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ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What is poverty?
KEY CONCEPTS:KEY CONCEPTS:
• Social Inequality:
• Poverty:
• Hunters & Gatherers:
• Egalitarian Society vs. Stratified Society:
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What is POVERTY?
•Think-Pair-Share
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“Lack of money”
• Give a nomadic desert tribesman a million dollars. What will he do with it?
• What is money used for?3
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IS THERE ANYTHING
MORE IMPORTANT FOR
PEOPLE THAN MONEY?
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The HAVES and the HAVE-NOTS
• Why do some have more than others?
• Has it always been this way?
• THINK - PAIR - SHARE
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HAS IT ALWAYS BEEN THIS WAY?
• Have humans ALWAYS had this division between the HAVES and HAVE-NOTS?
• THINK - PAIR - SHARE6
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What is “Egalitarian”?
• Idea that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. 7
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• Humans used to live in societies where people were more equal 8
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EGALITARIAN SOCIETY• a society where everybody is equal. No rich
or poor.
Hunter & Gatherers: Nomadic people who obtain food from wild plants and animals. They have few possessions and no land ownership
No rulers or superiors
Everybody equal!
Egalitarian societies
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NOMADS• Only own what you can carry!
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Sure, some people had special skills like a really good hunter, but they weren’t looked at as being “superior” than others
Leaders have influence, but no authority like a king
The people share everything
These cultures had no land ownership so there were no social classes.Can you have inequality if nobody owns anything?
So what happened to create inequality?
AGRICULTURE! AGRICULTURE!
• surplus from planting crops allows some to control this surplus
• Those in control can decide who gets food!
• These are the first social classes
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With FARMS, people settled on a piece of land and STAYED
there. So, they felt it was THEIR land!
• OWNERSHIP LEADS TO INEQUALITY...
• WHY?
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Agricultural Societies
• This is when the idea of private property and slavery were invented.
This is MY land. You HAVE TO work for me. You HAVE TO pay me taxes to farm MY land!
This is where Social Inequality is born
"...all animals are equal here, but some are more equal than others." [G,Orwell, Animal Farm]
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EXAMPLES?
• What are some examples of social inequality you have seen in the last week?
• THINK - PAIR - SHARE19
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
•What does a stratified society look like? 20
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KEY CONCEPTS:
•Stratified Society:
•Caste System:
•Untouchable:21
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What does stratified mean?
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Strata: a layer that is different than the others
• Stratified rock 23
Stratified Societiessociety where people are divided into groups; some have higher status than others
some people like chiefs inherited this special status from their fathers and grandfathers
They have more food and can reward people that are close to them, like family, friends and allies
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Stratified society• Some people (or groups of people) have unequal
access to power and/or resources, while other people (or groups) have less.
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FEUDALISM
In stratified societies, they can organize people to work together on big projects like making roads, waterways or temples.
PROS of Stratified Society
Society can act together to defend themselves
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CONS of Stratified SocietySlavery
People treated badly because of their background
Not in their control.
NOT THEIR fault!
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PEOPLE ARE DEALT THEIR FATE WHEN THEY ARE BORN
Caste
What is Caste?
People are born into different groups called “castes” and cannot change from one to anotherHigher ranked castes get better jobs and have better lifsetyles; lower castes can only do certain jobs
Caste is the fundamental social institution in India
Caste System
Lower castes are seen as impure. Caste organises political, economic and ritual life
Some believe that the caste system was originally based upon color lines between the conquering Aryans and the darker, native Dravidians.
The first three castes may have originated with the classes of Aryan society who used the darker, native population as their servants.
Has existed among Hindus for at least 2,000 years
The invading white skinned Aryans referred to the conquered Indians as "Dasyu" - the "dark ones" or slaves.
the Vedas (Hindu holy books like Qu’ran) are full of stories of war between the white Aryans and dark Dasyu
The upper castes are STILL lighter-skinned than the lower castes, 2,000 years later!
Indian actress Preety Zinta
Indian actor Aamir Khanall
the four varnas are ranked in descending order of importance, prestige, and purity.
Brahmin (priests) scholars, philosophers - rewarded with honor
Kshatriya (warriors), rulers administrators and organizers - rewarded with power
Vaishya (The People) merchants, farmers, traders, artisans, engineers - rewarded with wealth
Shudra. (servants) servants, hired hands, unskilled laborers, factory workers, manual laborers - rewarded with freedom from responsibility
Untouchables, also known as Harijans or Dalits, fall outside of the caste system all together.
A Maithil Brahman from a rural village north of Darbhanga
Brahmins deserve respect from everyone else and are considered so pure that they may never eat food prepared by anyone but another Brahmin.
This means that Brahmins cannot go to a restaurant where the staff are not also Brahmins
Brahmin priests at the annual changing of the sacred thread.
BrahminBrahmins are seen as mediators between the human and divine worlds
The Kshatriya are members of the warrior varna. Their lifetime goal is to serve as protector to their people.
Kshatriya
Rajput Landowner and his family on their land Smoking a hooka, or water pipe.
Historically, The Kshatriya has contained most of the political leaders and kings, landowners
Vaishya
The Fruit Merchant
(Paan Wallah) the Paan Maker
Paan is a like chewing tobacco although made from betelnut and paan leaves. It stains your teeth orange.
landless group of merchants, shopkeepers and artisans.Most closely resembles the middle class
A Nai or barber sets up shop on the side of the road where anyone can come and get their hair cut or face shaven. Their wives are often midwives.
ShudraThe Shudra caste performs services – the hard work and labor
Their specific service is a birthright
This varna, resembles the medieval European peasant class.
Mali, or gardeners
Dhobi – Washermen They wash the clothing for all the different caste levels. the local Dhobis wash the clothes of their patrons, and then lay them out in to dry.
In India musicians are Harijans (god's children)
The act of playing some of these instruments is considered to be unclean because the saliva that is being blown into the horns is thought to be very unhygenic, therefore not fit for people in higher castes to play these instruments.
Harijans or Dalits (untouchables)
They are called "untouchables" because they are forbidden to touch anyone who belongs to one of the four varnas.
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If a Brahmin priest touches an untouchable, he or she must go through a ritual in which the pollution is washed away.
Untouchables do all the most unpleasant work in South Asia.
Hindus think that a person is born to this class because of bad karma he or she earned in a pervious life.
In northern India, untouchables were forced to use drums to announce their arrival
even their shadows were thought to be polluting.
In the south, some Brahmins stipulated that the lower castes would have to maintain a distance of 22 metres from them in order not to contaminate others of higher castes
IdeologyHindus did not question the caste system. “It’s simply the way the universe works.”
In order to be assured of a good life in one's next reincarnation, a person must do everything he or she can to live up to the expectations of his or her caste•A Sudra should work hard; •a Brahmin should study religious texts and pray hard.
A particular caste position is a reward or punishment for the deeds and misdeeds of past lives justifies one's position in this life.
Thus one's caste position is something that is earned
The scheme is sanctioned in religious text from 1500 BC
The ritual and religious basis of caste has weakened greatly,
system of purity and pollution which ranked castes relative to one another and kept them separate is in decline
Most Hindus are still opposed to intercaste marriage although intercaste marriage is on the rise
Other criteria becoming important for example, education, occupation, and income
Changing Significance of Caste
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Review: Stratified Societies
• WHAT WERE THE 3 EXAMPLES?
• First there were two from history
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• ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did European colonialism lead to more inequality?
• KEY CONCEPTS:• Colonialism:
• Mestizo: 46
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Stratified society• Some people (or groups of people) have unequal
access to power and/or resources, while other people (or groups) have less.
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FEUDALISM
the four varnas are ranked in descending order of importance, prestige, and purity.
Brahmin (priests) scholars, philosophers - rewarded with honor
Kshatriya (warriors), rulers administrators and organizers - rewarded with power
Vaishya (The People) merchants, farmers, traders, artisans, engineers - rewarded with wealth
Shudra. (servants) servants, hired hands, unskilled laborers, factory workers, manual laborers - rewarded with freedom from responsibility
Untouchables, also known as Harijans or Dalits, fall outside of the caste system all together.
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In the Americas, before the Europeans arrived, there were complex civilizations like the Maya
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And the Aztecs
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So Inequality was a Part of their Society BUT, WHAT HAPPENED WHEN THE
EUROPEANS ARRIVED?
What is COLONIALISM?
• The practice of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and making money off of the land
SPAIN and the NEW WORLD• The Spanish took
control over most of South and Central America
• There were only a small number of Spanish people but they took control of almost all of the land.
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ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM• After stealing the land, the Spanish created
huge farms called Haciendas and forced the local people to work for them.
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MINES• They also built big mines so they could take
all of the gold, silver and precious metals back to Spain
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ENSLAVED• These people, who had been in control of
their own political life, their own trade and their own land were enslaved by the Spanish.
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MESTIZOS• The Spanish needed people to help them rule the land and
they didn’t have enough Spanish women so they made babies with the local Native American women instead.
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MESTIZO•A person of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. 60
MESTIZOS WERE GIVEN POWER
• These Mestizos were seen as being better than the Native Americans because they had some Spanish blood, so they were given land and power over the rest of the people.
INDEPENDENCE FROM THE SPANISH COLONIZERS!
• 200 years later many of these countries in the Americas became independent.
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BUT THE INEQUALITY REMAINED
• The new leaders of the countries came from mestizos and were lighter-skinned.
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These new leaders controlled all the resources and got very
rich.
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But the poor local people got poorer.
This inequality from Spanish colonial times is still very real,
300 years later.
•Today, 1% of the population of Guatemala owns or controls 65% of the wealth
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Most of them are still the light-skinned Mestizos
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INEQUALITY MATTERS!• Once a system has been put
in place, it is very hard to turn it around.
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
•How do we measure poverty?
•What are the effects of poverty?
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KEY CONCEPTS:•Poverty Line
•Life expectancy
•Poverty Cycle70
POVERTY LINE• The minimum amount of money
needed to purchase the basic necessities of life.
• Those living under this line are in poverty and those above are not in poverty. There are different ways of deciding where this poverty line is and how to best measure it.
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How do we measure poverty?
• One way is to measure how much money people earn.
• The World Bank believes that those earning less than $1.25 (10 L.E.) per day live in extreme poverty.
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• But each country has their own way of measuring poverty. Some countries look at how much of their money people need to spend for their basic needs.
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It’s not just money that counts!• A 3rd - and more complete - way of
measuring whether someone is poor or not involves looking at other factors besides how much money they earn.
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Human Development Index (HDI)
• Besides money, this takes into account 2 other factors:
• 1. Life expectancy: number of years an average person lives in that country
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• 2. Level of Education: How many people have access to schools?
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How many people live in poverty?
• Over one billion of the world’s population (14%) on less than $1.25 (10 L.E.) per day.
• This is a huge number but it has been reduced by almost one half in the last 35 years!
What are the effects of poverty?
• 1. On children: Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight --> mental and physical disabilities.
• Many are sickly and more likely to die before their first birthday.
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• Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness and they also suffer from conditions that can impair brain function.
• Lack of food and money also leads to a stressful family life, which increases the chance of child abuse
ELDERLY • These are the hardest-hit. They often do not
have money to afford medicine. They often do not have money for nutritious food, warm clothes or decent houses. They worry about not having money and becoming homeless.
• Due to these reasons, they often get stressed, sick and die.
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POVERTY CYCLE
When poor families become trapped in poverty for generations, it is very hard for them to get out of poverty. Because they have no or limited access to critical resources, such as income or schools,.
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For example
• Poverty increases the chances of poor health. Poor health in turn traps communities in poverty.
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What does Social Inequality Mean?
Wealth
Power
Status
Opportunity
Different Access to
Different Access is Based on:
Gender
Race
Age
Ethnicity
Religion
I.e. anything that can be used to differentiate people
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INEQUALITY:• Different access to wealth,
power, status and opportunity based on gender, race, age, ethnicity, social class or religion
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DID YOU KNOW???
•The world’s 85 richest people are as wealthy as the poorest half of the world combined!(that’s 3.5 billion people!)
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• Half of the world's population (3.5 billion people) own no more than a tiny elite whose numbers could all fit comfortably on a double-decker bus." 92
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Poverty Cycle and Wealth Cycle• Widening inequality is creating a vicious
circle where wealth and power are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few, leaving the rest of us to fight over crumbs from the top table
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• We will soon live in a world where equality of opportunity is just a dream. In too many countries economic growth already amounts to little more than a 'winner takes all' windfall for the richest.
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How do rich become richer?
• 1. The rich use political influence to convince governments to make laws that help them, often from corruption
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• 2. They can afford good education for their kids, so cycle continues
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• 3. They pay very low taxes
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• 4. Salaries for CEOs go up but salaries for common jobs go down.
• 5. Governments are spending less to help people in need
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REVIEW
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