Connector WordsLesson 4

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• A. Lasers have found many uses in medicine. They

play an important role in the treatment of eye disease

and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally

suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is

transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser

beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of

the tissue. The beam “cuts” inside the eye with

minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Lasers are

effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other

treatments are not. The interaction between laser

light and eye tissue is not fully understood.

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• B. Lasers have found many uses in medicine. For

example, they play an important role in the treatment of

eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is

ideally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye

tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the

frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted

according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam

“cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the

surrounding tissue. Lasers are also more effective than

other methods in treating some causes of blindness.

However, the interaction between laser light and eye

tissue is not fully understood.

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• B. Lasers have found many uses in medicine. For

example, they play an important role in the treatment of

eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is

ideally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye

tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the

frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted

according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam

“cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the

surrounding tissue. Lasers are also more effective than

other methods in treating some causes of blindness.

However, the interaction between laser light and eye

tissue is not fully understood.

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Subordinators Sentence Connectors

Phrase Linkers

Addition FurthermoreIn additionMoreoverLikewise

In addition to

Cause and Effect

BecauseSince

ThereforeAs a resultConsequently

Because ofDue toAs a result ofThus

Contrast WhileWhereas

In contrastActuallyHoweverOn the other handConversely

Unlike

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Linking Words and PhrasesSubordinators introduce a subordinating clause, may need a comma (,):Many students use the Internet for research because it is more convenient.

Sentence Connectors connect 2 complete sentences:The Internet makes a variety of resources available to a student. Furthermore, these resources are available almost instantly.

Phrase Linkers introduce a noun phrase:Unlike their parents, students today are comfortable researching papers using the Internet.

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Definition/Explanation

In other wordsThat is

in other wordsthat is

Examples For exampleFor instance

for examplefor instance

Intensification ActuallyOn the contraryAs a matter of factIn fact

Opposition AlthoughEven though

Despite the factHoweverNeverthelessOtherwise

despitein spite of

Ordering*** First, Second,Next, Then

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Some examples•Addition

The program accepted a large number of Chinese students. In addition, there are many Arabic and Korean students who attend.

Studies have shown that vocabulary is more important for academic success than grammar. Moreover, students are often able to study vocabulary on their own time.

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Some examples

•ContrastMany people believe that the winter is the

hardest season for people to endure. Studies have actually shown that there are more cases of depression reported in the spring.

Studying in a foreign country can be expensive. On the other hand, there are many benefits to be gained from experiencing a foreign culture.

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Some examples

•OppositionIt was clear that the fire would soon cause

the building to collapse. Nevertheless, the firefighters stayed inside, looking for victims.

We should leave for the movie in the next ten minutes. Otherwise, we won’t find a seat.

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Are the connectors correct?1.Being overworked means people do not get enough sleep; on the other hand, they also eat too much fast food during the day.

2.Every citizen respects the flag and treats it with honor; therefore, it is the most important national symbol of the country

3.It rained heavily while I was waiting for the bus; moreover, I got soaking wet while I waited at the stop.

4.It is good to be original when writing an essay; on the other hand, doing something too different might be strange instead of interesting.

5.Air travel is the most efficient way to travel overseas; moreover, sea travel is a second option for people to choose.

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Are the connectors correct?6. Football is popular all over the world. It is called

soccer in the United States.

7. The criminal was acting guilty; moreover, the police found a gun under his bed.

8.There have been several popular films about global warming, and we should be concerned about our environment.

9.Taking a bicycle trip is an activity the whole family can enjoy; moreover, it is a good way to get exercise.

10.It is impossible for a government's decisions to satisfy everybody; therefore, society will always have its unhappy members.

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11.She did not allow the low grade to discourage her; on the other hand, she studied twice as hard for her final exam.

12.It is possible to learn using internet resources; however, professors are using this technology in their classes.

13.It would be extremely difficult to build a settlement on the moon; moreover, there may not be any benefit to it.

14.College applications are usually due in December; therefore, students find out the decisions in the spring in the mail.

15.The basketball team had another bad season; however, the one game they won was really exciting.

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Writing Practice

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Technology essay Introduction• Since the late 20th century, humans have

gradually adopted internet-based communication technology, such as email, Skype, social networking sites, instant messenger, and smartphones. These technologies have endowed us with new and different styles of communication which help us exchange information and emotions and build and maintain our relationships. Overall, this change has to be regarded as beneficial, especially for communication between family and friends.

• It is clear that Internet-based communication allows us to share more information, but it is more difficult to see its effect on emotional communication. I believe there is a relationship between the two: by making it easier to share information, the Internet has also made it easier to share our feelings. A common problem when trying to share our lives with loved ones who are far away is giving them enough context for the important events in our lives. If I have a big argument with my roommate, I may want to tell my sister about it. For her to understand the problem, and to understand why I am so upset, she needs to know about all the little things that happened before the argument. If I am very upset, it may be hard for me to explain everything, my sister will not really understand me. These frustrations can make me avoid contacting my sister when I am upset. IM and social networking solve this problem by allowing people to give each other frequent, small updates about their daily lives. Then, when emotional events occur, our loved ones have enough information about our lives to provide sympathy and support. By giving us the ability to share information with each other, Internet technology allows us to share more emotional support as well.

Idea relationships in your writing!

•First of all, I think sharing information can help sharing emotion because communicating emotional events needs context.

•By the way, contexts are important to communicating emotion.

•The whole story is complicated and full of small conflicts. My sister does not know about all of these, so I am frustrated.

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Technology Essay Outline

•Thesis: Overall, this change has to be regarded as beneficial, especially for communication between family and friends.

•Pgh 1: Small updates give our long-distance communication more context.

•Short Updates and Messages aren’t the same as useful communication!

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Body pgh 2: Topic Sentence

•“It is important to note that these smaller, more convenient updates with friends are not intended to replace more extended communication. ”

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Body pgh 2“It is important to note that these smaller, more

convenient updates with friends are not intended to replace more extended communication. ”

1. Some people afraid that text messages & updates will replace longer, face-to-face communication

-Then, we could only talk in short, 30-second messages

2. Communication technology is not a replacement. Is a supplement

3. (Example) After my fight, I still want to talk to my sister.

4. Our previous communication does not replace talking to her—it makes it easier.

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Body Pgh. 2• It is important to note that these smaller, more

convenient updates with friends are not intended to replace more extended communication. (1)Some opponents of technology fear that over time, short status updates and text messages will replace face-to-face communication, and we will find ourselves unable to communicate anything that does not fit into a two-sentence or 30-second message. (2) The benefit of this technology, _____________, is not as a replacement but rather as a supplement. (3)After the fight with my roommate, already communicating with my sister does not mean I don’t need to call her and talk to her. (4)________________, the fact that we have already spoken means our extended communication is easier and more effective.

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