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Constitutional Law 1 * Jones, Fall 2011 * Frohman, LA 1 I. Federal Judicial Power A. Source & Scope: 1. Source: Art. III § 1: The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in the one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may ordain and establish. 2. Scope: Art. III § 2: a. Cases & Controversies:  The judicial power shall extend to all cases and controversies.  1.)  Nine Categories a.) Cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the U.S. and Treaties made under their authorities.  b.) Cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls. c.) Cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction d.) Controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party e.) Controversies between two or more states f.) Between a state and a citizen of another states ( changed by the 11 th  amendment ) g.) Between citizens of different states h.) Between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states i.) Between a state or citizens thereof and foreign states, citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens and subjects. (changed by the 11 th  amendment ) b. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 1.) Original (Trial) Jurisdiction : Article III § 2: Congress cannot restrict or enlarge. (Marbury v. Madison). a.) Cases involving ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls  b.) Cases in which a state shall be party 2.) Appellate Jurisdiction a.) All other cases before mentioned, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the congress shall make. Congress has provided two methods for invoking Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction, appeal and by certiorari. 1.) Writ of Certiorari (Discretionary ): Requires 4 justices to agree to hear it. (1) Applies to cases from the highest state courts where (a) The constitutionality of a federal statute, federal treaty, or state statute is called into question or (b) A state statute allegedly violates federal law (2) Applies to all cases from federal courts of appeals. (3) Grounds for cert include : (a) Conflicts between different federal court of appeals (b) Conflicts between the highest of two state courts or the highest state court and a federal court of appeals. (c) Important yet unresolved issues from either state or federal courts. 2.) Appeal (Mandatory) : SOTUS must hear those few cases that come to it by appeal. Appeal is available only as to decisions made by three-judge federal district court panels that gr ant or deny injunctive relief. (example, when a lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of apportionment of congressional or state legislative districts.) c. Power of Judicial Review :

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