p"$on$, t" an! o( t" L"i$lat6" annot 2" $tay"! (o> po#i!in (o it$

!i$ontin6an" 2y any ini!"ntal inon#"ni"n" i $o>" >">2"$ o( t" la$$ >ay$6". T" pi#at" int""$t$ o( $6 >">2"$ >6$t yi"l! to t" paa>o6nt int""$t$ o(

t" nation ;%(. /o$ton /"" %o. #$. Ma$$., 97 ). S., ?5+ ?4 La. "!., 989=.

6!>"nt i$ ai>"!, it o$t$ aain$t app"llant.

&#an"a, %. ., KillaA-"al, I>p"ial, 0iaD, La6"l, an! %on"pion, ., on6.

6!>"nt ai>"!.

QQQQQQQQQQQQ

R %opyit ?1B %"ntal /oo S6pply, In. &ll it$ "$"#"!. [P"opl" #$. %ayat, B8

Pil. 1?;1939=]

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Constitutional Law - People v Cayat