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Conservation Tillage Systems
Field Trials in Lower Austria
Rosner,J. and E. Zwatz - Walter: Office of the Lower Austrian Provincial Government,
Frauentorgasse 72, 3430 Tulln - Austria
Klik,A.: University of Agricultural Science, Department of Hydraulics and Rural Water
Management, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien - Austria
damage of settlement after a stormevent
Mai 2008 Tulln
Lower Austria
Conventional tillage with interrill
and rill erosion
Slaked ditches
Interrillerosion
Mulch and direct seed
Cultivation across the slope – no erosion control
Tullnerfeld – Gollarn 2009
Direct drilling – erosion control
Direct drillingConventional
seed
Göllersdorf 2nd July 2010
Direct drilling without
disc harrow in front of
seeder
No till drill into straw of winter wheat
Yellow mustard + California bluebell – Phacelia as cover crops
Legumes
Anaerobe straewmat
International tendencies in
Tillage
1989.............. 10 Mio ha No Till
2001............ 65 Mio. ha No Till
2002............ 68 Mio. ha No Till
2004............ 72 Mio. ha No Till
2006………. 90 Mio. ha No Till
2010……….>115 Mio. ha No Till
Countries:
USA (25 Mio. ha), Canada (12 Mio. ha), Brasil,
Argentina – Latin America > 50 Mio. ha,
Australia (> 10 Mio. ha)
More than 98 % of the No Till land in these
countries
Reasons for No Till
•Lowering of production cost
•Fewer passes – less work time less soil
compaction
•Increased productivity – cultivation of larger
area possible
•Reduction of fuel consumption
( 250 l 80 l/ha )
•Lower machine use
•Prevention of wind – water – tillage erosion
•Increased humus content
•Improved water retention
•Better yield
•Lower carbon dioxide release from the soil
climate – and soil alliance - Kyoto
Agreement
Kuhn Speedliner
Pneumatiic Drill seed
Mulch – und Direct
seeding
Field demonstration Lower Austria August 2009
500 participants
Vaederstad Carrier Drill
Kerner
Vaederstad Rapid
Vaederstad Spirit
Vaederstad Spirit
Vaederstad Seed Hawk
Vaederstad Seed Hawk
Vaederstad Seed Hawk
Corn planter for
No Till
Canada
Kinze 250 corn
planter for no till
Rotary clod
breaker
Coulter discs
No Till sunflower
Tulln 2005
Amazone corn
planter for
mulch and
NoTill
Direct drilling
corn under wet
soil conditions
Matermac
Curved tines
Kuhn Planter 2
Monosem
Gaspardo Regina
Direct drilling
winterwheat into
stubbles of
sunflower
Cultivation Test 2007
Seeding Winter Wheat
into stubbles of
Sunflower
Direct drilling winter wheat into stubbles of
corn Lower Austria 2009
Pioneer crop: : 2009 corn – disc harrow Wintergerste - Mulchseed with Kuhn Speedliner
September 2009
Cover crop seedind July 29th 2010
NoTill corn Tulln
Risk dry rot
Fusarium sp.
Stubbles corn with
Perithecies
Ascosores
windspread
Conidiospores
spread by
raindrops and
wind
Dry Rot
Reproduction
without
symptoms
occurrence
F. Graminearum 30%
F. Avenaceum 14%
F. Poa 12%
F. Tricinctum 2%
F. Sporotrichoides <1%
F.Subglutinans 22%
F. Proliferatum 12%
F. Equiseti 1%
Wireworm and
frit fly attracted
by the high
content of
organic matter in
the mulch seed
plots
Blanking gaps
in corn after
winterrye
covercrop
Wilt plants
No Tillage sugar beets
Lower Austria
Yield:
2005…….80 t/ha
2008….> 70 t/ha
Sugar content 2005…17.6 %
Strip – farming
Dill – California Bluebell (Phacelia
tanacetifolia) after Rye – pollen
harvest
NoTill sugarbeets
seeded into mustard
???
Management of cover
cropsfrost shred
Silage and anaerobic zone in the
plowsole Avoided by roots
Roller to squeeze cover crops in fall –
reduction of water consumption
Angle iron 6 cm high and 18 cm distant
Cover crop roller developed and constructed in Lower
Austria (Hahnekamp, Rosner)
instead of shredding lower fuel consumption and more capacity
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 t/ha
direct seed drill
without tools
direct seed drill
with disc harrow
yield hayage direct drill test
Lower Austria 2009
geen matter hayage Nov. 4th 2009
green matter hayage t/ha Oct. 20th 2009
Soil erosion measurement sites Austria
N = 686mm, T = 8,1°C
N = 883mm, T = 8,6°CPyhra
PixendorfN = 768mm, T = 9,5°C
Experiments started in 1994
soil texture: sandy silt - loamy silt
plot size: 60 m² ( 4 by 15 m)
slope: 5 - 16 %
crop rotation: corn - winter wheat
corn - winter wheat - sugar -beets
– summer barley -
sunflower - winter wheat
Summer harvest - cover crop spring
cultivation
Parameters investigated: runoff, soil loss,
nutrients, pesticides - herbicides,
Erosion plots
6 m
Measurement site Mistelbach
Sediment flow – grassed waterway
Sample divider
Sedimentcollector
3 % sampled – divided by tubes
Conventional
Tillage mulchseed Direct drilling
Soil loss t/ha 6.1 1.8 1.0
reduction 70% 83%
Corg - loss kg/ha 76.7 27.5 17.8
reduction 64% 75%
N - loss kg/ha 9,2 3.7 2.5
reduction 61% 73%
P - loss kg/ha 4.7 1.3 0.75
reduction 72% 84%
runoff in mm 21,4 20.94 19.37
Herbicide loss
% sprayed 2.20% 1.01% 0.57%
reduction 55% 74%
Herbicide loss
im runoff 1,73% 0,87% 0,17%
reduction 50% 90%
Herbicide loss
In sediment 3.09% 1.16% 1.99%
reduction 62% 36%
Losses in differnet tillage practise
1994 - 2009
Klik et.al
University of Agricultural Science Vienna
Yield in relative % 1994 – 2009 Mistelbach-
Pyhra(St.Pölten)-Pixendorf(Tulln)Rosner, Zwatz, Wurst, Spieß
Tillage method/ Yield kg
per ha
Mistelbach Pyhra Pixendorf
Conventional
Cultivator – plow
No cover crop
100 100 100
Cultivator – Mulchseed –
Cover Crop: yellow
mustard, california
bluebell, buckwheat, red
clover, oil radish
96 103 102
Cultivator – direct
drilling
Cover crop : 7 kg/ha
California Bluebell, 3 kg/ha
Yellow Mustard
90 110 104
Cultivator – direct
drilling
cover crop : 80 kg/ha
winter rye
Cultivator – direct
drilling
Cover crop :120 kg/ha
summer barley
89
97
101
110
95
112
runoff in mm
15,00
16,00
17,00
18,00
19,00
20,00
21,00
22,00
23,00
24,00
mm
conventional
mulchseed
direct drilling
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Conventional Mulchseed Direct Drilling
Corganic loss kg/ha
Tillage method Yield %
conventional
Tulln Pixendorf
Conventional Tillage
Cultivator-Plow-
Seedbedpreparation
100 100
Reduced - Chisel Plow
2 x
99 100
Reduced Tillage (Disc
Harrow 1x)
93 94
No Till NT 90 91
Cultivation Test Tulln and Pixendorf
1999 - 2009
Results Tillage trials
all locations Lower Austria 1999 - 2009
Tillage method Yield %
conventional
Net profit
Conventional Tillage
Cultivator-Plow-
Seedbedpreparation
100 100
Reduced - Chisel Plow
2 x
99 111
Reduced Tillage (Disc
Harrow 1x)
93 108
No Till NT 88 104
Mycotoxin marginal values
Common Union 2006
Feedstuffs
Pigs DON 500 µg/kg
Breeding Sow DON 500 µg/kg
ZON 50 µg/kg
Chicken DON 1500 µg/kg
Feeding Cattle DON 1000 µg/kg
Food:
Cereals……………………….DON 1250 µg/kg
Durum, corn, oat……………DON 1750 µg/kg
Children`s food……………..DON 200 µg/kg
Cereals……………………… ZON 100 µg/kg
DON чg/kg Pixendorf Pixendorf
2009 mehrjährig
corn % DON
Tillage system NÖ
Conventional Tillage 1590 100
Minimum Tillage < 150 108
(cultivator/disc horrow 2x)
Minimum Tillage <NWG 79
(cultivator/disc harrow 1x)
No Tillage 444 122
DON values Lower Austria
Semi aride climate
DON чg/kg Hollabrunn Tulln
2009 corn2008
winterwheat
Tillage system NÖ
Conventional Tillage 298 252
Minimum Tillage < 150 106
(cultivator/disc horrow 2x)
Minimum Tillage < NWG 126
(cultivator/disc harrow 1x)
No Tillage < NWG 219
DON чg/kg Tulln
Several years
Tillage system NÖ
Conventional Tillage 1019
Minimum Tillage 2028
(cultivator/disc horrow 2x)
Minimum Tillage 934
(cultivator/disc harrow 1x)
No Tillage 661
Fungicide Test Tulln 2006
Triticum Durum
490
680
100
810
630
90
820
600
110
460
230
82
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Conventional
Tillage
Chisel Plow 2x
Disc Harrow 1x
No Tillage
DON ppm
Sw ing Gold + Caramba
Sw ing Gold + Caramba
Sw ing Gold + Caramba
Sw ing Gold + Caramba
Without Fungicide
Pronto Plus
Without Fungicide
Without Fungicide
Without Fungicide
Pronto Plus
Pronto Plus
Pronto Plus
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Conventional Tillage Chisel Plow -
Plow
Minimum Tillage Disc Harrow
No Tillage
Figure 1: number and weight of Earthworms 0-30 cm
2004 - 2006
Eartworms g/m²
Earthworms/m²
CTRT NT
Fuel consumption(l/ha) 57,38 28,37 6,19
Working time(min/ha) 125,51 56,94 14,58
19,46
23,78
6,194,595,74
32,19
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
CT RT NT
seeding(rotary cultivator+seed drill 3 m)
CT und RT; NT:Väderstad 3 m)
Plow 4 plowshare, 1,52
m)
Disc harrow (3 m)
CO2 Emissionfactor 3,15:
180,76 kg CO2 /ha 89,36 kg CO2 /ha 19,50 kg CO2 /ha
Tests of CO2 emission by cultivation
fuel consumption l/ha Obersiebenbrunn sandy soil August 2009
7,6
17,5
9,9
7,48,7
16,7
6,8
7,7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
plow cultivator cultivator +
deep
cultivator
mulch
direct
drilling
mulch seed drill
deep cultivator
cultivator-wing shares
cultivator doublespread- wing-
shares
rotary cultivator+seeddrill
disc harrow
l/ha
plow
CO2 emission kg/ha Obersiebenbrunn August 2009
20,2
46,4
26,3
19,7
21,4
22,9
44,3
17,9
20,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
plow cultivator cultivator +
deep
cultivator
mulch
direct
drilling
mulch seed drill
deep cultivator
cultivator-wing shares
cultivator doublespread- wing-
shares
rotary cultivator+seeddrill
disc harrow
plow
fuel consumption and CO2 emission
Hollabrunn 2010
41,439,3
15,7
6,1 6,1
94
90
36
14 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
disc
harrow +
plow +
rotary
cultivation
seed drill
cultivator +
deeper
loosing +
mulchseed
cultivator +
rotary
cultivation
seed drill
mulchseed
with discs
mulchseed
without
discs
l/ha
CO2 emission/ha
Conclusion
•Mulch –and direct –seeding systems are fully developed and
go well in practice.
•The economical benefits must not ignore the nutrient –
pesticide and soil movement (erosion).
•Cereal – maize crop rotation need a shallow mulch of crop
residuals for a fast decomposition as a phytosanitary need.
•After harvest the growth of volunteer cereals has to be
interrupted, they stand for a green bridge for plant diseases
like barley yellow dwarf virus or Fusarium sp. and pests like
aphids as a vector for the virus (“green bridge)
•An immediately seeding of cover crops after harvest for a
good development of the green manure.
•The production of Mycotoxins by Fusarium disease (Dry
Rot) is to be interrupted by shallow soil tillage and an
adopted crop rotation, fungicides are sometimes necessary.
•A reduction of the costs is possible and usefull.
•A prescription is not possible and depends from the crop
rotation and natural situation.
