ConstiII

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ConstitutionalLawIIAttyMaitaChan-Gonzaga

SecondsemesterAY10-11PEAMANTE1A

INTRODUCTORYLECTURE

PrinciplesofHumanRights

a) Universalb) Inalienablec) Inherentd) Indivisiblee) Interrelated

CoreInternationalHRInstruments

UDHR,ICCPR,ICESCR

declaration convention

UDHR ICCPR,ICESCR

non-binding legallybinding

donebec.arguedas donebecauseof

customarylaw Coldwar(US-USSR)

HumanRightsSystem

International(UN)>Charter-based

>Treaty-based

Regional>Europe

>Inter-America

>Africa

>Asia

NationalTraditionally statehasprimaryresponsibilitytorespect,protectand

fulfillHR

Presentnon-stateactorscanbeheldliable

ObligationstoHR(Respect,Protect,Fulfill)

AseanIntergovernmentalCommissiononHumanRightsTermsOf

Reference

FocusonPROMOTIONnotPROTECTION.

Nature

inter-governmentalandconsultative membersarerepresentativesofASEANmemberstates decisionmakingwillbebyconsensus lacksprotectionfunction

EX.whenNCHRignoredcasefiledbylawyerforAmpatuan

massacrebecauseAICHRlacksacomplaintsmechanism

TORunderreviewin5years

ART.IIISECTION1

Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdue

processoflaw,norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequalprotection

ofthelaws.

1.BillofRights:Protectionagainsttheabuseofpower.

Theperfectionofhumanityisnotpossiblewithoutfreedomforthe

individual.Thustheexistenceofsocialinstitutionsandallpolitical

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organizationsandrelationshipsarejustifiedinsofarastheyhavefor

theirprimaryaimthedefenseandprotectionoffreedom.

MarceloH.delPilar

Governmentisthedelicateartofbalancingthepowerofgovernmentandthefreedomofthegoverned.AimofthePhilippine

revolutionwastoachieveajustrestraintofgovernmentalpower

andacorrespondingexpansionofindividualfreedom.American

colonizersimplantedasystemthatpromisedtheachievementof

balancebetweenpowerandfreedom.Inherentpowersof

governmentarepolicepower,eminentdomain andtaxationwhich

theconstitutioncanonlydefine,delimitandallocatetheirexercise

amongvariousgovernmentagencies.

POLICEPOWER

- restsuponpublicnecessityandupontherightofthestateandofthepublictoself-protection

- scopeexpandsandcontractswithchangingneeds- Significantdevelopmentandchangeinareasoflabor,

agriculturaltenancyandsociallegislation

- itsexerciseenjoyspresumptionofconstitutionality- vestedinlegislatorsanddelegatedto

-presidentinconsticases-localgovts

NograntoflegislativepowertoMMDA,itisnotapolitical

subdivision(MMDAvBAVA).

HOWEVERmustbeexercisedw/inconstitutionallimits

USv.Toribioleadingcasew/cstatedthatlegislativedetermination

ofwhatconstitutesproperexerciseofpolicepowerissubjectto

judicialreviewinsofarasitmayaffectthelife,libertyorproperty

ofanypersonasmeasuredagainstthedueprocessclause and

equalprotectionclause .

WhiletherestrictionsintheBillofRightsareapplicableonlytothe

state,thesesamerestrictionshavebeencodifiedinArticle32(Civil

code)tobemadeapplicabletoprivatepersons.

2.Life,liberty,property.

FourteenthAmendment ArtIIISection1

xxxnorshallanyStatedeprive

anypersonoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessof

law;nordenytoanyperson

withinitsjurisdictiontheequal

protectionofthelaws.

Nopersonshallbedeprivedof

life,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,norshallany

personbedeniedtheequal

protectionofthelaws.

Protectiontouchesallpersons:citizensoraliens,naturalor

corporate.Universalapplicationtoallpersonswithinthe

territorialjurisdictionwithoutregardtoanydifferenceofrace,

colorornationality.

AdoptedAmericaninterpretation,andisgiventhe

sameforceandeffectoflatter

GAURANTEEprotectsLIBERTY:themeasuresoffreedomwhichmay

beenjoyedinacivilizedcommunity,consistentlywiththepeaceful

enjoymentoffreedominothersxxxchiefelementsaretherightto

contract,therighttochooseonesemployment,therighttolabor

andtherightoflocomotionxxxfreedomtodorightandnever

wrongeveryguidedbyreasonandtheuprightandhonorable

conscienceoftheindividual(Rubiv.provincialBoardofMindoro)

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IMPORTACEinPhilippinetraditionemphasizedbyJ.Conceptionthat

framersdevotedseveralsectionstopromoteseveralaspectsof

freedom(Peoplev.Hernandez)whichhavebeenpreservedinthe

presentconstitution.

NewsafeguardwasrecentlyenactedinWritofAmparobythePuno

courttosafeguardthelibertyofpersonsunderthreatordangerof

extralegalkillingsandenforceddisappearances.

Protectedpropertyhasbeendeemedtoincludevestedrightse.g.

perfectedminingclaim,perfectedhomestead,finaljudgment,right

towork,righttoearnaliving,employment,professionortrade.

Howeverpublicofficeisnotproperty,butapublictrustoragency.

Dueprocessmaybereliedonbypublicofficial toprotectsecurityoftenurewhichisanalogoustoproperty(Coronav.UnitedHarbor

PilotAssocnofthePhilippines).

Norightisabsoluteandtheproperregulationofaprofession,

calling,businessortradehasalwaysbeenupheldasalegitimate

subjectofavalidexerciseofthepolicepowerbythestate

particularlywhentheirconductaffectseithertheexecutionof

legitimategovernmentalfunctions,thepreservationoftheState,or

thepublichealthandwelfareandpublicmorals(ExecutiveSecretaryv.CA).

Canapersonbedeprivedoflifesolongasdueprocessisfollowed?

YES.

Proceduraldueprocess Substantivedueprocess

Noonedeniedwithoutopportunityfordefense

prohibitionagainstarbitrarylaws

Righttolifeisarighttoagoodlifealifewherehumandignityisa

corenormtoberespected.

Righttolifeisnotyetnonderogablebutrightagainsttortureis.

3.Hierarchyofrights.

Propertyisplacedinaninferiorpositiontolifeandliberty;property

rightsmaybelost,butnotsowithhumanrights.(73Consti

convention,J.FernandoinErmita-MalateHotelandMotel

Operatorsv.CityofManila,J.MakasiarinPhilippineBloomingMills

EmployeesOrganizationv.PhilippineBloomingMills)

Propertyrights Humanrights

Requiresreasonableorrationalrelationbetweenthemeans

employedbythelawanditsobjectivesnotarbitrary,

discriminatorynoroppressive

Requirestheexistenceofagraveandimmediatedangerof

asubstantiveevilwhichtheStatehastherighttoprevent

Hierarchyofrights,hasnotbeenexpresslyoverturnedor

segregated(PhilippineBloomingMills)

Fr.Bernas:Propertyismorecloselyregulatednotinorderto

oppresstheownerbutinordertoimpressuponhimthesocial

characterofwhatheholds.

Internationaltrendiscivicandpoliticalrightsoverotherrights.

GeneralRule:ArtIIIisself-executing,addressedtogovernment,a

limitationofactions.

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4.Dueprocessasproceduralfairness.

EarlyAmericanhistoryunderstooditasaguaranteeofprocedural

fairness,lawwhichhearsbeforeitcondemns(DanielWebster).

EarlyPhilippinejurisprudencedefinedtheconceptbyintegrating

elementsofproceduralandsubstantivedueprocesswithelements

ofequalprotection.

Whatisdueprocessoflawdependsoncircumstances

ESSENTIALS(BancoEspaolFilipinov.Palanca),laterspelledoutin

thedetailsofproceduralstatutesandtheRulesofCourt

1) Theremustbeacourtortribunalclothedwithjudicialpowertohearanddeterminethematterbeforeit;

2) Jurisdictionmustbelawfullyacquiredoverthepersonofthedefendantoroverthepropertywhichisthesubjectof

theproceedings;

3) Thedefendantmustbegivenanopportunitytobeheard;4) Judgmentmustberendereduponlawfulhearing.

Administrativebodies

Cardinalprimaryrequirement(AngTibayv.CourtofIndustrial

Relations)

1) Therighttoahearing,whichincludestherighttpresentonescaseandsubmitevidenceinsupportthereof

2) Thetribunalmustconsidertheevidencepresented3) Thedecisionmusthavesomethingtosupportitself

4) Theevidencemustbesubstantial:suchreasonableevidenceasareasonablemindmightacceptasadequatetosupporta

conclusion

5) Thedecisionmustbebasedontheevidencepresentedatthehearing,oratleastcontainedintherecordanddisclosedtothepartiesaffected

6) Thetribunalorbodyoranyofitsjudgesmustactonitsownindependentconsiderationofthelawandthefactsofthe

controversy,andnotsimplyaccepttheviewsofa

subordinate

7) TheBoardorbodyshouldrenderitsdecisioninsuchamannerthatthepartiestotheproceedingscanknowthe

variousissuesinvolved,andthereasonforthedecision

rendered.

PROCEDURALDUEPROCESSrequiresneedfornoticeandan

opportunitytobeheard.Canbesatisfiedbysubsequentdue

hearing.Guaranteesfairnessinenforcementoflawswhich

effectdeprivation.

Twopurposes

a) contributestoaccuracyandminimizeserrorsindeprivations

b) givesthesubjectofdeprivationasenseofrationalparticipationinadecisionthatcanaffecthisdestinyand

thusenhanceshisdignityasathinkingperson

Whilenoticeandhearingarerequiredinjudicialandquasi-

judicialproceedings,theyarenotprerequisitesinthe

promulgationofgeneralrules.

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EducationalInstitutions(Guzmanv.NationalUniversity)

Maybesummaryandcross-examinationisnotanessentialpart

1) Studentsmustbeinformedinwritingofthenatureandcauseofanyaccusationagainstthem

2) Theyshallhaveanytherighttoanswerthechargesagainstthem,withtheassistanceofcounsel,ifdesired

3) Theyshallbeinformedoftheevidenceagainstthem4) Theyshallhavetherighttoadduceevidenceontheirown

behalf

5) Theevidencemustbedulyconsideredbytheinvestigatingcommitteeorofficialdesignatedbytheschoolauthorities

tohearanddecidethecase

5.Substantivedueprocess

Clauseincludesnotonlyguaranteeofformsofprocedurebut

alsotheverysubstanceoflife,libertyandproperty;guarantee

againsttheexerciseofarbitrarypowerevenwhenthepoweris

exercisedaccordingtoproperformandprocedure.

EarlyPhilippinerecognizedthis,butwasrarelyinvokedwith

successstartingwithUSv.Toribiowherethecourtheldthat

suchintrusionbytheStatewasjustifiedwhen:

a) Theinterestsofthepublic,generally,asdistinguishedfromthoseofaparticularclass,requiresuchinterference

b) Thatthemeansarereasonablynecessaryfortheaccomplishmentofthepurpose,andnotundulyoppressive

uponindividuals

Thejudiciaryshouldnotlightlysetasidelegislativeaction

wherethereisnoclearinvasionofpersonalandpropertyrights

undertheguiseofpoliceregulation(U.S.v.Salaveria)

Churchillv.Raffertyupheldastatuteregulatingbillboardsforaestheticvalues.ApplyingtheruleinMunnv.Illinoisifno

circumstancescouldbestatedtojustifythestatuteitmustbe

heldtobevoid.TherulinginChurchilliscontrarytoAmerican

jurisprudencewhichheldthataestheticconsiderationsarea

matterofluxuryandanimproperexerciseofpolicepower.

Laterthough,theuseofpolicepowerduetoaestheticsgained

groundwhenpairedwithhealth,safetyandmorals.

Itiswithinthepowerofthelegislaturetodeterminethatthe

communityshouldbebeautifulaswellashealthy,spaciousas

wellasclean,wellbalancedaswellascarefullypatrolled(Geral

OutdoorAdvertisingCo.v.DepartmentofPublicWorks,US

case)

Regulatorypowersoveronsitebillboardsarenecessarily

narrowerbecauseofthefreedomofpersonstotreattheir

premisesastheyplease.

Demandsofwelfareandpublicinterestjustifycreatingreservationsforindigenoustribesandtheuseofpublicmoney

forburialofindigents.

Theemployerandemployeehaveequalityofright,andany

legislationthatdisturbsthatequalityisanarbitraryinterference

withthelibertyofcontract(Peoplev.Pomar)

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Butwhilepropertymayberegulatedintheinterestofthe

generalwelfare,aninitspursuit,theStatemayprohibit

structuresoffensivetothesight,theStatemaynotunderthe

guiseofpolicepowerpermanentlydivestownersofthe

beneficialuseoftheirpropertyandpracticallyconfiscatethemsolelytopreserveorassuretheaestheticappearanceofthe

community(Peoplev.Fajardo)

Fr.B:Aestheticsthemmaybeusedasareasonfortaking,but

theremustbedueprocessandjustcompensation.

PrincipleofpresumedconstitutionalityreiteratedinErmita

MalateHotelandMotelOperatorsIncv.CityMayorofManila

whichrequiredfactualfoundationmustbepresentedtorebut

thepresumption.

Aregulationdesignedtomeetatemporaryneedmustfixa

period(HomeownersAssociationcase,p128)

70sand80scontinuetraditionalstandpoint.Sowiththe1987

constitutionwhichupheldthepresumptionofvalidityofofficial

action.

6.Publicationandclarityoflawsasarequirementofdue

process.

(Taadav.Tuvera)StatesthatArt2oftheCivilCoderequires

thatpublicationbeindispensable,onlythelengthmaybe

changed.Dueprocessrequiresknowledgeofacommandbefore

obedience.Ruleappliestoalllaws,lawsoflocalapplicationand

administrativerules,presidentialdecreesandexecutiveorders

promulgatedbythepresidentintheexerciseoflegislative

power(asdelegatedbylegislatureorconferredbyconstitution),

butnottointerpretativeregulationsandthoseinternalin

nature.

Alawwhichisutterlyvagueisdefectivebecauseitfailstogivenotice.Vaguewhenitlackscomprehensiblestandardsthatmen

ofcommonintelligencemustnecessarilyguessatitsmeaning

anddifferastoitsapplicationrepugnanttoconstitution

becauseitfailstoaccordpersonsfairnoticeoftheconductto

beavoidedandleavesofficersunbridleddiscretioninenforcing

it.Itmustbeutterlyvagueonitsfaceandcannotbeclarifiedby

asavingclauseorbyconstructionorthosewhichareapparently

ambiguousbutapplicabletocertainactivities(Peoplev.

Nozario)

Estradav.Sandiganbayanheldthattheoneroustaskof

rebuttingthepresumptionweighsheavilyontheparty

challengingthevalidityofthestatuteandthatthevagueness

doctrinemerelyrequiresareasonabledegreeofcertaintyfor

thestatutetobeupheldnotabsoluteprecisionor

mathematicalexactitude.

Voidforvaguenessdoctrineandtheoverbreadthdoctrine

(meansusedgreaterthanthatnecessary,infringeprotectedfreedoms)applyonlytocasesinvolvingspeechorFirst

Amendmentcases.

Alitigantmaychallengeastatuteasvagueonitsfaceonlyifitis

vagueinallitspossibleapplications.

Howeverlawswhichdonotinvolvespeechcanbedeclared

invalidforvagueness.

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7.Equalprotection

Islegalequalityorequalityofallpersonsbeforethelaw,but

doesnotprohibitclassification.Mostcasesarepreoccupied

withdeterminingthevalidityofclassificationsmadebylaw.

Nopersonorclassofpersonsshallbedeprivedofthesame

protectionofthelawswhichisenjoyedbyotherpersonsor

otherclassesinthesameplaceandlikecircumstances

(Tolentinov.BoardofAccountancy)

Reasonableclassificationwhen(Peoplev.Cayat)

1) Mustrestonsubstantialdistinctions2)

Mustbegermanetothepurposeofthelaw3) Mustnotbelimitedtoexistingconditionsonly

4) MustapplyequallytoallmembersofthesameclassTHREETESTSFORSCRUTINY

Strictscrutinytest Intermediateor

middle-tierscrutinytest

Minimumor

rationalbasisscrutiny

Requiresthegovernmentto

showthatthechallenged

classificationservesacompellingstateinterest

Requiresgovernmentto

showthatthechallenged

classificationservesanimportantstateinterestand

classificationisatleastreasonably

relatedtoserving

theinterest

Governmentneedonlyshowthatthe

challengedclassificationis

rationallyrelatedtoservingalegitimatestate

interest.

Usedfor

classificationsonrightsconsidered

fundamental

Appliedtosuspect

classificationslikegenderor

illegitimacy.

Traditionaltestand

appliestoallelse.

Mostusedtestisliberalrationalscrutinytest.

CourtheldConstitutiondoesnotrequireabsoluteequalityamong

residents,indecidingconstitutionalityofRANo7227convertingthe

formerbasesintotheSubicSpecialEconomicZone(Tiuv.Courtof

Appeals)

PracticeoftheInternationalSchoolofgivinghighersalaryfor

foreignhiresthanFilipinosofequalrankwasdeclared

unconstitutional(InternationalSchoolAllianceofEducatorsv.

Quisumbing)

Classificationifrationalincharacterisallowable(everyperson

treatedinthesamemannerinsimilarcircumstances),made

applicabletotaxationinSisonJr.v.AnchetaandtheBritish

AmericanTobaccocase.Therequirementofuniformityismetwhen

thetaxoperateswiththesameforceandeffectineveryplace

wherethesubjectmaybefound.Subjecttotherationalbasistest,

thatthestatutemustbeshowntorationallyfurtheralegitimatestateinterest.

CentralBankEmployeesv.BangkoCentralheldthatalawvalidat

onetimemayberenderedinvalidbysubsequentdevelopments.

8.Alienageasbasisofclassification(seenotes)

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Pre-1935casesdealtwithstatutesthatexcludedaliensfrom

enjoyingcertaineconomicprivileges.

Smith,BellandCo.v.Natividadupheldastatutethatexcludednon-

Filipinosandnon-Americansfromengaginginthecoastwidetrade.Reasoning,whichwouldmeettodaysstandardforstrictscrutiny,is

thatgovernmentisallowedtoprotectitscitizensandtheintegrity

ofitsdominionfromevil-mindedforeigners;thatcommoncarriers

inthePhilippinesareaffectedwithpublicinterestandtheuseof

ourpublicwatersisaprivilege;toencouragePhilippine

shipbuilding.

KwongSingv.CityofManilaupheldconstitutionalityofordinance

whichrequiredreceiptsbeissuedinSpanishandEnglish,it

invalidatedanordinanceprohibitingthekeepingofaccountbooks

inanylanguageotherthanEnglish,Spanishoranylocaldialecton

appealtotheSC(YuCongEngv.Trinidad).

LiSengGiapandCov.DirectorofLandsheldalienscannotacquire

certainpubliclands.

GeneralRule:Aliensenjoysamecivilrightsascitizens,butnotthe

samepoliticalrights.

Post-1935casesdealtwithFilipinizationoftheeconomy,the

passingoftheRetailTradeNationalizationLaw(Ichongv.

Hernanded)andtheAnti-DummyLaw(Kingv.Hernaez).

Astatutemaybeinvalidatednotonlywhenitclassifiesbutalso

whenitfailstoclassify(Villegasv.HiuChiong)

9.Equalprotectionandthelawsoflocalapplication

Doesnotrequireterritorialuniformity,butthereisalimitto

allowablelackofuniformity.

Canbeviolatedbycreatingasystemthatcanfosterinequality,such

aswhenthelegislatureinActNo2221theProbationactdelegatedtoprovincialboardsthediscretionappropriatesalariesofprobation

officers(Peoplev.Vera,p152)

TheVeradecisionwascontradictedinlatercases.Shouldbereadin

lightofthe87Constibiastowardslocalautonomy,withthecaveat

thatthelocallawsmustapplyequallytoallthosewhocomewithin

theirjurisdiction(Bernas).

10.Adjustmentsresultingfromwar.

Unusualcircumstancescandemandlegaladjustments.

Thehandlingofalargenumberofpoliticalprisonersnecessitated

somechangeinexistingprocedurallaw(Laurelv.Misa)

Thehandlingoftaxdelinquencyafterthewarnecessitated

adjustment(JuanLunaSubdivisionIncv.Sarmiento)

11.Equalprotectionandthepoliticalprocess

PhilippineConstitutionalAssociationv.Jimenezdeniedthat

congressmencouldbegroupedasaclassinordertoallocatethem

retirementbenefits.

Martinezv.MorfeinvalidatedArt145oftheRPCforgiving

legislatorsimmunityfromarrestforcertaincrimes.Thiswaslater

nullifiedby1973and1987Constitutionthatgavelegislatorssimilar

immunity.

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InreSubidowhichdisqualifiedpublicofficersandemployeesfrom

servingasdelegatestotheConstitutionalConventionbyconsidering

themresignedfromoffice(Section4,RANo6132)heldthatthere

existssubstantialdifferencesbetweensaidpublicofficialsand

personsemployedinprivateenterprises.

Aretireemaybenotbeallowedtorunforthesameofficehe

resignedfromisatthestartofthenewtermheistobe65yearsof

ageduetotheneedfornewbloodinthepoliticalsystemheldas

valid(Dumlaov.COMELEC).

Cenizav.COMELECheldwhetheracitywastobeallowedto

participateintheprovincialelectionisamatteroflegislative

discretion.

Headofstatemaybeaccordedopportunitiesnotmadeavailableto

hisopposition(UNIDOv.COMELEC)

Limitationsonelectioncampaignsforthepurposeofequalizing

opportunitieswaslikewiseupheld(NationalPressClubv.

CommissiononElections)

12.Equalprotectionandlandreform

Tomakeacaseofviolationoftheequalprotectionclause,itwouldrequireaclearandprobableshowingthataparticularpieceof

propertywaschosentobearthebruntofgovernmentalauthority

outofafeelingofdisapprovalorillwill.Powerofeminentdomain

canbeusedbygovernmentasaninstrumentforlandreform(J

Fernando,JMTuason&Cov.LandTenureAdministration)

Landreformcannotbeusedbythegovernmentfornullifying

classificationbasedonalienage(TanSyv.landTenure

Administration)

13.Equalityinthecriminalprocess

Peoplev.ChingKuanheldthatArt66oftheRPCwhichgraduates

fineswithinaprescribedminimumandmaximumrangedetermined

accordingtothemeansandwealthoftheculpritisvalid,because

equalitybeforethelawisnotliteralandmathematicalbutrelative

andpractical.

Gumabanv.DirectorofPrisonsheldthatthecontinued

incarcerationofprisonersaftertheyhaveservedthemaximum

termoftheirsentence,afterthecrimetheywereoriginallyadjudgedguiltyofwasnegatedbyPeoplev.Hernandez,violates

equalprotection.

Nuezv.Sandiganbayanheldconstitutionalcommandcreatingthe

Sandiganbayanandthepervasivenessofcrimeinthepublicoffice

justifiedthelesserproceduralrightsinthatcourtcomparedtoother

courts.

Himaganv.Peopleallowedapolicementobesuspendeduntilthe

endofprosecutionofhiscase,becausepoliceofficershavethe

capabilitytoharassorintimidatewitnesseswiththeirbadgeand

weapons.

Olaguerv.MilitaryCommissiondeclaredthatmilitarytribunalshad

nojurisdictionoverciviliansevenduringMartialLaw.TheOlaguer

doctrinewasnullifiedbyCruzvEnrilebutwaslaterupheldbyvirtue

ofMLbeinganoperativefact,expandingitsapplicationtoonly

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futurecases,casesstillongoingornotyetpromulgatedatthetime

thedecisionwaspromulgated.

14.Equalprotectionandwomen,etc.

Section14ArtIIandArtIVrecognizefundamentalequalityofmen

andwomen.

Goesartv.Clearlybartendingcase,upheldclassificationofwives

anddaughtersoftavernownersasvalid.

Reedv.Reed,invalidatedtheIdahoProbateCodethatgives

preferencetomenoverwomenasadministratorsofanestate.

Stanleyv.Illinoisheldanunwedfathercannotbedeniedcustodyof

hischildrenwithoutahearingonparentalfitness.

15.Miscellanyonequalprotection

Mostcasesarerunofthemill.OnewhichstandsoutistheRafaelv.

EmbroideryandApparelControlBoardwheretheCourtseemingly

didnotconsideritaprivilegetobethesolesourceofprivate

representationintheControlandInspectionBoard.

16.Thefutureofequalprotection.

Therearesignificantstridestowardsrecognizingaconstitutionally

imposeddutyofthestatetotakepositivemeasurestoachieve

equalityincertainfields.

ARTIIISECTION2

Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers

andeffectsagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresofwhatever

natureandforanypurposeshallbeinviolable,andnosearch

warrantshallissueexceptuponprobablecausetobedetermined

personallybythejudgeafterexaminationunderoathoraffirmation

ofthecomplaintandthewitnesseshemayproduce,andparticularly

describingtheplacetobesearchedandthepersonsorthingstobe

seized.

1.Purposeoftheprovision.

Inviobilityofthehomeisoneofthefundamentalrightsrecognized

bycivilizednations;amanshomeishiscastle(USv.Arceo)

Theguaranteepreventsapersonfrombeingirreversiblycutoff

fromthatdomesticsecuritywhichrendersthelivesofthemost

unhappyinsomemeasureagreeable(Peoplev.Bolasa)

Isnotaprohibitionofallsearchesandseizuresbutonlythosethat

areunreasonable.

Valmontev.deVilla,Foraslongasthevehicleisneithersearched

noritsoccupantssubjectedtoabodysearch,andtheinspectionof

thevehicleislimitedtoavisualsearch,saidroutinecheckscannot

beregardedasviolativeofanindividualsrightagainst

unreasonablesearchesandseizures.

Peoplev.Escao,statedthatallowablecheckpointsarethosewhich

arewarrantedbytheexigenciesofthepublicorderandare

conductedinawayleastintrusivetomotorists.

GeneralRule:Searchesandseizuresareunreasonableunless

authorizedbyavalidlyissuedsearchwarrantorwarrantofarrest.

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Betweenpersonandpolicemuststandtheprotectiveauthorityofa

magistrateclothedwithpowertoissueorrefusetoissuesuch.

2.Probablecause.

Thefactualandpracticalconsiderationsofeverydaylifewhich

reasonableandprudentmen,notlegaltechniciansact(Brinegarv.

UnitedStates)

suchreasons,supportedbyfactsandcircumstances,aswill

warrantacautiousmaninthebeliefthathisaction,andthemeans

takeninprosecutingit,arelegallyjustandproper(USvAddison)

suchfactsandcircumstancesantecedenttotheissuanceofa

warrant,thatareinthemselvessufficienttoinduceacautiousman

torelyuponthemandactinpursuancethereof(Peoplev.SyJuco)

Concernedwithprobability,notproofbeyondreasonabledoubtand

thestandardofjudgmentisthatofareasonableprudentman .

Thereisnopresumptionofregularityofsearches.

Canbedefinedinrelationtotheactionwhichitjustifies:

Foranarrest Forasearchwarrant

Suchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablediscreetandprudentmanto

believethatanoffensehasbeencommittedbythepersonsought

tobearrested

Suchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablediscreetandprudentmanto

believethatanoffensehasjustbeencommittedandthatthe

objectssoughtinconnectionwiththeoffenseareintheplacesoughttobesearched,neednotpointtoaspecificoffender

Whatamountstosufficientevidencemaydifferfromcasetocase

dependingonthenatureoftheobjectofsearch.

ColumbiaPicturesv.CArequiredthatmastertapesofcopyrighted

filmsmustbepresentedincourtifthereisdoubtaboutthetruenexusbetweenthemastertapeandcopies.

Stonehillv.Diokno,establishmentofprobablecausepresupposes

theintroductionofcompetentproofthatthepartyagainstwhoitis

soughtperformedorfailedtoperformparticularactsviolatinga

law.Probablecauseisprobablecauseofsomethingspecific.

CentralBankv.Morfeheldthefailureofthewitnesstomention

particularindividualsdidnotmeanhehadnopersonalknowledge

oftheillegaltransactionevenifthenamesoftheindividualsconcernedwereunknowntohim.Theactsimputedtothe

organizationwereofthegeneralpatternofthebusiness

organization.InterestofthelawRANo337-istoprotectentire

public,andnotanyspecificvictim.

3.Determinationofprobablecause:bywhomandhow;meaning

ofpersonally.

1935Consti,ArtIIISec1(3)

Inadeportationcase,theponentesingledoutthejudgeastheonly

officerwhocoulddetermineprobablecausebecauseoftheplain

languageoftheconstitutiondidnotdistinguishbetweenwarrants

incriminalandadministrativecases(QuaCheeGanv.Deportation

Board)

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Judgesalsohavethepowertoconductpreliminaryexamination

evenifstatutesaresilentaboutthepower(CollectorofCustomsv.

Villaluz)

4.Fromthe1973Constitutioninterludetothe1987restoration.

1973constitutionallowedthatprobablecausemaybedetermined

bysuchotherresponsibleofficerasmaybeauthorizedbylaw.

Functionofdeterminingwhetherornotthereexistsprobablecause

isonlyquasi-judicial (Ocampov.UnitedStates)

Originalintentof71delegateswastoappointpowertoprosecution

orlawenforcementofficers,butsuchwasdeletedoutoffearof

abuse,thenrestoredwithoutdiscussion.Americanjurisprudence

hasheldthattheestimateofprobablecausemustbemadebythe

detachedscrutinyofaneutralmagistrateandnotbyapolicemanor

governmentenforcementagent.(Coolidgev.NewHampshire)

Shadwickv.CityofTampaheldthatnotallmagistratesneedbe

lawyersorjudges(warrantauthorityvestedinthem),onlythatthey

meettwotests(1)hebeneutralanddetached;(2)hebecapableof

determiningwhetherprobablecauseexistsfortherequestedarrest

orsearch.

1987Constitutionhasbroughtback35constirulethatonlyjudges

mayissuewarrants.

5.Personalexaminationofthewitness

Determinationmustbemadeonlyafterexaminationunderoathor

affirmationofthecomplainantandthewitnesseshemayproduce

andthewarrantmustcontaintherequiredparticularityof

description.

UnderSection3oftheJonesLawof1916supplementedbyOrders

No.58Section98itwasconsideredanirregularityforthejudgetoissueasearchwarrantwithoutfirstexaminingthecomplainantor

witnessunderoath.1935Constitutionadoptedthesame.

oathrequiredmustrefertothetruthofthefactswithinthe

personalknowledgeofthepetitionerorhiswitnesses,becausethe

purposethereofistoconvincethecommittingmagistrate,notthe

individualmakingtheaffidavitandseekingissuanceofthewarratn,

oftheexistenceofprobablecause(Alvarezv.CFI)

Bache&Cov.Ruizheldthatthemanner(deputyofclerkreadingtohimstenographicnotes)respondentjudgedidnothavethe

opportunitytoobservethedemeanorofcomplainantandhis

witnesses,andtopropoundinitialandfollow-upquestionswhich

thejudicialmindonaccountofitstraining,wasinthebestposition

toconceive.

ReiteratedinRoanv.Gonzaleswhereaffidavitsofcomplainantand

witnesseswereheldtobeinsufficient,requiredtheexaminingjudge

totakedepositionsinwriting.

1987textmeanttoembodyruleinBache.Butasformulated

personallyreferredtodetermined.

ThusinSolivenv.JudgeMakasiarthecourtcouldsoftentheBache

ruletojustifythewarrantissuedagainstBeltrantomeanthatthe

judgeisnotrequiredtopersonallyexaminethecomplainantandhis

witnesses.

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HoweversubsequentdecisionsciteSection4ofRule126oftheNew

RulesofCriminalProcedurewhichrequiredthejudgetopersonally

examinewitnessesandcomplainantintheformofsearching

questionsandanswers.

Dependingonthecircumstancesofthecasethejudgemayormay

notrelyonthefiscalsevaluation(Pendonv.CourtofAppeals)

LimSr.v.JudgeFelix:TheProsecutorcanperformthesame

functionsintakingevidence.Thereshouldbeareportand

necessarydocumentssupportingaFiscalsbarecertification.The

extentoftheJudgespersonalexaminationdependsonthe

circumstancesofthecase.

Thejudgeisnotrequiredtopersonallyexaminethecomplainantandhiswitnessesortoawaitthesubmissionofcounteraffidavits

fromtheaccused.

Thejudgeshall(Borlongan,Jr.v.Pea):

1)personallyevaluatethereportandthesupportingdocuments

submittedbytheprosecutorregardingtheexistenceofprobable

cause,andonthebasisthereof,hemayalreadymakeapersonal

determinationoftheexistenceofprobablecause

2)ifheisnotsatisfiedthatprobablecauseexists,hemaydisregard

theprosecutorsreportandrequirethesubmissionofsupporting

affidavitsofwitnessestoaidhiminarrivingataconclusionastothe

existenceofprobablecause

6.Particularityofdescription.

UyKhetinv.Villareal:purposeandintentistoleavetheofficersof

thelawwithnodiscretionregardingwhatarticlestheyshallseize,

totheendthatunreasonablesearchesandseizuresmaynotbe

madexxx

Definedsuchas(Bache&Co.v.Ruiz):

a) isaspecificasthecircumstanceswillordinarilyallowb) orwhenthedescriptionexpressesaconclusionoffactnot

oflawbywhichthewarrantofficermaybeguidedin

makingthesearchandseizure

c) orwhenthethingsdescribedarelimitedtothosewhichbeardirectrelationtotheoffenseforwhichthewarrantis

beingissued

7.Searchesandseizuresofwhatevernatureandforany

purpose.

ART.IIISECTION3

Theprivacyofcommunicationandcorrespondenceshallbe

inviolableexceptuponalawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublic

safetyororderrequiresotherwiseasprescribedbylaw.

Anyevidenceobtainedinviolationofthisortheprecedingsection

shallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceeding.

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ConstiII