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PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)ArticleIII

DEC20

ARTICLEIIIBILLOFRIGHTS

Section1.Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequalprotectionofthelaws.

DefinitionofPolicePower:

1)Powervestedinthelegislature

2)BytheConstitution

3)Tomake,ordain,andestablish

4)Allmannerofwholesomeandreasonablelaws,statutes,andordinances

5)Eitherwithpenaltiesorwithout

6)Notrepugnanttotheconstitution

7)Astheyshalljudgetobeforthegoodandwelfareofthecommonwealthandofthesubjectsofthesame.

AspectsofDueProcess:

1. Proceduraldueprocessreferstothemodeofprocedurewhichgovernmentagenciesmustfollowintheenforcementandapplicationoflaws.

2. Substantivedueprocessprohibitionagainstarbitrarylaws.

Note:PROCEDURALDUEPROCESS:

1. Alawwhichhearsbeforeitcondemns.2. Dueprocessoflawcontemplatesnoticeandopportunitytobeheardbeforejudgmentis

renderedaffectingonespersonorproperty(Lopezv.Dir.ofLands)3. Dueprocessdependsoncircumstances;itvarieswiththesubjectmatterandthenecessitiesof

thesituation.

RequisitesofPROCEDURALdueprocess:

ForJUDICIALproceedings:CODE:CJNOH

1. Acourtortribunalclothedwithjudicialpowertohearanddeterminethematterbeforeit.2. Jurisdictionmustbelawfullyacquiredoverthepersonofthedefendantorovertheproperty

whichisthesubjectoftheproceedings.3. Thedefendantmustbegivennoticeandanopportunitytobeheard.4. Judgmentmustberendereduponalawfulhearing.

ForADMINISTRATIVEproceedings:CODE:HEDSHIP

1. Therighttoahearing,whichincludestherighttopresentonescaseandsubmitevidenceinsupportthereof.

2. Thetribunalmustconsidertheevidencepresented.3. Thedecisionmusthavesomethingtosupportitself.4. Evidencesupportingtheconclusionmustbesubstantial.5. Thedecisionmustbebasedontheevidencepresentedatthehearingoratleastcontainedin

therecordanddisclosedtothepartiesaffected.6. Thetribunalorbodyoranyofitsjudgesmustactonitsorhisownindependentconsideration

ofthelawandfactsofthecontroversy,andnotsimplyaccepttheviewsofasubordinateinarrivingatadecision.

7. Theboardorbodyshould,inallcontroversialquestions,renderitsdecisioninsuchamannerthatthepartiestotheproceedingcanknowthevariousissuesinvolvedandthereasonsforthedecisionrendered.

Note:

1. Whatisrequiredisnotactualhearing,butarealopportunitytobeheard.2. Therequirementofdueprocesscanbesatisfiedbysubsequentduehearing.3. Violationofdueprocess:whensamepersonreviewshisowndecisiononappeal.4. Noticeandhearingarerequiredinjudicialandquasijudicialproceedings,butnotinthe

promulgationofgeneralrule.

ForSCHOOLDISCIPLINARYproceedings:CODE:WAInADP

1. Thestudentmustbeinformedinwritingofthenatureandcauseofanyaccusationagainstthem.

2. Thestudentshallhavetherighttoanswerthechargesagainsthim,withtheassistanceofcounselifdesired.

3. Thestudenthastherighttobeinformedoftheevidenceagainsthim.4. Thestudenthastherighttoadduceevidenceinhisownbehalf.5. Theevidencemustbedulyconsideredbytheinvestigatingcommitteeorofficialdesignatedby

theschoolauthoritiestohearanddecidethecase.6. Thepenaltyimposedmustbeproportionatetotheoffense.

Note:

1. Theschoolhasacontractualobligationtoafforditsstudentsafairopportunitytocompletethecourseastudenthasenrolledfor.

2. Exceptions:3. Seriousbreachofdiscipline;or4. Failuretomaintaintherequiredacademicstandard.5. Proceedingsinstudentdisciplinarycasesmaybesummary;crossexaminationisnotessential

InstanceswhenhearingsareNOTnecessary:

1. Whenadministrativeagenciesareexercisingtheirquasilegislativefunctions.2. Abatementofnuisanceperse.3. Grantingbycourtsofprovisionalremedies.4. Casesofpreventivesuspension.5. Removaloftemporaryemployeesinthegovernmentservice.6. Issuanceofwarrantsofdistraintand/orlevybytheBIRCommissioner.7. Cancellationofthepassportofapersonchargedwithacrime.8. Issuanceofsequestrationorders(consideredaprovisionalremedy).9. Judicialorderwhichpreventsanaccusedfromtravellingabroadinordertomaintainthe

effectivityofthecourtsjurisdiction.10. SuspensionofabanksoperationsbytheMonetaryBoarduponaprimafaciefindingofliquidity

problemsinsuchbank.

Note:

1. Therighttocounselisaverybasicrequirementofsubstantivedueprocessandhastobeobservedeveninadministrativeandquasijudicialbodies.

2. Therighttoappealisastatutoryprivilegethatmaybeexercisedonlyinthemannerinaccordancewithlaw.

RequisitesofSUBSTANTIVEdueprocess:CODE:IM

1. TheINTERESTSofthepublicgenerally,asdistinguishedfromthoseofaparticularclass,requirestheinterferencebythegovernmentand

2. TheMEANSemployedarenecessaryfortheaccomplishmentofthepurposeandnotundulyoppressiveuponindividuals.

Requirementsofavalidordinance:

1. MustnotcontravenetheConstitutionoranystatute2. Mustnotbeunfairoroppressive3. Mustnotbepartialordiscriminatory4. Mustnotprohibit,butmayregulatetrade5. Mustbegeneralandconsistentwithpublicpolicy6. Mustnotbeunreasonable

WhenisalawVAGUE?

1. WhenitlacksCOMPREHENSIBLESTANDARDS2. ThatmenofordinaryintelligencemustnecessarilyGUESSastoitsmeaning3. Anddifferastoitsapplication

EqualProtectionofthelaw

Theequalitythatitguaranteesislegalequalityortheequalityofallpersonsbeforethelaw.Itdoesnotdemandabsoluteequality.Itmerelyrequiresthatallpersonsshallbetreatedalike,underlikecircumstancesandconditionsbothastoprivilegesconferredandliabilitiesenforced.

Requisitesforvalidclassificationforpurposesoftheequalprotectionclause

Theclassificationmust:CODE:SGEE

1. RestonSUBSTANTIALDISTINCTIONS2. BeGERMANEtothepurposesofthelaw3. Notlimitedtoexistingconditionsonly4. APPLYEQUALLYtoallmembersoftheSAMECLASS.

Section2.Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffectsagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresofwhatevernatureandforanypurposeshallbeinviolable,andnosearchwarrantorwarrantofarrestshallissueexceptuponprobablecausetobedeterminedpersonallybythejudgeafterexaminationunderoathoraffirmationofthecomplainantandthewitnesseshemayproduce,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearchedandthepersonorthingstobeseized.

GeneralRule:Searchandseizuresareunreasonableunlessauthorizedbyavalidlyissuedsearchwarrantorwarrantofarrest

Requisitesforavalidwarrant:CODE:PJED

1. ItmustbeissueduponPROBABLECAUSE.2. TheexistenceofprobablecauseisdeterminedpersonallybytheJUDGE.3. ThejudgemustEXAMINEUNDEROATHthecomplainantandthewitnesseshemay

produce.4. ThewarrantmustPARTICULARLYDESCRIBEtheplacetobesearchedandpersonorthings

tobeseized.

DefinitionofPROBABLECAUSE

Fortheissuanceofawarrantofarrest:

Probablecausereferstosuchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablydiscreetandprudentmantobelievethatanoffensehasbeencommittedbythepersonsoughttobearrested.

Fortheissuanceofasearchwarrant:

Probablecausewouldmeansuchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablydiscreetandprudentmantobelievethatanoffensehasbeencommittedandthattheobjectssoughtinconnectionwiththeoffenseareintheplacetobesearched.

Note:ProbablecausefortheissuanceofasearchwarrantdoesNOTrequirethattheprobableguiltofaspecificoffenderbeestablished,unlikeinthecaseofawarrantofarrest.

ExistenceofprobablecauseDETERMINEDPERSONALLYBYTHEJUDGE

ThejudgeisNOTrequiredtopersonallyexaminethecomplainantandhiswitnesses.WhattheConstitutionunderscoresistheexclusiveandpersonalresponsibilityoftheissuingjudgetosatisfyhimselfoftheexistenceofprobablecause(Solivenv.Makasiar,167SCRA394).

Tobesure,theJudgemustgobeyondtheprosecutorscertificationandinvestigationreportwhenevernecessary(Limv.Felix).

Procedure:

1. Thejudgepersonallyevaluatesthereportandsupportingdocumentssubmittedbythefiscalregardingtheexistenceofprobablecauseand,onthebasisthereof,issueawarrantofarrestor

2. Ifonthebasisthereof,thejudgefindsnoprobablecause,hemaydisregardthefiscalsreportandrequirethesubmissionofsupportingaffidavitsofwitnessestoaidhiminarrivingattheconclusionastotheexistenceofprobablecause.

ExaminationUNDEROATHORAFFIRMATIONOFTHECOMPLAINANTANDWITNESSES

1. Theoathrequiredmustrefertothetruthofthefactswithinthepersonalknowledgeofthecomplainantorhiswitnessesbecausethepurposeistoconvincethejudgeoftheexistenceofprobablecause(Alvarezv.CFI,64Phil.33).

2. Thetruetestofsufficiencyofanaffidavittowarranttheissuanceofasearchwarrantiswhetherithasbeendrawninsuchamannerthatperjurycouldbechargedthereonandaffiantbeheldliableforthedamagescaused(Alvarezv.CFI).

PARTICULARITYOFDESCRIPTION(SEARCHWARRANT)

1. Asearchwarrantmaybesaidtoparticularlydescribethethingstobeseizedwhenthedescriptionthereinisasspecificasthecircumstanceswillordinarilyallowor

2. Whenthedescriptionexpressesaconclusionoffactnotoflawbywhichthewarrantofficermaybeguidedinmakingthesearchandseizureor

3. Whenthethingsdescribedarelimitedtothosewhichbearadirectrelationtotheoffenseforwhichthewarrantisbeingissued(BacheandCo.v.Ruiz,37SCRA823).

JOHNDOEWARRANT

AJohnDoewarrantcansatisfytherequirementofparticularityofdescriptionifitcontainsadescriptiopersonaesuchaswillenabletheofficertoidentifytheaccused(Peoplev.Veloso,48Phil.159)

GENERALWARRANT

Ageneralwarrantisonethatdoesnotallegeanyspecificactsoromissionsconstitutingtheoffensechargedintheapplicationfortheissuanceofthewarrant.ItcontravenestheexplicitdemandoftheBillofRightsthatthethingstobeseizedbeparticularlydescribed.

VALIDWARRANTLESSSEARCH

1. Searchmadeasanincidenttolawfularrest

1. Anofficermakinganarrestmaytakefromthepersonarrested:1. Anymoneyorpropertyfounduponhispersonwhichwasusedinthecommissionofthe

offenseor2. Wasthefruitthereofor3. Whichmightfurnishtheprisonerwiththemeansofcommittingviolenceorescapingor4. Whichmaybeusedinevidenceinthetrialofthecase

1. Thesearchmustbemadesimultaneouslywiththearrestanditmayonlybemadeintheareawithinthereachofthepersonarrested

1. Searchofmovingvehicles

1. Thisexceptionisbasedonexigency.Thus,ifthereistimetoobtainawarrantinordertosearchthevehicle,awarrantmustfirstbeobtained.

2. Thesearchofamovingvehiclemustbebasedonprobablecause.

1. Seizureofgoodsconcealedtoavoidcustomsduties/authorizedundertheTariffsandCustomsCode

1. TheTariffsandCustomsCodeauthorizespersonshavingpoliceauthorityundertheCodetoeffectsearchandseizureswithoutasearchwarranttoenforcecustomslaws.

2. Exception:Asearchwarrantisrequiredforthesearchofadwellinghouse.3. Searchesunderthisexceptionincludesearchesatbordersandportsofentry.Searchesinthese

areasdonotrequiretheexistenceofprobablecause.

1. Seizureofevidenceinplainview

1. Tobeavalidwarrantlesssearch,thearticlesmustbeopentotheeyeandhand.2. Thepeaceofficercomesupontheminadvertently.

1. Waiverofright

1. Requisitesofavalidwaiver:

1. Therightexists.2. Thepersonhadactualorconstructiveknowledgeoftheexistenceofsuchright.3. Thereisanactualintentiontorelinquishsuchright.

1. Therightagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresisapersonalright.Thus,onlythepersonbeingsearchedcanwaivethesame.

2. Waiverrequiresapositiveactfromtheperson.Mereabsenceofoppositionisnotawaiver.3. Thesearchmadepursuanttothewaivermustbemadewithinthescopeofthewaiver.

Note:

1. Checkpoints:aslongasthevehicleisneithersearchednoritsoccupantssubjectedtoabodysearchandtheinspectionofthevehicleislimitedtoavisualsearch=validsearch(ValmonteV.DeVilla)

2. Carrollrule:warrantlesssearchofavehiclethatcanbequicklymovedoutofthelocalityorjurisdiction

3. The1987Constitutionhasreturnedtothe1935rulethatwarrantsmaybeissuedonlybyjudges,buttheCommissionerofImmigrationmayorderthearrestofanalieninordertocarryoutaFINALdeportationorder.

VALIDWARRANTLESSARRESTS

1. Whenthepersontobearrestedhascommitted,isactuallycommitting,orisabouttocommitanoffenseinthepresenceofthearrestingofficer.

1. Whenanoffensehasinfactjustbeencommittedandthearrestingofficerhaspersonalknowledgeoffactsindicatingthatthepersontobearrestedhascommittedit.

1. Whenthepersontobearrestedisaprisonerwhohasescapedfromapenalestablishmentorplacewhereheisservingfinaljudgmentortemporarilyconfinedwhilehiscaseispending,or

hasescapedwhilebeingtransferredfromoneconfinementtoanother.

1. Waiverofaninvalidarrest:

Whenapersonwhoisdetainedappliesforbail,heisdeemedtohavewaivedanyirregularitywhichmayhaveoccurredinrelationtohisarrest.

1. Hotpursuit

A.Thepursuitoftheoffenderbythearrestingofficermustbecontinuousfromthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffensetothetimeofthearrest.

B.Theremustbenosuperveningeventwhichbreaksthecontinuityofthechase.

1. Stopandfrisk

Whenapolicemanobservessuspiciousactivitywhichleadshimtobelievethatacrimeisabouttobecommitted,hecaninvestigatethesuspiciouslookingpersonandmayfriskhimforweaponsasameasureofselfprotection.Shouldhefind,however,aweapononthesuspectwhichisunlicensed,hecanarrestsuchpersonthenandthereforhavingcommittedanoffenseintheofficerspresence.

Section3.(1)Theprivacyofcommunicationandcorrespondenceshallbeinviolableexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublicsafetyororderrequiresotherwiseasprescribedbylaw.

(2)Anyevidenceobtainedinviolationofthisortheprecedingsectionshallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceedings.

R.A.4200(AntiWiretappingAct)

1. Thelawdoesnotdistinguishbetweenapartytotheprivatecommunicationorathirdperson.Hence,bothapartyandathirdpersoncouldbeheldliableunderR.A.4200iftheycommitanyoftheprohibitedactsunderR.A.4200(Ramirezv.Ca)

1. TheuseofatelephoneextensiontooverhearaprivateconversationisnotaviolationofR.A.4200becauseitisnotsimilartoanyoftheprohibiteddevicesunderthelaw.Also,atelephoneextensionisnotpurposelyinstalledforthepurposeofsecretlyinterceptingorrecordingprivatecommunication.(Gaananv.IAC,145SCRA112)

Typesofcommunicationprotected:

Letters,messages,telephonecalls,telegramsandthelike.

Exclusionaryrule:

Anyevidenceobtainedshallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceeding.However,inthe

Anyevidenceobtainedshallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceeding.However,intheabsenceofgovernmentalinterference,theprotectionagainstunreasonablesearchandseizurecannotbeextendedtoactscommittedbyprivateindividuals.(Peoplev.Martin)

Section4.Nolawshallbepassedabridgingthefreedomofspeech,ofexpression,orofthepress,oroftherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassembleandpetitionthegovernmentforredressofgrievances.

Whatareconsideredprotectedspeech:

Protectedspeechincludeseveryformofexpression,whetheroral,written,tapeordiscrecorded.Itincludesmotionpicturesaswellaswhatisknownassymbolicspeechsuchasthewearingofanarmbandasasymbolofprotest.Peacefulpicketinghasalsobeenincludedwithinthemeaningofspeech.

ProhibitionsunderSection4

1. ProhibitionagainstPRIORRESTRAINT

1. ProhibitionagainstSUBSEQUENTPUNISHMENT

Prohibitionagainstpriorrestraint

1. Priorrestraintmeansofficialgovernmentalrestrictionsonthepressorotherformsofexpressioninadvanceofactualpublicationordissemination.

2. Examples/formsofpriorrestraint1. moviecensorship2. judicialpriorrestraint=injunctionagainstpublication3. licensetaxesbasedongrossreceiptsfortheprivilegeofengaginginthebusinessof

advertisinginanynewspaper4. flatlicensefeesfortheprivilegeofsellingreligiousbooks

Whenprohibitiondoesnotapply

1. Duringawar.Ex.Governmentcanpreventpublicationaboutthenumber/locationsofitstroops(Nearv.Minnesota,238US697)

2. Obscenepublications.

Standardsforallowablesubsequentpunishment

TESTCRITERION

1.DangerousTendencyTestThereshouldbeaRATIONALCONNECTIONbetweenthespeechandtheevilapprehended.

2.ClearandPresentDangerTestThereshouldbeaclearandpresentdangerthatthewordswhenusedundersuchcircumstancesareofsuchanatureastocreateaCLEARANDPRESENTDANGERthattheywillbringaboutthesubstantiveevilsthattheStatehasarighttoprevent.

3.BalancingofInterestsTestThecourtsshouldBALANCEthePUBLICINTERESTservedbylegislationononehandandtheFREEDOMOFSPEECH(oranyotherconstitutionalright)ontheother.Thecourtswillthendecidewherethegreaterweightshouldbeplaced.

FreedomofSpeech

Thedoctrineonfreedomofspeechwasformulatedprimarilyfortheprotectionofcorespeech,i.e.speechwhichcommunicatespolitical,socialorreligiousideas.Theseenjoythesamedegreeofprotection.Commercialspeech,however,doesnot.

CommercialSpeech

1. Acommunicationwhichnomorethanproposesacommercialtransaction.

1. Toenjoyprotection:1. Itmustnotbefalseormisleading;and2. Itshouldnotproposeanillegaltransaction.

1. Eventruthfulandlawfulcommercialspeechmayberegulatedif:1. Governmenthasasubstantialinteresttoprotect;2. Theregulationdirectlyadvancesthatinterest;and3. Itisnotmoreextensivethanisnecessarytoprotectthatinterest.(CentralHudsonGasand

ElectricCorp.v.PublicServiceCommissionofNY,447US557)

UnprotectedSpeech

1. 1.LIBEL

1. FAIRCOMMENT(U.S.Rule).ThesearestatementsofOPINION,notoffact,andarenotconsideredactionable,evenifthewordsusedareneithermildnortemperate.Whatisimportantisthattheopinionisthetrueandhonestopinionoftheperson.Thestatementsarenotusedtoattackpersonalitiesbuttogiveonesopinionondecisionsandactions.

1. OPINIONS.Withrespecttopublicpersonalities(politicians,actors,anyonewithaconnectiontoanewsworthyevent),opinionscanbeairedregardingtheirpublicactuations.Commentontheirprivatelives,ifnotgermanetotheirpublicpersonae,arenotprotected.

1. 2.OBSCENITY

1. Testforobscenity(Millerv.California)

1. Whethertheaverageperson,applyingcontemporarycommunitystandardswouldfindthatthework,takenasawhole,appealstotheprurientinterest.

2. Whethertheworkdepictsordescribes,inapatentlyoffensiveway,sexualconduct,specificallydefinedbylaw.

3. Whetherthework,takenasawhole,lacksseriousliterary,artistic,politicalorscientificvalue.

2. Procedureforseizureofallegedlyobscenepublications

1. Authoritiesmustapplyforissuanceofsearchwarrant.2. Courtmustbeconvincedthatthematerialsareobscene.Applyclearandpresentdangertest.3. Judgewilldeterminewhethertheyareinfactobscene.4. Judgewillissueasearchwarrant.5. ProperactionshouldbefiledunderArt.201oftheRPC.6. Convictionissubjecttoappeal.

RightofAssemblyandPetition

1. Thestandardsforallowableimpairmentofspeechandpressalsoapplytotherightofassemblyandpetition.

1. Rulesonassemblyinpublicplaces:

1. Applicantshouldinformthelicensingauthorityofthedate,thepublicplacewhereandthetimewhentheassemblywilltakeplace.

1. Theapplicationshouldbefiledaheadoftimetoenablethepublicofficialconcernedtoappraisewhethertherearevalidobjectionstothegrantofthepermitortoitsgrant,butinanotherpublicplace.ThegrantorrefusalshouldbebasedontheapplicationoftheClearandPresentDangerTest.

1. Ifthepublicauthorityisoftheviewthatthereisanimminentandgravedangerofasubstantiveevil,theapplicantsmustbeheardonthematter.

1. Thedecisionofthepublicauthority,whetherfavorableoradverse,mustbetransmittedtotheapplicantsattheearliestopportunitysothattheymay,iftheysodesire,haverecoursetotheproperjudicialauthority.

1. Rulesonassemblyinprivateproperties:

Onlytheconsentoftheownerofthepropertyorpersonentitledtopossessionthereofisrequired.

Section5.Nolawshallbemaderespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.Thefreeexerciseandenjoymentofreligiousprofessionandworship,withoutdiscriminationorpreference,shallforeverbeallowed.Noreligioustestshallberequiredfortheexerciseofcivilorpoliticalrights.

ClausesunderSection5

1. Nonestablishmentclause2. FreeexerciseofReligion

Distinctionbetweentheclauses(SchoolDistrictv.Schempp,374US203)

1. Thenonestablishmentclausedoesnotdependuponanyshowingofdirectgovernmentalcompulsion.Itisviolatedbytheenactmentoflawswhichestablishanofficialreligionwhetherthoselawsoperatedirectlytocoercenonobservingindividualsornot.Thetestofcompliancewiththenonestablishmentclausecanbestatedasfollows:Whatarethepurposesandprimaryeffectoftheenactment?Ifeitheristheadvancementorinhibitionofreligion,thelawviolatesthenonestablishmentclause.Thus,inorderforalawtocomplywiththenonestablishmentclause,tworequisitesmustbemet.First,ithasasecularlegislativepurpose.Second,itsprimaryeffectneitheradvancesnorinhibitsreligion.

1. Thefreeexerciseofreligionclausewithdrawsfromlegislativepowertheexertionofanyrestraintonthefreeexerciseofreligion.Inordertoshowaviolationofthisclause,thepersonaffectedmustshowthecoerciveeffectofthelegislationasitoperatesagainsthiminthepracticeofhisreligion.Whilethefreedomtobelieve(nonestablishment)isabsolute,themomentsuchbeliefflowsoverintoaction,itbecomessubjecttogovernmentregulation.

Requisitesforgovernmentaidtobeallowable:

1. Itmusthaveasecularlegislativepurpose;2. Itmusthaveaprimaryeffectthatneitheradvancesnorinhibitsreligion;3. Itmustnotrequireexcessiveentanglementwithrecipientinstitutions.

Section6.Thelibertyofabodeandofchangingthesamewithinthelimitsprescribedbylawshallnotbeimpairedexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt.Neithershalltherighttotravelbeimpairedexceptintheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafetyorpublichealth,asmaybeprovidedbylaw.

RightsguaranteedunderSection6:

1. Freedomtochooseandchangeonesplaceofabode.2. Freedomtotravelwithinthecountryandoutside.

Curtailmentofrights:

RIGHTMANNEROFCURTAILMENT

1.LibertyofabodeLawfulorderofthecourtandwithinthelimitsprescribedbylaw.

2.RighttotravelMaybecurtailedevenbyadministrativeofficers(ex.passportofficers)intheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafety,orpublichealth,asmaybeprovidedbylaw.

Note:Therighttotravelandthelibertyofabodearedistinctfromtherighttoreturntoonescountry,asshownbythefactthattheDeclarationofHumanRightsandtheCovenantonHumanRightshaveseparateguaranteesforthese.Hence,therighttoreturntoonescountryisnotcoveredbythespecificrighttotravelandlibertyofabode.(Marcosv.Manglapus)

Section7.Therightofthepeopletoinformationonmattersofpublicconcernshallberecognized.

RightsguaranteedunderSection7

1. Righttoinformationonmattersofpublicconcern2. Rightofaccesstoofficialrecordsanddocuments

Personsentitledtotheaboverights

OnlyFilipinocitizens.

Discretionofgovernment

Thegovernmenthasdiscretionwithrespecttotheauthoritytodeterminewhatmattersareofpublicconcernandtheauthoritytodeterminethemannerofaccesstothem.

Recognizedrestrictionsontherightofthepeopletoinformation:

1. Nationalsecuritymatters2. Intelligenceinformation3. Tradesecrets4. Bankingtransactions5. Diplomaticcorrespondence6. Executivesessions7. Closeddoorcabinetmeetings8. SupremeCourtdeliberations

Section8.Therightofthepeople,includingthoseemployedinthepublicandprivatesectors,toformunions,associations,orsocietiesforpurposesnotcontrarytolaw,shallnotbeabridged.

Therighttoformassociationsshallnotbeimpairedwithoutdueprocessoflawandisthusanaspectoftherightofliberty.Itisalsoanaspectofthefreedomofcontract.Inaddition,insofarastheassociationsmayhavefortheirobjecttheadvancementofbeliefsandideas,thefreedomofassociationisanaspectofthefreedomofspeechandexpression,subjecttothesamelimitation.

Therightalsocoverstherightnottojoinanassociation.

Governmentemployeeshavetherighttoformunions.Theyalsohavetherighttostrike,unlessthereisastatutorybanonthem.

Section9.Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensation.

Whocanexercisethepowerofeminentdomain:

1)Thenationalgovernment

1. Congress2. Executive,pursuanttolegislationenactedbyCongress

2)Localgovernmentunits,pursuanttoanordinanceenactedbytheirrespectivelegislativebodies(underLGC)

3)Publicutilities,asmaybedelegatedbylaw.

Whenistheexerciseofthepowerofeminentdomainnecessary?

Itisonlynecessarywhentheownerdoesnotwantoropposesthesaleofhisproperty.Thus,ifavalidcontractexistsbetweenthegovernmentandtheowner,thegovernmentcannotexercisethepowerofeminentdomainasasubstitutetotheenforcementofthecontract.

Elementsofthepowerofeminentdomain

1)ThereisaTAKINGofprivateproperty

2)TakingisforPUBLICUSE

3)PaymentofJUSTCOMPENSATION

TAKING

A.Elements:CODE:EPAPO

1. Theexpropriatorenterstheproperty2. Theentrancemustnotbeforamomentaryperiod,i.e.,itmustbepermanent3. Entryismadeunderwarrantorcoloroflegalauthority4. Propertyisdevotedtopublicuse5. Utilizationofthepropertymustbeinsuchawayastoousttheowneranddeprivehimofthe

beneficialenjoymentofhisproperty.

B.Compensabletakingdoesnotneedtoinvolveallthepropertyinterestswhichformpartoftherightofownership.Whenoneormoreofthepropertyrightsareappropriatedandappliedtoapublicpurpose,thereisalreadyacompensabletaking,evenifbaretitlestillremainswiththeowner.

PUBLICUSE

1. Publicuse,forpurposesofexpropriation,issynonymouswithpublicwelfareasthelattertermisusedintheconceptofpolicepower.

1. Examplesofpublicuseincludelandreformandsocializedhousing.

JUSTCOMPENSATION

1. Compensationisjustiftheownerreceivesasumequivalenttothemarketvalueofhisproperty.Marketvalueisgenerallydefinedasthefairvalueofthepropertyasbetweenonewhodesirestopurchaseandonewhodesirestosell.

2. Thepointofreferenceuseindeterminingfairvalueisthevalueatthetimethepropertywastaken.Thus,futurepotentialuseofthelandisnotconsideredincomputingjustcompensation.

Judicialreviewoftheexerciseofthepowerofeminentdomain

1. Todeterminetheadequacyofthecompensation2. Todeterminethenecessityofthetaking3. Todeterminethepublicusecharacterofthetaking.However,iftheexpropriationis

pursuanttoaspecificlawpassedbyCongress,thecourtscannotquestionthepublicusecharacterofthetaking.

WhenmunicipalpropertyistakenbytheState:

Compensationisrequiredifthepropertyisapatrimonialproperty,thatis,propertyacquiredbythemunicipalitywithitsprivatefundsinitscorporateorprivatecapacity.However,ifitisanyotherpropertysuchapublicbuildingsorleguacomunalheldbythemunicipalityfortheStateintrustfortheinhabitants,theStateisfreetodisposeofitatwill.

Pointofreferenceforvaluatingapieceofproperty:

Generalrule:Thevaluemustbethatasofthetimeofthefilingofthecomplaintforexpropriation.

Exception:Whenthefilingofthecasecomeslaterthanthetimeoftakingandmeanwhilethevalueofthepropertyhasincreasedbecauseoftheusetowhichtheexpropriatorhasputit,thevalueisthatofthetimeoftheearliertaking.BUTifthevalueincreasedindependentlyofwhattheexpropriatordid,thenthevalueisthatofthelatterfilingofthecase.

Section10.Nolawimpairingtheobligationofcontractsshallbepassed.

Whendoesalawimpairtheobligationofcontracts:

1)Ifitchangesthetermsandconditionsofalegalcontracteitherastothetimeormodeofperformance

2)Ifitimposesnewconditionsordispenseswiththoseexpressed

3)Ifitauthorizesforitssatisfactionsomethingdifferentfromthatprovidedinitsterms.

AmerechangeinPROCEDURALREMEDIESwhichdoesnotchangethesubstanceofthecontract,andwhichstillleavesanefficaciousremedyforenforcementdoesNOTimpairtheobligationofcontracts.

Avalidexerciseofpolicepowerissuperiortoobligationofcontracts.

Section12.Rightsofpersonunderinvestigationforthecommissionofanoffense.

RightsofpersonunderinvestigationfortheCommissionofanoffenseCODE:SCISI

1)Righttoremainsilent

2)Righttohavecompetentandindependentcounsel,preferablyofhisownchoice

3)Righttoprovidedwiththeservicesofcounselifhecannotaffordtheservicesofone.

4)Righttobeinformedoftheserights.

Whenrightsareavailable:

1)AFTERapersonhasbeentakenintocustodyor

2)Whenapersonisotherwisedeprivedofhisfreedomofactioninanysignificantway.

3)Whentheinvestigationisbeingconductedbythegovernment(police,DOJ,NBI)withrespecttoacriminaloffense.

4)Signingofarrestreportsandbookingsheets.

Whenrightsarenotavailable:

1)Duringapolicelineup.Exception:Oncethereisamoveamongtheinvestigatorstoelicitadmissionsorconfessionsfromthesuspect.

2)Duringadministrativeinvestigations.

3)Confessionsmadebyanaccusedatthetimehevoluntarilysurrenderedtothepoliceoroutsidethecontextofaformalinvestigation.

4)Statementsmadetoaprivateperson.

Exclusionaryrule

1)Anyconfessionoradmissionobtainedinviolationofthissectionshallbeinadmissibleinevidenceagainsthim(theaccused).

2)Therefore,anyevidenceobtainedbyvirtueofanillegallyobtainedconfessionisalsoinadmissible,beingthefruitofapoisonedtree.

Requisitesofvalidwaiver:

1)WaivershouldbemadeinWRITING

2)WaivershouldbemadeinthePRESENCEOFCOUNSEL.

Section13.Righttobail

Whoareentitledtobail:

1)AllpersonsACTUALLYDETAINED

2)shall,BEFORECONVICTION

3)Beentitledtobail.

Whoarenotentitledtobail:

1)PersonschargedwithoffensesPUNISHABLEbyRECLUSIONPERPETUAorDEATH,whenevidenceofguiltisstrong

2)PersonsCONVICTEDbythetrialcourt.Bailisonlydiscretionarypendingappeal.

3)PersonswhoaremembersoftheAFPfacingacourtmartial.

Otherrightsinrelationtobail.

1)TherighttobailshallNOTbeimpairedevenwhentheprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpusissuspended.

2)Excessivebailshallnotberequired.

Factorsconsideredinsettingtheamountofbail:

1)Abilitytopostbail

2)Natureoftheoffense

3)Penaltyimposedbylaw

4)Characterandreputationoftheaccused

5)Healthoftheaccused

6)Strengthoftheevidence

7)Probabilityofappearingatthetrial

8)Forfeitureofpreviousbailbonds

9)Whetheraccusedwasafugitivefromjusticewhenarrested

10)Ifaccusedisunderbondinothercases

Implicitlimitationsontherighttobail:

1. Thepersonclaimingtherightmustbeinactualdetentionorcustodyofthelaw.2. Theconstitutionalrightisavailableonlyincriminalcases,not,e.g.indeportationproceedings.

Note:

1. Righttobailisnotavailableinthemilitary.2. Apartfrombail,apersonmayattainprovisionallibertythroughrecognizance.

Section14.Rightsofanaccused

Rightsofapersonchargedwithacriminaloffense

1. Righttodueprocessoflaw2. Righttobepresumedinnocent3. Righttobeheardbyhimselfandcounsel4. Righttobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusationagainsthim5. Righttohaveaspeedy,impartialandpublictrial6. Righttomeetthewitnessesfacetoface7. Righttohavecompulsoryprocesstosecuretheattendanceofwitnessesandtheproductionof

evidenceinhisbehalf

DUEPROCESS

Thismeansthattheaccusedcanonlybeconvictedbyatribunalwhichisrequiredtocomplywiththestringentrequirementsoftherulesofcriminalprocedure.

PRESUMPTIONOFINNOCENCE

TheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitthelegislaturefromprovidingthatproofofcertainfactsleadstoaprimafaciepresumptionofguilt,providedthatthefactsprovedhaveareasonableconnectiontotheultimatefactpresumed.

Presumptionofguiltshouldnotbeconclusive.

RIGHTTOBEHEARDBYHIMSELFANDCOUNSEL

Therighttobeheardincludesthefollowingrights:

1. Righttobepresentatthetrial

1. TherighttobepresentcoverstheperiodfromARRAIGNMENTtoPROMULGATIONofsentence.

1. Afterarraignment,trialmayproceednotwithstandingabsenceofaccused,provided2requisitesaremet.Note,thattrialinabsentiaisallowedonlyiftheaccusedhasbeenvalidlyarraigned.

(i)Accusedhasbeendulynotified;and

(ii)Hisfailuretoappearisunjustifiable.

1. Theaccusedmaywaivetherighttobepresentatthetrialbynotshowingup.However,thecourtcanstillcompeltheattendanceoftheaccusedifnecessaryforidentificationpurposes.Exception:Iftheaccused,afterarraignment,hasstipulatedthatheisindeedthepersonchargedwiththeoffenseandnamedintheinformation,andthatanytimeawitnessreferstoanamebywhichheisknown,thewitnessistobeunderstoodasreferringtohim.

1. Whiletheaccusedisentitledtobepresentduringpromulgationofjudgement,theabsenceofhiscounselduringsuchpromulgationdoesnotaffectitsvalidity.

2.Righttocounsel

(a)RighttocounselmeanstherighttoEFFECTIVEREPRESENTATION.

(b)Iftheaccusedappearsatarraignmentwithoutcounsel,thejudgemust:

(i)Informtheaccusedthathehasarighttoacounselbeforearraignment

(ii)Asktheaccusedifhedesirestheaidofcounsel

(iii)Iftheaccuseddesirescounsel,butcannotaffordone,acounseldeoficiomustbeappointed

(iv)Iftheaccuseddesirestoobtainhisowncounsel,thecourtmustgivehimareasonabletimetogetone.

3.Righttoanimpartialjudge

4.Rightofconfrontationandcrossexamination

5.Righttocompulsoryprocesstosecuretheattendanceofwitnesses

RIGHTTOBEINFORMEDOFTHENATUREANDCAUSEOFACCUSATIONAGAINSTHIM

Purposesoftheright:

1)Tofurnishtheaccusedwithadescriptionofthechargeagainsthimaswillenablehimtomakehisdefenses

2)Toavailhimselfofhisconvictionoracquittalagainstafurtherprosecutionforthesamecause

3)Toinformthecourtofthefactsalleged.

Iftheinformationfailstoallegethematerialelementsoftheoffense,theaccusedcannotbeconvictedthereofeveniftheprosecutionisabletopresentevidenceduringthetrialwithrespecttosuchelements.

Therealnatureofthecrimechargedisdeterminedfromtherecitaloffactsintheinformation.Itisnotdeterminedbasedonthecaptionorpreamblethereofnorfromthespecificationoftheprovisionoflawallegedlyviolated

RIGHTTOSPEEDY,IMPARTIALANDPUBLICTRIAL

Factorsusedindeterminingwhethertherighttoaspeedytrialhasbeenviolated.

1)Timeexpiredfromthefilingoftheinformation

2)Lengthofdelayinvolved

3)Reasonsforthedelay

4)Assertionornonassertionoftherightbytheaccused

5)Prejudicecausedtothedefendant.

Effectofdismissalbasedonthegroundofviolationoftheaccusedsrighttospeedytrial

Ifthedismissalisvalid,itamountstoanacquittalandcanbeusedasbasistoclaimdoublejeopardy.Thiswouldbetheeffectevenifthedismissalwasmadewiththeconsentoftheaccused

Remedyoftheaccusedifhisrighttospeedytrialhasbeenviolated

Hecanmoveforthedismissalofthecase.

Ifheisdetained,hecanfileapetitionfortheissuanceofwritofhabeascorpus.

Definitionofimpartialtrial

Theaccusedisentitledtothecoldneutralityofanimpartialjudge.

Itisanelementofdueprocess.

Definitionofpublictrial

Theattendanceatthetrialisopentoallirrespectiveoftheirrelationshiptotheaccused.However,iftheevidencetobeadducedisoffensivetodecencyorpublicmorals,thepublicmaybeexcluded.

TherightoftheaccusedtoapublictrialisnotviolatedifthehearingsareconductedonSaturdays,eitherwiththeconsentoftheaccusedoriffailedtoobjectthereto.

RIGHTTOMEETWITNESSFACETOFACE

Purposesoftheright:

1. Toaffordtheaccusedanopportunitytocrossexaminethewitness2. Toallowthejudgetheopportunitytoobservethedeportmentofthewitness

Failureoftheaccusedtocrossexamineawitness

Ifthefailureoftheaccusedtocrossexamineawitnessisduetohisownfaultorwasnotduetothefaultoftheprosecution,thetestimonyofthewitnessshouldbeexcluded.

Whentherighttocrossexamineisdemandable

Itisdemandableonlyduringtrials.Thus,itcannotbeavailedofduringpreliminaryinvestigations.

Principalexceptionstotherightofconfrontation

1. Theadmissibilityofdyingdeclarations2. TrialinabsentiaunderSection14(2)

3. Withrespecttochildtestimony

Section16.Allpersonsshallhavetherighttoaspeedydispositionoftheircasesbeforealljudicial,quasijudicial,oradministrativebodies.

DistinctionbetweenSection14andSection16

Whiletherightsofanaccusedonlyapplytothetrialphaseofcriminalcases,therighttoaspeedydispositionofcasescoversALLphasesofJUDICIAL,QUASIJUDICIALorADMINISTRATIVEproceedings.

Section17.Nopersonshallbecompelledtobeawitnessagainsthimself.

Whenisaquestionincriminating:

Aquestiontendstoincriminatewhentheansweroftheaccusedorthewitnesswouldestablishafactwhichwouldbeanecessarylinkinachainofevidencetoprovethecommissionofacrimebytheaccusedorthewitness.

Distinctionbetweenanaccusedandanordinarywitness

1. Anaccusedcanrefusetotakethewitnessstandbyinvokingtherightagainstselfincrimination.

2. Anordinarywitnesscannotrefusetotakethestand.Hecanonlyrefusetoanswerspecificquestionswhichwouldincriminatehiminthecommissionofanoffense.

Scopeofright

1. WhatisPROHIBITEDistheuseofphysicalormoralcompulsiontoextortcommunicationfromthewitnessortootherwiseelicitevidencewhichwouldnotexistwereitnotfortheactionscompelledfromthewitness.

2. TherightdoesNOTPROHIBITtheexaminationofthebodyoftheaccusedortheuseoffindingswithrespecttohisbodyasphysicalevidence.Hence,thefingerprintingofanaccusedwouldnotviolatetherightagainstselfincrimination.However,obtainingasampleofthehandwritingoftheaccusedwouldviolatethisrightifheischargedforfalsification.

3. Theaccusedcannotbecompelledtoproduceaprivatedocumentinhispossessionwhichmighttendtoincriminatehim.However,athirdpersonincustodyofthedocumentmaybecompelledtoproduceit.

Whentherightcanbeinvoked:

1. Incriminalcases2. Inadministrativeproceedingsiftheaccusedisliabletoapenalty(Ex.Forfeitureofproperty)

Whocaninvoketheright:

Onlynaturalpersons.Judicialpersonsaresubjecttothevisitorialpowersofthestateinordertodeterminecompliancewiththeconditionsofthechartergrantedtothem.

Section18.Rightagainstinvoluntaryservitude

Definitionofinvoluntaryservitude

Itiseveryconditionofenforcedorcompulsoryserviceofonetoanothernomatterunderwhatformsuchservitudemaybedisguised.

Exceptions:

1. Punishmentforacrimeforwhichthepartyhasbeendulyconvicted2. Personalmilitaryorcivilserviceintheinterestofnationaldefense3. ReturntoworkorderissuedbytheDOLESecretaryorthePresident

Section19.Prohibitionagainstcruel,degradingandinhumanpunishment

Whenisapenaltycruel,degradingandinhuman?

1. Apenaltyiscruelandinhumanifitinvolvestortureorlingeringsuffering.Ex.Beingdrawnandquartered.

2. Apenaltyisdegradingifitexposesapersontopublichumiliation.Ex.Beingtarredandfeathered,thenparadedthroughouttown.

Standardsused:

1. Thepunishmentmustnotbesosevereastobedegradingtothedignityofhumanbeings.2. Itmustnotbeappliedarbitrarily.3. Itmustnotbeunacceptabletocontemporarysociety4. Itmustnotbeexcessive,i.e.itmustserveapenalpurposemoreeffectivelythanalesssevere

punishmentwould.

Excessivefine

Afineisexcessive,whenunderanycircumstance,itisdisproportionatetotheoffense.

Note:Fr.Bernassaysthattheaccusedcannotbeconvictedofthecrimetowhichthepunishmentisattachedifthecourtfindsthatthepunishmentiscruel,degradingorinhuman.

Reason:Withoutavalidpenalty,thelawisnotapenallaw.

Section20.Nopersonshallbeimprisonedfordebtornonpaymentofapolltax.

DefinitionofdebtunderSection20

1)DebtreferstoaCONTRACTUALobligation,whetherexpressorimplied,resultinginany

1)DebtreferstoaCONTRACTUALobligation,whetherexpressorimplied,resultinginanyliabilitytopaymoney.Thus,allothertypesofobligationsarenotwithinthescopeofthisprohibition.

2)Thus,ifanaccusedfailstopaythefineimposeduponhim,thismayresultinhissubsidiaryimprisonmentbecausehisliabilityisexdelictoandnotexcontractu.

3)AFRAUDULENTdebtmayresultintheimprisonmentofthedebtorif:

1. Thefraudulentdebtconstitutesacrimesuchasestafaand2. Theaccusedhasbeendulyconvicted.

Section21.Nopersonshallbetwiceputinjeopardyofpunishmentforthesameoffense.Ifanactpunishedbyalawandanordinance,convictionoracquittalundereithershallconstituteabartoanotherprosecutionforthesameact.

Requisitesforavaliddefenseofdoublejeopardy:CODE:ATS

1)Firstjeopardymusthaveattachedpriortothesecond.

2)Thefirstjeopardymusthaveterminated.

3)Thesecondjeopardymustbeforthesameoffenseasthatinthefirst.

WhendoesjeopardyATTACH:(1 requisite)CODE:CICAV

1)Apersonischarged

2)Underacomplaintorinformationsufficientinformandsubstancetosustainaconviction

3)Beforeacourtofcompetentjurisdiction

4)Afterthepersonisarraigned

5)Suchpersonentersavalidplea.

WhendoesjeopardyNOTattach:

1)Ifinformationdoesnotchargeanyoffense

2)If,uponpleadingguilty,theaccusedpresentsevidenceofcompleteselfdefense,andthecourtthereafteracquitshimwithoutenteringanewpleaofnotguiltyforaccused.

3)IftheinformationforanoffensecognizablebytheRTCisfiledwiththeMTC.

4)Ifacomplaintfiledforpreliminaryinvestigationisdismissed.

st

ND

WhendoesfirstjeopardyTERMINATE:(2 REQUISITE)

1)Acquittal

2)Conviction

3)DismissalW/OtheEXPRESSconsentoftheaccused

4)Dismissalonthemerits.

Examplesofterminationofjeopardy:

1)Dismissalbasedonviolationoftherighttoaspeedytrial.Thisamountstoanacquittal.

2)Dismissalbasedonademurrertoevidence.Thisisadismissalonthemerits.

3)Dismissalonmotionoftheprosecution,subsequenttoamotionforreinvestigationfiledbytheaccused.

4)Dischargeofanaccusedtobeastatewitness.Thisamountstoanacquittal.

WhencanthePROSECUTIONappealfromanorderofdismissal:

1)Ifdismissalisonmotionoftheaccused.Exception:Ifmotionisbasedonviolationoftherighttoaspeedytrialoronademurrertoevidence.

2)IfdismissaldoesNOTamounttoanacquittalordismissalonthemerits

3)Ifthequestiontobepasseduponispurelylegal.

4)Ifthedismissalviolatestherightofdueprocessoftheprosecution.

5)Ifthedismissalwasmadewithgraveabuseofdiscretion.

WhatareconsideredtobetheSAMEOFFENSE:(underthe1 sentenceofSection21)

1)Exactidentitybetweentheoffenseschargedinthefirstandsecondcases.

2)Oneoffenseisanattempttocommitorafrustrationoftheotheroffense.

3)Oneoffenseisnecessarilyincludedornecessaryincludestheother.

Note:whereasingleactresultsintheviolationofdifferentlawsordifferentprovisionsofthesamelaw,theprosecutionforonewillnotbartheothersolongasnoneoftheexceptionsapply.

Definitionofdoublejeopardy(2 sentenceofSec.21)

Doublejeopardywillresultiftheactpunishableunderthelawandtheordinancearethesame.Fortheretobedoublejeopardy,itisnotnecessarythattheoffensebethesame.

ND

st

nd

SUPERVENINGFACTS

1)UndertheRulesofCourt,aconvictionforanoffensewillnotbaraprosecutionforanoffensewhichnecessarilyincludestheoffensechargedintheformerinformationwhere:

1. Thegraveroffensedevelopedduetoasuperveningfactarisingfromthesameactoromissionconstitutingtheformercharge.

2. Thefactsconstitutingthegraveroffensebecameknownorwerediscoveredonlyafterthefilingoftheformerinformation.

3. Thepleaofguiltytothelesseroffensewasmadewithouttheconsentofthefiscalandtheoffendedparty.

2)Under(1)(b),ifthefactscouldhavebeendiscoveredbytheprosecutionbutwerenotdiscoveredbecauseoftheprosecutionsincompetence,itwouldnotbeconsideredasuperveningevent.

Effectofappealbytheaccused:

Iftheaccusedappealshisconviction,heWAIVEShisrighttopleaddoublejeopardy.Thewholecasewillbeopentoreviewbytheappellatecourt.Suchcourtmayevenincreasethepenaltiesimposedontheaccusedbythetrialcourt.

Section22.Noexpostfactolaworbillofattaindershallbeenacted.

Definitionofexpostfactolaw.

1)Onewhichmakesanactiondonebeforethepassingofthelaw,andwhichwasinnocentwhendone,criminal,andpunishessuchaction.

2)Onewhichaggravatesthecrimeormakesitgreaterthanwhenitwascommitted.

3)Onewhichchangesthepunishmentandinflictsagreaterpunishmentthanthatwhichthelawannexedtothecrimewhenitwascommitted.

4)Onewhichaltersthelegalrulesofevidenceandreceiveslesstestimonythanthelawrequiredatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffenseinordertoconvicttheaccused.

5)OnewhichassumestoregulatecivilrightsandremediesonlyBUT,ineffect,imposesapenaltyordeprivationofaright,which,whendone,waslawful.

6)Onewhichdeprivesapersonaccusedofacrimeofsomelawfulprotectiontowhichhehasbecomeentitledsuchastheprotectionofaformerconvictionoracquittal,oraproclamationofamnesty.

Note:TheprohibitiononexpostfactolawsonlyappliestoretrospectivePENALlaws.

DefinitionofBILLOFATTAINDER

1)AbillofattainderisaLEGISLATIVEactwhichinflictspunishmentW/OJUDICIALtrial.

Leaveacomment

2)Thebillofattainderdoesnotneedtobedirectedataspecificallynamedperson.Itmayalsorefertoeasilyascertainablemembersofagroupinsuchawayastoinflictpunishmentonthemwithoutjudicialtrial.

3)Elementsofthebillofattainder

1. TheremustbeaLAW.2. ThelawimposesaPENALburdenonaNAMEDINVIDIDUAL/EASILYASCERTAINABLE

MEMBERSofaGROUP.3. ThepenalburdenisimposedDIRECTLYbytheLAWW/OJUDICIALtrial.

Reference:

PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)Reviewer&MemoryAid

AteneoCentralBarOperations2001

Louie,Carrie,Evelyn,Thel,Gem,Ronald

PostedinConstitutionalLaw,PoliticalLaw

Tags:PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)ArticleIII

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