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Connecting rivers and seas – the Danube/Black Sea experiment. Laurence Mee. THE BLACK SEA BASIN. 17 Countries over 160 million people 2 million square kms. Transboundary issues. Examples of sub-regional and basin wide problems. The Black Sea ecosystem is severely damaged by eutrophication. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Connecting rivers and seas – Connecting rivers and seas – the Danube/Black Sea the Danube/Black Sea
experimentexperimentLaurence Mee
•17 Countries17 Countries
•over 160 million peopleover 160 million people
•2 million square kms2 million square kms
THE BLACK SEA BASINTHE BLACK SEA BASIN
Transboundary issuesTransboundary issues
Examples of sub-regional and basin wide problems
CZCS June 1979
The Black Sea ecosystem is severely
damaged by eutrophication
There are pollution hot spots in the DanubeThere are pollution hot spots in the Danube
Black Sea habitats are being destroyedBlack Sea habitats are being destroyed
Institutional development Institutional development success storiessuccess stories
9 years of partnerships with GEF and European Community support
Sustainable institution building to address Sustainable institution building to address regional issuesregional issues
Start up
Exit
Inve
stm
ent
cost
Benefits
BASELINE (Government investment in regional solutions
ALTERNATIVE (adequate regional institutions)
TIME TO ACHIEVE INSTITUTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY
GEF investment
Sustainable institutions
The Black Sea Commission Secretariat
•1993 - Bucharest 1993 - Bucharest ConventionConvention•1993 - Odessa 1993 - Odessa Ministerial DeclarationMinisterial Declaration•1993 Black Sea 1993 Black Sea Environmental Environmental ProgrammeProgramme•1996 Black Sea 1996 Black Sea Strategic Action PlanStrategic Action Plan
The Bucharest Convention is in force!
The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
•1992 GEF/EC Environmental Prog.
•1994 Strategic Action Plan
•1994 Danube River Protection Conv.
•1997 Danube Pollution Reduction Prog.
•1998 International Commission for Protection of the Danube River
•2001 DANBLAS Danube-Black Sea Task Force
The Danube Convention is fully in force
Controlling eutrophicationControlling eutrophication
A basin wide approach
Total N & P fertiliser application, Danube Basin
0500000
100000015000002000000250000030000003500000
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
Me
tric
to
ns
Total-P
Total-N
At least 50% of the nutrients reaching the Black Sea come from agriculture
The green revolution
End of centrally planned economy
Estimated maximum environmental releases of Nitrogen by pigs and humans, Danube Basin
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Year
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
tons
, tot
al N
Humans-N
Pigs-N
Animals release nutrients to rivers and the atmosphere
The experimentThe experiment•An adaptive management programme by the Danube - Black Sea Joint Working Group
•An investment of more than $100 million international funds
•A strategic partnership with 17 countries
“The long-term goal in the wider Black Sea Basin is to take measures to reduce the loads of nutrients and hazardous substances discharged to such levels necessary to permit Black Sea ecosystems to recover to conditions similar to those observed in the 1960s.”
The Long-Term GoalThe Long-Term Goal
As an intermediate goal, urgent measures should be taken in the wider Black Sea Basin in order to avoid that the loads of nutrients and hazardous substances discharged into the Seas exceed those that existed in the mid 1990s. (These discharges are only incompletely known.)
First adaptive management goalFirst adaptive management goal
Variation in observed area of NW shelf summer hypoxia with increasing loading of nitrogen fertiliser in the Danube basin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Nf, Nitrogen fertiliser, million tons/year, averaged over the 7 years prior to each data point
Th
ou
san
ds
of
sq
uar
e k
m o
f h
ypo
xia
1961-1972
1973
1974-1991
1994-1996
Reduce input levels to here
The inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances into both receiving Seas (Black Sea proper and Sea of Azov) have to be assessed in a comparable way. To this very end a common Analytical Quality Assurance (AQA) system and a thorough discussion about the necessary monitoring approach, including the sampling procedures, has to be set up and agreed upon between the ICPBS and the ICPDR.
The ecological status of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov has to be further assessed, and the comparability of the data basis has to be further increased.
Both the reported input loads as well as the assessed ecological status will have to be reported annually to both the ICPBS and the ICPDR.
“Strategies for economic development have to be adopted to ensure appropriate practices and measures to limit the discharge of nutrients and hazardous substances, and to rehabilitate ecosystems, which assimilate nutrients”
The Black Sea Basin Strategic The Black Sea Basin Strategic PartnershipPartnership
• Over US$70 millions grant funding committed• Incremental cost funding - helping to pay the
extra costs of nutrient reduction on new projects in the basin
• Typical grant size $5 millions• Project examples: Agricultural reform,
wetlands restoration, WWTPs, product substitution
“Based on the annual reports and on the adopted strategies for the limitation of the discharge of nutrients and hazardous substances, a review shall be undertaken in 2007. It will have to focus on the further measures that may be required for meeting the long-term objective”
The task ahead: Reviewing The task ahead: Reviewing compliance and setting new targetscompliance and setting new targets