Conlangs Monthly - December / January Special

7/23/2019 Conlangs Monthly - December / January Special

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Every Ldiab Is

M Gmturma Lfgamgoer

Rde Beveafpnegt Fc

Egoaisd Ig Ldigm; Ldigoaisd

Sfwea \ystens Mrfugb

Rde _frab

Lfgamgos

Nfgtday

Sfa. # =: Belenjer-=st-:8=5

Rde \ygtmx fc

Benfgstrmtives

fc tde Mnmziod amgoumoe

Restigo

aemrgers’ writigo



LFGEG\

Re Beveafpnegt Fc

Egoaisd Ig Ldigm; Ldigoaisd

Mgmríûc m d-Mrnûodm

Lfgbegle ig

(Lfg)amgoumoigo

Dfw Lfgamgoigo Melts Dfw _e

Xerleive Re _frab

Mre Rere Zema Jegets f Jeigo Jiaigouma6

Amgoumoe fc tde Nfgtd;

Lrinemg/Lrinemg mtmr

Mre Yfu Mg Mttriter6

-Omje _itnfgoer-

-Neaissm Jemttie-Nfss-

-Gmfì _mtmgmje-

-\mjrigm Xmais-

-Kmlqueaige _ff-

-Nmrl F’bfndmiaa-

-Kfsd Zflldif-

p.=

p.5

p.?

p.9

p.=8

p.=:

p.=?

Bemr rembers,

Ris twf nfgtd spelima ebitifg f Lfgamgos Nfgtday lfnnenfrmtes tde rst mggiversmry ftde stmrtigo f tdis pujailmtifg. _e wmgteb it tf je m sdfwlmse f tde oremt wfr` tdmt sf nmgybieregt pefpae ig tde lfgamgoigo lfnnugity bf, ms weaa ms ftder tdenes mgb tfpils. Rmt’s wdy

fr tdis issue we’ve pilèb sfne f fur mvfurite mrtilaes rfn pmst ebitifgs ms weaa ms gew fges!

\igle fur rst ebitifg jml` ig Belenjer :8=2, we’ve lfne m afgo wmy. _e’ve dmb igterviews witdsfne mgtmstil pefpae, m paetdfrm f bieregt mrtilaes, mgb sfne mnmzigo pfetry mgb lremtive writigo.

Gfge f tdis wfuab dmve jeeg pfssijae witdfut tde suppfrt mgb lfgtrijutifgs f sf nmgy pefpae, tdis pujailmtifg is ms nuld m lfnnugity efrt ms it is sfnetdigo prfbuleb jy kust m dmgbua f ebitfrs.

_e dfpe tdmt tdis pujailmtifg wiaa lfgtigue ig tde uture tf je mg exdijit f tde truay wfgberua wfr`tdmt sf nmgy pefpae put ig tf tdeir lremtifgs, fceg ofigo uggftileb mgb iogfreb.

Dere’s tf m gew yemr!



Ebitfr ig Ldiec;Kfgmtdmg Caeury

Amyfut Besiog & OrmpdilsOmje _itnfgoer

Xrffc Zembigo & EbitigoLdristimg Evmgs

CfugbersOmje _itnfgoer

Kfgmtdmg Caeury

Re \ygtmx fc Benfgstrmtives Fc

Re Mnmziod Amgoumoe;

Every Ldiab Is M Gmturma Lfgamgoer

estigo Aemrgers’ _ritigo

Aigìgo Ny Refry fc Netmpdfr(n)

tf Xrmonmtil Use

Sfwea \ystens Mrfugb Re _frab

=8 Lfnnmgbnegts

Cfr \ullesscua Lfgamgoigo

Re \wmbesd Aist

\tmgbmrb Mrmjil; Xdfgfafoy, Nfrpdfafoy0

Zmpprfldenegts witd Egoaisd

Igterview witd

Bmvib K. Xetersfg

Re \eptumoigt;

M \dfrt Distfry Fc Jijae rmgsamtifg

Mgb Lmgfgility

-Mjberrmdnmge Fumtirfu-

-Omje _itnfgoer-

-I`rmne Ldijmgi-

-Nmr` \tm Jrmgba-

-Zfbriof Xereirm-

-Omje _itnfgoer-

-Zmpdmea Lmnisìf-

-Lfgamgos Nfgtday emn-

-Yfugess Cmribi-

-Zeiaa Jmutistm-

p.=9

p.<8

p.<<

p.<4

p.28

p.22

p.24

p.5=

p.5<

p.53



=

\pemìgo Ldigoaisd ig Dfgo @fgo dms jelfne m gfrn.

Igtrfbultifg;Jy tde Jritisd lfafgima pmst mgb tde U\Ms elfgfnilpfwer, Egoaisd wms weaa pamleb ms tde nmkfr amgoumoefver tde wfrab ig amst legturies. Lfgsequegtay,Egoaisd, gfwmbmys, is stiaa lfgsibereb ms m nfrelfnnfgay useb amgoumoe ig nmgy gfg-gmtiveEgoaisd lfugtries, suld ms \igompfre, Igbim, mgbtde Xdiaippiges, wdild mre lfafgima lfugtries igtde Futer Lirlae. Gft surprisigoay, ig relegt yemrs,

Egoaisd dms spremb mr mgb wibe ig tde lfugtriesf tde Expmgbigo Lirlae, suld ms Ldigm, @frem mgbKmpmg. Dfwever, tde mppemrmgle f tde lfglept fnuatipae ‑Egoaisdes„ reelts tde remaity tdmt Egoaisdis gf afgoer wdmt it useb tf je. Ig tfbmy’s sfliety,wdeg we spem` f Egoaisd, we bf gft kust ainit ittf Jritisd Egoaisd mgb Mnerilmg Egoaisd. Igstemb,we mre nfre lfglergeb mjfut tde existegle f tdebeveafpnegt f gew Egoaisdes ig tde Futer Lirlaemgb tde Expmgbigo Lirlae, suld ms \igompfre

Egoaisd, Igbimg Egoaisd mgb Msimg Egoaisd.

Ldigese Egoaisd, sf lmaaeb Ldigoaisd, resuats rfntde lfnjigmtifg f Ldigese luature mgb tde Egoaisdamgoumoe. I yfu of tf Ldigm, yfu wiaa emsiay stunjaemlrfss Egoaisd-styae siogs aiè; lmreuaay jmgb demb(Cio =). Ris mw`wmrb siog is m typilma exmnpae fLdigoaisd, ms wdmt we lmaa Ldigese styae Egoaisd.F lfurse, writteg fr spfèg Ldigoaisd sfugbs

very weirb mgb strmgoe tf Egoaisd gmtive spemèrs,mgb it feg lmuses dunfur, nisugberstmgbigo,mgb sfnetines lmg eveg je fegsive. Fg tde ftderdmgb, Ldigoaisd is masf m wibespremb pdegfnegfgig Ldigm, lfglergigo jftd spfèg mgb writtegamgoumoe. Jy mgmaysigo tde aexilma emturesf igterview bmtm, tde purpfse f tde presegtigvestiomtifg is tf benfgstrmte tde vmrimtifg fEgoaisd useb ig Ldigm ig bieregt moe orfups,mgb tf try tf expamig tdmt Ldigoaisd lertmigay dms

sfne emtures f jeigo m Gew Egoaisd rmtder tdmgm nistmè ms nfst sldfamrs prfpfse.

Re Beveafpnegt FcEgoaisd Ig Ldigm; Ldigoaisd

Mgmaysigo tde vmrimtifg fc Egoaisd useb igLdigm cflusigo fg moe orfups

Cfr nmgy yemrs, severma sldfamrs dmve jeegprfbuligo wfr` ig tde eab f gew Egoaisdes. OeLdumgoui is tde rst sldfamr wdf mbfpteb tde tern—Ldigm Egoaisd’0 mt tde smne tine, Oe suooestebtdmt it is gelessmry tf bistigouisd jetweeg tdeterns —Ldigm Egoaisd’ mgb —Ldigoaisd’, mgb destrfgoay deab tde mlt tdmt tde Egoaisd amgoumoe wmsfrioigmaay useb jy gmtive Egoaisd spemèrs sf tdmtftder pefpae wdf use Egoaisd sdfuab begiteayfaafw tde ruaes mgb tde lfgvegtifgs f tde Egoaisdspemìgo pefpae (Aiu :884; :9). Ig mbbitifg, Tubeges Ldigm Egoaisd ms m vmriety f Egoaisd usebjy spemèrs f Ldigese jmseb fg \tmgbmrb Egoaisdjut witd igevitmjae Ldigese ldmrmlteristils frldmrmlteristils tdmt deap bissenigmte Ldigeseluature (Tu :8=8;=4-:=). Ldigese Egoaisd fr

Ldigoaisd, fg tde ftder dmgb, is seeg ms nissdmpegEgoaisd fr ms m befrneb amgoumoe pdegfnegfg(Ai =99<).

It is lfgsibereb ms mg mw`wmrb nixture f Ldigesemgb Egoaisd‒nfst prfjmjay Egoaisd wfrbs witdLdigese sygtmx. Fr, we lfuab kust sinpay stmtetdmt Ldigoaisd is geitder Egoaisd gfr Ldigesejut tdmt it niodt je beslrijeb ms Egoaisd witdLdigese ldmrmlteristils. Ig relegt yemrs, m gunjer

f resemrlders dmve jeeg mrouigo tdmt LdigeseEgoaisd (LE) is nfre aièay tf je reomrbeb ms mbeveafpigo nenjer f wfrab Egoaisdes. Xegosuooesteb tdmt LE sdfuab je resemrldeb rfn



:

vmryigo perspeltives, iglaubigo sflifaigouistils,lrfss-luaturma lfnnugilmtifg, prmonmtils,styaistils mgb trmgsamtfafoy (Tu :8=8;=4-:=).

f je nfre spelil, tde aexilma emture f LdigeseEgoaisd lmg je lamssieb ig tdree lmteofries, gmneay;Ldigese afmgwfrbs ig Egoaisd, gmtiviseb Egoaisd

wfrbs, mgb lfnnfg Egoaisd wfrbs tdmt mre sdmrebwitd users f tde nmkfrity f Egoaisd vmrieties ( Tu:8=8; :?). Re Ldigese afmgwfrbs lmg je bivibebigtf twf types; stmgbigo afmgwfrbs mgb mb dflafmgwfrbs. \tmgbigo afmgwfrbs iglaube Ldigeseluaturma evegts mgb dmve m gmtifgma fr igtergmtifgmalurregly (Tu :8=8; 2?). Mb dfl afmgwfrbs iglaubetdigos mgb evegts tdmt mre f eitder trmbitifgma frlfgtenpfrmry Ldigese reeregle jut bf gft dmvem gmtifgma fr igtergmtifgma lurregly (mt aemst gft

yet) (Tu :8=8; 5=). Ig frber tf oet nfre betmiasf Ldigese Egoaisd, it is gelessmry tf dmve m jmsilugberstmgbigo f Nmgbmrig Ldigese.

Jeafgoigo tf twf bieregt amgoumoe mniaies, Egoaisdmgb Nmgbmrig Ldigese dmve nmgy siogilmgtbieregles. Nmgbmrig Ldigese bfes gft dmve mgymxes jelmuse tde Ldigese amgoumoe bfes gftnmr` tegse fr pmrts f speeld nfrpdfafoilmaay jutwitd igeltifg-aiè mxes ig Ldigese, iglaubinom pereltive mspelt nmrèr —“ae’亃tdmt is lafsest tftde gftifg f pmst tegse ig Egoaisd (\ug :883; 3:).Cfr igstmgle, —wmg’ 宁 nemgs —gisd’. —_mg-ae’宁亃 nemgs —maremby gisdeb’. Nfrefver, Ldigese wfrbfrber is gft ree; Ldigese verj lfgstrultifgs masfrequire tde frber. I twf verj pdrmses mre ig fgesegtegle, it dms tf faafw tde ruae tdmt tde selfgbmltifg verj nust je mer tde rst mltifg verj (\ug:883; <:).

Ig reamtifg tf tde beveafpnegt f Gew Egoaisdes,Lrystma Bmvib pfstuamtes tdmt mg igevitmjaelfgsequegle f tdese beveafpnegts is tdmt tdeamgoumoe wiaa jelfne fpeg tf tde wigbs faigouistil ldmgoe ig tftmaay ugprebiltmjae wmys

(:88<;=2:).

Keggier Kegìgs stmtes tdmt m Gew Egoaisd lmg jelmteofriseb smtisyigo fur lriterim; it dms beveafpeb

tdrfuod tde ebulmtifg systen0 it mrises ig lfugtrieswdere Egoaisd is gft m nmkfrity amgoumoe0 it isuseb fr m rmgoe f ugltifgs0 it dms beveafpeb itsaigouistil emtures, wdild iglaube prfguglimtifg,ormnnmr, vflmjuamry, mgb bislfurse styae (:88<;::). Re vflmjuamry iglaubes aflmaay lfigeb wfrbsfr expressifgs mgb jfrrfwigo rfn igbioegfus

amgoumoes (:88<;:3).

Netdfbfafoy mgb Bmtm;

Re rst seltifg f tde resuats wiaa mgmayse tdeaexilma emture rfn tde experinegtma bmtm. Jmsebfg tde bmtm mgmaysis, tde purpfse f tde selfgbseltifg is tf igbilmte sfne Gew Egoaisd emtures fLdigese Egoaisd.

Re tms` tdmt wms useb ig tde presegt stuby isquestifggmire. It is true tdmt questifggmire dms jeeguseb fr nmgy purpfses ig igvestiomtigo amgoumoerepresegtmtifg, witd pmrtiluamr fluses fg tdeigfrnmtifg rfn respfgbegts. Cive questifgsuseb ig tde experinegt were aisteb jeafw;

]uestifg;

Lmg yfu oive ne m sinpae igtrfbultifg f yfursea6Lmg yfu teaa ne sfne Ldigese Egoaisd wfrbs yfu`gfw6 Oive ne exmnpaes.Lmg yfu teaa ne tde nemgigo f tden6 Bf yfu fceg spem` Egoaisd6 I yfu bf, ig wdildsitumtifg,wfr` fr pmrty6 _dere yfu oet tf tdfse Ldigese Egoaisd wfrbs6Dfw bf yfu use tden6

Ig tftma, eiodt spemèrs f Nmgbmrig Ldigesewere useb0 maa f wdfn lfne rfn Jeikigo; furpmrtilipmgts wdfse moes mre jetweeg 58 mgb 380fur pmrtilipmgts wdfse moes mre jetweeg :8 mgb<8. Rey maa lamineb tf spem` Nmgbmrig Ldigese mstdeir nftder tfgoue. Re eiodt pmrtilipmgts werebivibeb igtf twf orfups mllfrbigo tf tdeir moes.Re experinegt wms ig m quiet lamssrffn; emldpmrtilipmgt wms requireb tf tmè tde igterview

sepmrmteay. Re pmrtilipmgt mgb tde resemrlder smtmle tf mle mlrfss tde tmjae. M tmpe relfrber wmsfg tde tmjae jetweeg tden, lfaaeltigo tdeir frmaprfbultifg. Ig mbbitifg, eiodt sujkelts were testebmgb tdey were requireb tf spem` Egoaisd ig tdeexperinegt.

Bmtm mgmaysis mgb Zesuats;

Exmnpaes f mb dfl afmgwfrbs ig tde experinegt;oive yfu sfne lfafurs tf see see( m Ldigeseibifn tdmt nemgs sdfwigo pfwer)0 yfu ms` ne,I ms` wdf ( I bf gft `gfw eitder)0 oeiaimjae (



<

offb, m lfnjigmtifg f Ldigese ldmrmlter oeiai—给劐’mgb Egoaisd sux -mjae )0 fae(f`, mlfnjigmtifg f Egoaisd wfrb f` mgb Ldigeseldmrmlter ae —亃’)0 bmpimg( Dfaaywffb nfvies),dugmf( ribiluafus), omf ximf (uggy).

Exmnpaes f stmgbigo afmgwfrbs ig tde experinegt;

Xefpae nfugtmig pefpae sem (m Ldigese ibifntdmt nemgs duoe lrfwbs f pefpae)0 Jeikigo `mfym(Jeikigo bul`)0 `fgou (it is m gmtifgma sìaa fr emt0it is m ìgb f Ldigese trmbitifgma spfrt iten)0 ldm(Ldigm tem).

It is aièay tdmt tde mb dfl afmgwfrbs tde eaberaypefpae useb sfnewdmt mssflimte witd tdeirenftifgs tfwmrbs Ldigese luature. Fge pmrtilipmgtig tde selfgb orfup omve tde mgswer tdmt it is furluature mgb nenfry. Ig mbbitifg, tde wfrb bm pimgnemgs Dfaaywffb nfvie ig Nmgbmrig Ldigese,jut tde birelt trmgsamtifg f bm pimg igtf Egoaisd

is igterpreteb ms jio nfvie. Ig Ldigese luature,tde wfrb bm —jio’ represegts exleaaegt mgb rild. IgLdigm, pefpae oegermaay use tde wfrb bm —jio’ tfnfbiy every egtity tdey tdfuodt is offb fr rild,suld ms bm ùmg (rild pefpae) mgb bm wmg (offbnfvie stmr).

Fg tde ftder dmgb, Dfaaywffb nfvies mrelfgsibereb ms m luaturma lfglept gft kust nfvies.It prfvibes vmaues tdmt sdfl` Ldigese pefpae wdf

lmg fgay bremn mgb inmoige spegbigo tde iglfnetf juy m aittae weboe f it. Geebaess tf smy, ig tde=998s, Dfaaywffb nfvies jelmne tde nfst pfpuamr

visuma mrt ig Ldigm, mgb it sfnedfw synjfaisebm orfup f yfugo pefpae’s bremns mgb mnjitifgsjelmuse tdere wms m jeaie tdmt Dfaaywffb ism bremnamgb fr nmìgo nfgey fr jelfnigomnfus. Ig tdis wmy, Ldigese pefpae lremteb mgew wfrb fr Dfaaywffb nfvies represegtigo mperifb f prffugb luaturma reeregle witd respelt

tf Dfaaywffb vmaues. Degle, eaberay pefpae usetde wfrb bm pimg igstemb f tde wfrb Dfaaywffbnfvies, inpayigo tdmt tdey preer tf sdfw Ldigeseluaturma ibegtity ig tdeir Egoaisd.

\urprisigoay, tdere mre nmgy mb dfl afmgwfrbstdmt mre useb ig tde rst orfup, wdiae m aft fstmgbigo afmgwfrbs mre useb ig tde selfgb orfup.Ig sfne segses, tde igterget lmg je reomrbeb ms mtffa tdmt sprembs mb dfl afmgwfrbs mr mgb wibe.Re pmrtilipmgts ig tde rst orfup negtifg tdmttdey nfstay mlquire LE mb dfl afmgwfrbs fg

tde igterget. Re igterget, fg tde ftder dmgb,sfrt f ruigs tde stmgbigo afmgwfrbs, jelmusemanfst maa yfugo pmrtilipmgts wdf lamineb tf jeigterget users dmve very aess `gfwaeboe f LEstmgbigo afmgwfrbs. Ms negtifgeb emraier, mb dflafmgwfrbs useb jy eaberay pefpae synjfaise tdeluaturma reeregle ig reamtifg tf tdeir wfrsdips fDfaaywffb vmaues. It is gf surprise tdmt eaberaypefpae `gfw nfre stmgbigo afmgwfrbs suld ms`fgou mgb ldm tdmg yfugo pefpae.

Mllfrbigo tf tde begitifg f jeigo m GewEgoaisd, LE bfes gft lertmigay t igtf jeigo m GewEgoaisd. Dfwever, LE bfes dmve sfne emturesf jeigo m Gew Egoaisd. Cirstay, LE is useb fr mrmgoe f ugltifgs ig Ldigm. Ig tde igterview, fgepmrtilipmgt ig tde rst orfup negtifgeb tdmt LE isigterestigo mgb is useb fr ug lfnnugilmtifg igLdigm.

Masf, fge igterviewer smys tdmt LE is useb frnmìgo kfès. Nfrefver, manfst maa tde yfugopmrtilipmgts mgswereb tdmt LE is useb fr ugmgb tdmt tde LE wfrbs tdey `gfw mre jmsilmaayrfn tde wej. Degle, LE dms jeeg useb fr sfnepmrtiluamr ugltifgs ig Ldigm. It seens tf dmvejelfne mg igterget amgoumoe tdmt is useb fr uglfnnugilmtifg mgb nmìgo kfès.

Rere is m mlt tdmt LE dms beveafpeb its fwgaigouistil emtures ig m wmy. Cfr exmnpae, verj frbersegtegle strulture lmg je fugb ig tde igterview.I spem` Egoaisd tf lfnnugilmte witd ftders. Mswe negtifgs jefre, Nmgbmrig Ldigese requires

verj frber tdmt tde selfgb mltifg nust faafwtde rst mltifg. Ig tde segtegle, —spem` Egoaisd’is tde rst mltifg, mgb —lfnnugilmte witd ftders’is tde selfgb mltifg, sf LE is iguegleb jy tde

verj frber strulture rfn Ldigese, wdild lmg je

nmrèb ms m aigouistil emture f LE. Nfrefver,LE dms its fwg vflmjuamry tdmt is jfrrfweb rfnigbioegfus Ldigese.

Re pmrtilipmgts omve m amroe gunjer f jfrrfwebwfrbs rfn igbioegfus Ldigese; mb dfl afmgwfrbsmgb stmgbigo afmgwfrbs. —Oive yfu sfne lfafurtf see see’ is mg mb dfl afmgwfrb tdmt is bireltaytrmgsamteb rfn m Ldigese ibifn sdfwigo pfwer给佨点频艺眀眀 (exmnpae =).



2

—Xefpae Nfugtmig Xefpae \em’ is m stmgbigo afmgwfrbjfrrfweb rfn m Ldigese ibifn —duoe lrfwbs fpefpae’. \fnetdigo sdfuab je negtifgeb dere tdmttde wfrb —pefpae nfugtmig pefpae sem’ wms mg mbdfl afmgwfrb jefre :8==. Ig :8==, m Ldigese-Dfgo @fgo nfvie lmaaeb —Xefpae Nfugtmig Xefpae\em’ wms seaelteb fr tde lfnpetitifg mt tde SegileCian Cestivma (Mppegbix=). Mer tdmt, tde Ldigeseafmgwfrb —pefpae nfugtmig pefpae sem’ jelmnem stmgbigo afmgwfrb tdmt dms mg igtergmtifgmalurregly.

Ms negtifgeb mjfve, bm pimg —Dfaaywffb nfvies’is useb jy eaberay pefpae represegtigo luaturma

reeregle. Rus, it is evibegt tdmt LE dms its fwg vflmjuamry tdmt represegts Ldigese luaturemgb trmbitifgs. Curtdernfre, ms Lrystma Bmvibnegtifgeb, tde beveafpnegt f Gew Egoaisdeswiaa jelfne fpeg tf tde wigbs f aigouistil ldmgoeig tftmaay ugprebiltmjae wmys. Ig tde igterview,twf LE mb dfl afmgwfrbs dmve beveafpeb veryugique aigouistil emtures; oeiaimjae —给劐mjae’ mgbfae —f` 亃’. Rfse twf wfrbs mre tde lfnjigmtifgsf Ldigese ldmrmlters mgb Egoaisd wfrbs. Cfr

exmnpae, oeiai nemgs offb fr lffa (Mppegbix <),mgb it is mg mbkeltive.

Re sux “mjae mttmldes tf oeiai mgb prfbules mgew mbkeltive nemgigo —uaa f offb fr lffa’. Ae igLdigese is m nmr` f pmst tine tegse. Re Egoaisdwfrb —f`’ lfnpfugbs witd tde Ldigese tegsenmr` —ae’ mgb prfbules m gew lfnpfugb nemgigo—maremby f`’.

\f tdfse twf wfrbs reelt m gew typilma aigouistilemture f LE. Rerefre, LE dms beveafpeb its fwgspelima mgb spelil aigouistil emtures, suld ms

verj frber segtegle strulture, afmgwfrbs mgb tdelfnjigmtifg f Ldigese ldmrmlters mgb Egoaisdwfrbs.f sun up, jmseb fg tde resemrld, tde aexilma

emtures f LE mre bieregt ig bieregt moe orfups.Re igterget is m nmkfr tffa tdmt sprembs mb dflafmgwfrbs. \f, tde yfugo pefpae `gfw nfre mbdfl afmgwfrbs tdmg tde fab pefpae jelmuse nfstf tde yfugo pefpae mre igterget users.

LE dms beveafpeb sfne emtures f jeigo m GewEgoaisd; rstay, LE is useb fr m rmgoe f ugltifgsig Ldigm, suld ms tde igterget amgoumoe fr uglfnnugilmtifg0 selfgbay, LE dms beveafpeb

its fwg aigouistil emtures, suld ms tde verjfrber strulture, mb dfl mgb stmgbigo afmgwfrbsjfrrfweb rfn igbioegfus Ldigese, mgb tdelfnjigmtifg f Ldigese ldmrmlters mgb Egoaisdwfrbs tdmt mre very ugprebiltmjae beveafpnegts fGew Egoaisdes. F lfurse, I mn masf mwmre f tdeainitmtifg f tde size f tde smnpaes, igterviewigoew pmrtilipmgts is remaay gft egfuod ig terns fwfr` jeigo lfgbulteb.



5

Mgmríû /mgmrm;u/ is m erldge wfnmg wdf aivesig tde snmaa lfmstma viaamoe lmaaeb Aeenû wdildamy jy tde jmg`s f mg estumry wdere tde resdwmternet tde smat sem. Gft mr rfn Mgmríû’s lfttmoewms m snmaa stremn lmaaeb afrîâgm witd wmter tdmtdmb m saiodt sweet tmste tf it, tdis wms bue tf m

spelies f tree lmaaeb Âg wdild orfws mafge jy tdestremn, tde tree dms m very sweet resig wdild oivestde egtire tree m sweet tmste rfn jmr` tf ruit. Risresig dms m qumaity wdild is dmrnua tf spirits, tderuit is emteg tf tenpfrmriay egb f spirits fr tderesig is nixeb ig sfia mrfugb m lfttmoe tf prevegtspirits rfn egterigo. tde wmter f tdis stremnerfbeb sfne f tde sfia jy rffts wdild lmusebsfne f tde tree’s sweetgess tf je mjsfrjeb igtf tdewmter itsea. Mgmríû’s mtder wms m sdernmg sf

sde feg fugb dersea sittigo futsibe tde lfttmoenegbigo dis gets. Fge bmy wdiae sde wms xigo mtmgoaeb ness sde smw nmg wma` gft mr rfn derlfttmoe, lurifusay de wms sfmìgo wet. De affèbupfg Mgmríû’s jemuty mgb lmaaeb fut ‑Zûe!(sweetdemrt), nmy I see m sniae fg yfur mle6„

‑Cfr wdmt6„ \de repaieb,

‑Cfr tde kfyfus tuge it nmy pamy fr ny demrt tfbmgle tf„

\de lfuabg’t deap jut orig mt tde nmg’s wfrbs. \deomve m sniae, mgb tdeg de wmgbereb f.

Mgmríûc m d-Mrnûodm

Re gext bmy sde wms momig negbigo der mtder’sgets, mgb sde smw tde sfmìgo wet nmg wma` jy. Delmaaeb fut tf der ‑Zûe! nmy I see m sniae fg yfurmle6„

‑Cfr wdmt6„ \de repaieb,

‑Cfr jemuty dersea smib tdmt gf sniae is nfreormleua tdmg der fwg, jut m sniae rfn yfu wiaaprfve der wrfgo„

Fgle momig sde origgeb mt tde nmg’s wfrbs, mgbdmppy witd tde resuat de wmgbereb f momig.

Re gext bmy sde wms momig negbigo der mtder’sgets, mgb fgle nfre tde sfmèb nmg pmsseb jy, de

lmaaeb fut tf der ‑Zûe!, nmy I see m sniae fg yfurmle6„

‑Cfr wdmt6„ \de repaieb

‑_ma` fver tf ne mgb I nmy teaa yfu„

Ms sde dms jeeg sf mr ldmrneb jy tde nmg sdeput bfwg tde get mgb wmaèb mwmy rfn tde sweetÂg sfia tdmt surrfugbeb der lfttmoe. Ms sde gemreb

tde nmg sde gftileb sfnetdigo fbb, jesibes dinjeigo sfmèb tf tde jfge, de mppemreb tf dmve mtmia dibbeg jedigb dis aeos.



3

Mt rst Mgmríû tdfuod sde inmoigeb tdmt sde smw sfnetdigo, jut m selfgbaff` prfveb tdmt tdere wms igbeeb m tmia fg tde nmg. Fgay wdeg sde wms m ewsteps mwmy rfn din bib sde remaise tdmt de wms gf nmg jut rmtder mg Mrnûodmfr —wmter wfa’, m spirit wdild bweaas ig amès fr estumries witd tde sdmpe fm saegber wfa, tdey feg aure pefpae tf oet lafse tf tden jy pretegbigo tfje m riegbay strmy bfo fr jy tmìgo fg ftder frns, fgle sfnefge oets lafsetdey wrmp tdeir tmia mrfugb tde prey mgb rug igtf tde gemrest jfby f wmtermgb brfwg tde viltin, mer wdild tdey emt tden maa exlept tde augos, jut gfnmtter wdmt it aff`s aiè it wiaa mawmys je brippigo wet.

Upfg der remaismtifg Mgmríû rmg ms mst ms sde lfuab jut tde saegberMrnûodm wms mst fg der deeas. \de lfuab gever futrug tde spirit fr nuldafgoer sf sde rmg fr tde afrîâgm stremn mgb kunpeb ig it. Ms tde Mrnûodmwms mttenptigo tf stfp itsea Mgmríû spamsdeb m aft f tde sweet wmter ig tdeMrnûodm’s bireltifg.

Re wmter lmuseb tde spirit tf aet fut m oremt dfwa mgb retremt igtf tde smatysem wmter. Crfn tdeg fg tde ruit f tde Âg tree wms feg fg tde negu igMgmríû’s lfttmoe.

Gftes;Re gmne Mgmríû is tdfuodt tf lfne rfn mlfrruptifg f âg + mrû + íû rfuoday nemgigo—âg renfves tde wfa ’.



?

‑Gfg egin tmn prmelamrun est slire Amtige qumnturpe geslire = ,„ were tde rmtder dmrsd wfrbs f tdeZfnmg frmtfr mgb pfaitilimg Lilerf, mneb fr disoaij tfgoue, turgs f pdrmse, mgb egbaess stmnigmfg tde pfbiun. Xersfgmaay I’b ldmgoe tde amst wfrbgeslire, ‑tf gft `gfw„, tf gfg lfgmri, ‑gft tf try„.Ris nmxin f lfurse mppaies tf every prfkelt we

ugbertmè ig tde lfurse f fur aives, jut aet’s flusdere fg twf sujkelts nfst bemr tf tde demrts f tdeaigouist mgb lfgamgoer; aemrgigo amgoumoes (gmt frlfg) mgb beveafpigo fur fwg.

f stmrt witd aemrgigo existigo amgoumoes, ̀ gfw tdmtny jmlòrfugb iglaubes vmrifus aeveas f stuby,ig-lfugtry stmys, kfjs, mgb brugèg lfgversmtifgsfver ldess mgb vfb`m ig Itmaimg, \pmgisd, Zussimg,Amtig mgb Mgliegt Oree` (J.M. mgb N.M.), mgb

\afvegimg (prfessifgma saf-ego trmgsamtfr mgb 5yemr resibegt). _dmt tdis teaas yfu nfre tdmg tdefjvifus exlessive igterest ig amgoumoes is tdmt, igbfigo sf, I’ve nmbe every nistmè ig tde jff`.

Lfgbegle ig(Lfg)amgoumoigo

rmveaigo fr tde dfaibmys ig Itmay fge yemr I trieb tfwisd sfnefge m Dmppy Gew Yemr (brmwigo m jamg`fg tde ibifnmtil Muouri!).

Ms m resuat f ny gmtive, Mnerilmg mllegt, I dmbm dmrb tine witd oenigmte lfgsfgmgts, mgb igsmyigo jufg mgf igstemb f mggf, I mllibegtmaay

lfnpainegteb tdeir remr egb. Jy nispamligo tdemllegt ig ждэиъс wdeg stubyigo Zussimg, I belamrebny urigmtifg maa fver mg essmy igstemb f writigo it.Ig \pmgisd lamss, mer nmìgo m pmrtiluamray siaaynistmè tde temlder msèb i I wms enjmrmzmbf.\î sî, I respfgbeb, upfg wdild tde temlder msèb‑¶]uiég es ea pmbre6„ Enjmrmzmbf, f lfurse, nemgs‑preogmgt„, mgb gft ‑enjmrrmsseb„. Jut gftdigolfnpmreb tf tde igsuat I omve tde pffr wfnmg mtm jmèry fge bmy wdeg I frbereb m snmaa pilm fr

pizzm. Rigìgo nysea laever, I put m binigutiveegbigo fg pilm tf enpdmsise tdmt tde pizzm wms,igbeeb, snmaa. Ig tde egb, I benmgbeb rfn der mpiĎ`m, m wfrb lrube egfuod tdmt I’aa aet yfu, lmreaeltfr, aff` it up fr yfursea. Re pfigt f maa tdesedunfrfus mgb ‑enjmrmzigo„ mgelbftes is tf sdfwtdmt gf nmtter dfw nmgy nistmès fge nmès, yfusdfuab gever omve up.

Bespite tde feg mw`wmrb setjml`s, tfbmy I mnstiaa mltive fg m reouamr jmsis witd maa tde amgoumoesI’ve stubieb. Ris persevermgle negtmaity trmgsersemsiay tf tde wfrab f lfgamgoigo, ms sfnetinestde nere tdfuodt f tryigo tf esd fut m wdfaeamgoumoe, gft fgay witd m wfr`mjae ormnnmr,jut witd m vflmjuamry lmpmjae f maa tde sdmbesf gumgle mgb expressifg we egkfy ig fur gmtivetfgoues seens fverwdeanigoay inpfssijae. _emre masf feg lremtigo fur amgoumoes nfre fr aess

ig isfamtifg, sf we lmg’t eveg demr tde ldulàe tdmtm nistmè fr miaure ig aemrgigo m gmtamgo lmuses,biusigo mgy geomtive eeaigos. Re tril` is igseeigo nistmès mgb miaigos, f wdild I prfvibebmjugbmgt exmnpae mjfve, ms fppfrtugities tf aemrgmgb beveafp sfnetdigo yfu wereg’t eveg mwmre f.I yfu’aa pmrbfg maa tde persfgma experiegle, I’aa teaayfu fge nfre stfry tf sdfw yfu wdmt I nemg.

Re spemèrs f fge f ny nmig lfgamgos mre nmster

bfos dmgbaers mgb mre igtinmteay aigèb tf tdeirwigtry surrfugbigos. Re amgoumoe wms stiaa ig itsiglipiegt stmoes mgb I wms tryigo tf quilày juiabup vflmjuamry. I smt nysea bfwg tf wfr` fg sfne

very lmgige-spelil ternigfafoy, jut gftdigo wmslfnigo “ it wms tff biluat tf inmoige lfgleptstdmt bfg’t exist ig Egoaisd. Lfgvigleb I wms m dml`,mgb tdmt I’b gever je mjae tf stmrt, aet mafge gisdtdis lfgamgo/wfrab, I omve up mgb tff` ny bfo frm wma`. Re nffg wms sdigigo tdmt evegigo fg mrelegt sgfwmaa, mgb tde eboes f tde wffbs affèbjemutiua.



4

Ig m ew sdfrt prfbultive nigutes, tde wfrbs fr‑nffg„, ‑sdige„, mgb ‑giodt„ maa lmne innebimteay.Zusdigo dfne, I peggeb ny amgoumoe’s rst uaasegtegle;

‑Xmamn egfarmz jamŭbf nfwf`prm mbmknm vu

`gmrigji kmgma mktsm„ aiodt nffg.oeg sgfw.igst bfo.jeg sdige.inpertenp. wffbs.afl giodt rug.iter

Re aiodt f tde nffg (reeltigo) f tde sgfwsdiges upfg tde bfo ms de bmrts ig mgb fut f tdewffbs mt giodt. Everytdigo writteg dere is sinpaytf eglfurmoe yfu tf èep up tde offb wfr`.mè every fppfrtugity tf spem` tde gmtamgos

yfu mre stubyigo, jrmveay tryigo gew wfrbs mgbmttenptigo strultures wdild nmy je saiodtay futf yfur remld. remt every nistmè ms twf tdigosomigeb, gft fge afst. \iniamray tmè every stunjaigojafl` ig yfur lfgamgo ms m ldmgle tf expafre mbieregt ormnnmtilma igvegtifg fr m gew rmgoe f

vflmjuamry. Fgay jy froigo mdemb “ mgb nmìgopaegty f nistmès mafgo tde wmy jut tdeg xigotden innebimteay “ lmg we remld fur uatinmteofma f eitder nmsterigo mg existigo amgoumoe frpereltigo fur fwg lfgamgo. Mer maa, errmre estdunmgun.

=.- Lfaafquimaay; @gfwigo Amtig is gft remaaysfnetdigo tf je prfub f, ms nuld ms gft `gfwigo

it is sfnetdigo tf je msdmneb f.

...tmè every stunjaigo jaflìg yfur lfgamgo ms m ldmgle tfexpafre m bieregt ormnnmtilmaigvegtifg fr m gew rmgoe f

vflmjuamry.



9

Dfw Lfgamgoigo Melts Dfw _eXerleive Re _frab

Ldmraenmoge fgle smib, ‑tf dmve m selfgbamgoumoe is tf dmve m selfgb sfua.„

Rf lremte m amgoumoe, tdeg,is tf lremte m gew sfua.

Jelmuse, mt tde rfft f lfgamgoigo aies tde igtrigsilmaaydunmg lmpmlity fr questifgigo tde wdy mgb dfw,tde wdmt i mgb wdy gft6. Lfgamgoigo tmès us upig tdis kfurgey f nmìgo us mwmre f fur lmpmlityfr perleptifg, ugberstmgbigo mgb bislergnegt. Maatde tdefries mgb mssunptifgs jedigb AigouistilsZeamtivity mre put tf tde test wdeg m persfg ugbertmèstde paemsurmjae amjfur f lremtigo m gew systen flfnnugilmtifg. Jy nemgs f lfgamgoigo m persfgjelfnes nigbua f tde juiabigo jafl`s tdmt nmèup m amgoumoe0 it egmjaes m persfg tf use ormnnmr& vflmjuamry, niginmaistilmaay spemìgo, ms tffasfr ‑lremtigo nemgigo mgb resdmpigo tde lurregtremaity„. Re tdfusmgbs f amgoumoes spfèg mrfugbtde wfrab witd tde vmriety tdey exdijit lfglergigonfrpdfsygtmx, vflmjuamry, pdfgfafoy, prmonmtils,senmgtils, igfrnmtifg strulture, ormnnmr,aigouistil etdgformpdy, etl. mttest tde dunmg lmpmlityfr lremtigo nemgigo mgb ugberstmgbigo tde sea mgbits reamtifgsdip witd tine, lmusmaity, spmle mgb tdelfggeltifgs witd ftder dunmg jeigos.

Aigouist Zfnmg Km`fjsfg negtifgeb fgle tdmt‑Amgoumoes bier essegtimaay ig wdmt tdey nustlfgvey mgb gft ig wdmt tdey nmy lfgvey.„ Inpayigotdmt, matdfuod maa tdigos mre pfssijae tf je lfgveyeb

jy nemgs f m amgoumoe, gft maa amgoumoes lfgveymaa tdigos fr tde smne tdigos. _dmt’s m nust fr mamgoumoe (bieregles ig oegber, types f smgb-stfrns, sdmpes f wmves, etl.) nmy gft je m nust frmgftder fge. Re dmjituma use f m amgoumoe is wdmtnmès us perleive remaity ig m lertmig wmy mgb gftfur igtrigsil lmpmlity fr bfigo sf. Cfr exmnpae, igm stuby, pefpae rfn bieregt luaturma jmlòrfugbswere msèb tf beslrije bieregt fjkelts0 tdfse wdfuseb tde nmsluaige oegber tf bege tde fjkelt

(ber fmster, ber Jero) biereb ig dfw tdey smwmgb tdfuodt f tde fjkelt wdeg lfnpmreb tf tdfsewdf useb tdfse smne gfugs jut witd mg fppfsiteoegber (am tfstmbfrm, am nfgtmým) ms weaa ms tdfse

wdf perleiveb tdfse gfugs ms geutrma (tde tfmster,tde nfugtmig)0 degle, nmsluaige, enigige mgbgeutrma qumaities mre trmgsermjae jy tde use f tdemrtilae tde fjkelt releives. Rus, Oernmgs wiaa tegbtf tdig` mjfut m nfugtmig ms dmvigo nmgay trmits(pfwer, size, etl.) wderems Mnerilmgs wiaa see itms m geutrma fjkelt pfssessigo qumaities gft jfugbjy oegber. _diae nfgfaigoumas lmg fgay tdig` fm sigoae wfrb tf beslrije m ‑lmt„, jiaigoumas’ jrmigsfer tden : matergmtives tf ldffse rfn0 pfayoaftsjrmigs jfnjmrb tden witd nmgy wfrbs tf beslrije

suld mginma mgb tdus, dmve tf nmè m belisifgmllfrbigo tf tde egvirfgnegt ig wdild tdis mginmais perleiveb.

f m lfgamgoer tdis ldfile ofes beeper igtf tdejrmig tf tde pfigt ig wdild tde exelutive ugltifgf tde jrmig gft fgay nust ldffse mnfgo bieregtwfrbs (ig lmse de spem`s nfre tdmg = amgoumoe)jut masf benmgbs rfn tde jrmig tde lmpmlity frugberstmgbigo ‑wdmt nmès m lmt m lmt„ mgb tdeg ms`

rfn it tf gmne it mllfrbigo tf its ̀ igb mgb tf ldffsetf lmaa it sfnedfw mgb kustiy sf. Mgftder exmnpaef tdis is dfw Egoaisd segtegle strultures flus fgmoegts wdiae ftder amgoumoes flus fg tde mltifg frtde relipiegt f tde mltifg0 tdis nemgs tdmt mg egtire kubilima systen mgb luaturma vmaues fr m gmtifgwfuab je sdmpeb jy tde wmy tde amgoumoe wfr`s. Risldmgoigo f geurma pmtdwmys tf neet gew benmgbsis `gfwg ms geurfpamstility, mgb dmvigo tf nmèbelisifgs aiè tde fges presegteb mjfve reigfrle

tde jrmig’s perleptuma lmpmlity mgb maafws it tf wfr`nfre eliegtay. \erifus lfgamgoers nust egomoe igtypfafoilma resemrld tdmt wiaa egmjae tden tf sdmpe mgew remaity mgb perspeltive f persfgma existegle igfrber tf mgswer m very persfgma questifg ‑wdy bf wetdig` tde wmy we bf6„. Re lfgamgoer, jy ldmgoigotde wmy de tdig`s wiaa ldmgoe tde wmy de tma`s mgbjy ldmgoigo dfw de tma`s de wiaa ldmgoe tdey wmy detdig`s.

Lfgamgoigo tmès m persfg tf tde pem` f dunmg’slmpmlities0 ms mginmas gft fgay we lmg use m verybeveafpeb amgoumoe jut lremte fge tff mgb dfge ittf serve us ig deapigo us ugberstmgb mgb sdmpe furremaity.



=8

Mre Rere Zema Jegets f Jeigo Jiaigouma6

dere’s mg fab kfè tdmt ms`s; ‑I sfnefgewdf spem`s nmgy amgoumoes is nuatiaigouma,mgb sfnefge wdf spem`s twf amgoumoes isjiaigouma, wdmt bf yfu lmaa sfnefge wdfspem`s fge amgoumoe6„ Mgswer; ‑ Mg Mnerilmg.„

Bfes tde U.\. beser ve its reputmtifg fr amooigojedigb tde rest f tde wfrab ig amgoumoeaemrgigo6 I sf, wdmt mre we miaigo tf ormspmjfut tde inpfrtmgle f jeigo jiaigouma6

_e mre nmìgo prforess, jut stiaa dmve mwmy tf of, smys @mreg Niaaer, bireltfr fXegg \tmte’s Amgoumoe Mlquisitifg Amj mgbmssistmgt prfessfr f \pmgisd aigouistils.

‑Xresibegt Fjmnm dms nmbe stmtenegts igmvfr f jiaigouma ebulmtifg, prinmriay igrespfgse tf prfpfgegts f tde Egoaisd-fgayNfvenegt, m pfaitilma nfvenegt tf nmèEgoaisd tde filima amgoumoe,„ sde smys. ‑Dedms pfigteb fut tdmt inniormgt ldiabreg tftde U.\. wiaa evegtumaay jelfne jiaigouma,spemìgo jftd tdeir gmtive amgoumoe mgbEgoaisd. Mgb de dms masf smib tdmt Mnerilmgpmregts ig nfgfaigouma lfgtexts sdfuab

je kust ms mnjitifus ig terns f igbigofppfrtugities fr tdeir ldiabreg tf aemrg mselfgb amgoumoe, ms spemìgo nfre tdmg fgeamgoumoe lmg je sflimaay mgb mlmbenilmaayjegeilima tf maa f us tdrfuodfut fur aives.„

_diae 53 tf 99 perlegt f pefpae ig Eurfpemggmtifgs mre ugltifgmaay jiaigouma, fgaymrfugb :8 perlegt f Mnerilmgs lmg nmètde smne lamin. \mys Niaaer, i we iglremsefur lfnnitnegt tf amgoumoe ebulmtifg,nfre f fur litisegs wfuab je mjae tf remptde jegeits it prfvibes.

Cfr exmnpae, fur lmpmlity fr mttegtifgmafr lfogitive lfgtrfa‒tde mjiaity tf flusfg lertmig igfrnmtifg mgb iogfre ftderigfrnmtifg‒seens tf je stregotdegeb jyjiaigoumaisn.

‑Jiaigouma spemèrs dmve twf amgoumoes, jftdf wdild mre mawmys mltivmteb, reomrbaessf wdetder tde igbivibuma is mwmre ftdmt mltivity fr gft,„ Niaaer expamigs.‑Xsyldfaigouistil resemrld igbilmtes tdmt tdislfgtigufus lf-mltivmtifg f twf amgoumoesprfbules lfnpetitifg, sf tdmt tde jiaigoumapersfg is ugltifgmaay m negtma kuooaer, witdtde wfrbs, ormnnmr, mgb sfugbs f jftdamgoumoes mvmiamjae, mt aemst nfnegtmriay,wdeg m jiaigouma is mttenptigo tf use fgeamgoumoe mafge.

de dypftdesis is tdmt jiaigoumas aemrg tfresfave lrfss-amgoumoe lfnpetitifg mgb, igtde prfless, mlquire lfogitive lfgtrfa tdmtegmjaes tden tf resfave lfnpetitifg nfreoegermaay wdeg ftder gfg-amgoumoe lfogitiveprflesses lfgailt.„

dere mre nmgy vmaib remsfgs tf prfnftejiaigoumaisn, smys Niaaer. ‑de jiaigoumaexperiegle mppemrs tf lfger m set f pfsitive

lfgsequegles tf lfogitifg tdmt prfvibeiglremseb negtma aexijiaity fr jiaigoumasmt maa moes. Zesemrld suooests it nmy evegprfvibe prfteltifgs momigst tde synptfns fbenegtim fr tdfse beveafpigo pmtdfafoy.„

Ugfrtugmteay, sfne gews futaets dmvefverdypeb tdese types f resemrld resuatstf tde oegerma pujail, sde gftes. ‑Ig ternsf tde jegeits f jiaigoumaisn, respfgsijaeresemrlders dmve gft mltumaay mroueb tdmt itprfbules dioder I], prevegts benegtim, frbeamys fab moe. Jiaigoumaisn bfes gft prevegtbenegtim.



==

Zmtder, it mppemrs tf prfvibe m ìgb fnegtma nuslae tdmt lfnpegsmtes momigsttde synptfns f lfogitive belaige, sf tdmtjiaigoumas typilmaay bf gft presegt witd

Mazdeiner’s type synptfns ugti a tdey mre furfr ive yemrs faber tdmg tdeir nfgfaigoumalfugterpmrts.„

Oettigo mltuma igfrnmtifg mjfut tdesliegle f jiaigoumaisn fut tf tde pujail mgbpfaily nmèrs is m nissifg fr Niaaer mgb derlfaaemoues. Ig Belenjer :8=2, Xegg \tmte’sLegter fr Amgoumoe \liegle jelmne tde irstU.\. ldmpter f tde futremld fromgizmtifg

Jiaigoumaisn Nmtters.

‑Fur ofma is tf lremte m lfgtext tdrfuodwdild we lmg leaejrmte amgoumoe biversity,„smys Niaaer. ‑Jy —amgoumoe biversity’ wenemg gft fgay tde biverse amgoumoes f tdewfrab jut masf tde nmgy vmrieties f tdfseamgoumoes, wdild mre fteg lmaaeb bimaelts.Gft fgay mre tdere nmgy jiaigouma spemèrsig fur lfnnugity, tdere mre masf nmgy ji-

bimaeltma spemèrs. Kust aiè sfne amgoumoesmre stionmtiseb, sfne bimaelts mre masfstionmtiseb. Fur ofma is tf jrigo mwmregesstf tde nmgy jegeits f jeigo m aigouistilmaaybiverse persfg.„

Cfr nfgfaigouma mbuats wdf moree tdmtjiaigoumaisn nmtters, is it tff amte tf remp tdejegeits f aemrgigo mgftder amgoumoe6

‑Fge f tde nfst inpfrtmgt mgb msligmtigoigbigos ig tde lurregt aitermture is tdmt itis gever tff amte!„ Niaaer smys. ‑Eveg amtejiaigoumas, pmst emray ldiabdffb, revema nmgyf tdese pfsitive lfogitive lfgsequegles.Aièwise, faber lamins mjfut ainits tf selfgbamgoumoe aemrgigo, suooestigo tdmt mbuatslfuab gft uaay mlquire tde ormnnmr f mselfgb amgoumoe, dmve jeeg lritiliseb. Gew

bmtm, espelimaay geurfsliegle bmtm, sdfwtdmt amte aemrgers mre igbeeb mjae tf mlquiregmtive-aiè prfiliegl y.„

Cfr yfugoer oegermtifgs, tde orfwigopfpuamrity f buma-amgoumoe innersifgsldffas is m dfpeua t regb, sde mbbs. ‑dere ism wfgberua bflunegtmry mjfut tdese sldffaslmaaeb —\pemìgo ig fgoues’ tdmt we wiaa jeslreegigo tdis sunner mgb maa. dere’s nfreegtdusimsn fr amgoumoe aemrgigo tdmg ever

jefre. Gevertdeaess, tdere is nfre tdmt welmg bf‒mgb tde prformns tdmt mre lremtebgeeb tf tmè igtf lfgsibermtifg tde sflimalfgtext f tde ldi ab.„

\mys Niaaer, ‑Cfr ldiabreg wdfse gmtiveamgoumoe is Egoaisd‒tde nmkfrity amgoumoeig fur lfugtry‒stmrtigo m selfgb amgoumoeemray ig eaenegtmry sldffa is prfveg tf je ver yinpfrtmgt fr jelfnigo jiaigouma. Dfwever,

wdeg tde ldiab’s dfne amgoumoe is gft tdenmkfrity amgoumoe, jut igstemb m nigfrityamgoumoe suld ms \pmgisd fr Ldigese, tdegprformns tdmt gft fgay temld Egoaisd, jutmasf nmigtmig tde dfne amgoumoe‒prformnswitd tde expailit ofma f temldigo aitermly igjftd Egoaisd mgb tde dfne amgoumoe‒mretde nfst sullessua fr frnigo jiaigoumaspemèrs.„

de issue is lfnpaex, sde mbnits, ‑jut tderemre nmgy dioday trmigeb jiaigouma ebulmtifgtemlders ig fur lfugtry wdf dmve m very sfaibugberstmgbigo f tde issues igvfaveb. dey’refut tdere wfrìgo dmrb every bmy tf nmè mbieregle.„

dmt sfugbs aiè offb gews‒fr sdfuab we smy,juegms gftilims, fr xixùg, fr `duŐm`dmjmrĠ,

fr ofbm gydeter, fr…



=:

Ever sigle tde emray nfberg erm, Emsterg Eurfpe

dms mawmys jeeg m jiooer dftjeb f tegsifg tdmgtde rest f tde lfgtigegt mgb tdis dms aeb tfnfre territfrima, etdgil, reaioifus, aigouistil, mgbibefafoilma lfgilts ig tde reoifg0 suld lfgiltsig tde reoifg lfgtigue eveg tfbmy. _e’ve maa seegtde gews fg tde lurregt situmtifg ig U`rmige.Re Eurfnmibmg prftests f amte:8=< aeb tf m lrisis ig Cejrumry famst yemr `gfwg ms tde LrinemgLrisis. Ris, ig turg, luanigmteb

ig tde mggexmtifg f Lrinemjy tde Zussimg Cebermtifg._diae tde pegigsuam is be kureU`rmigimg territfry, its amroeayZussfpdfge pfpuamtifg wmsuseb ms m kustilmtifg jy tdeZussimg ofvergnegt tf mggex it,aembigo tf ily reamtifgs jetweegZussim mgb U`rmige. Dfwever, wdiae tde nebimmgb nuld f tde wfrab tegbs tf view tde lfgilt

ms mg issue fgay jetweeg Zussimgs mgb U`rmigimgs,fge inpfrtmgt betmia is froftteg; tde igbioegfusLrinemg mtmrs.

Lrinemg mtmrs (wdfn sdmaa je reerreb tf ms‑Lrinemgs„ ig tdis mrtilae tf mvfib lfgusifgwitd tde mtmr pefpae f mtmrstmg) mre m \uggiNusain mgb urìl etdgility igbioegfus tfLrinem mgb mre mltiveay tryigo tf remssert tdeir

luature tdere. Re pefpae mre feg lmaaeb ‑mtmr„mgb tdis aembs tf lfgusifg witdtde mltuma etdgil orfup `gfwgms tde mtmrs (fr Sfaom mtmrs),wdf aive ig mtmrstmg. _diaereamteb tf Lrinemgs (ms tdey’rejftd \uggi Nusain mgb urìl),tdey mre bieregt, ms mtmrs spem`m amgoumoe rfn tde Urmaf-Lmspimg jrmgld f tde @ypldm`

orfup f urìl amgoumoes, wdiaeLrinemgs spem` m amgoumoe rfn tde Xfgtf-Lmspimg orfup. Mbbitifgmaay, Lrinemgs dmvedmb nfre iguegle rfn ur`s mgb U`rmigimgs,

wdiae mtmrs dmve dmb nfre rfn tde pefpaes f

tde Sfaom aiè tde Ubnurts, Nmri, mgb Nfrbvigs(tde tern ‑mtmr„ fr ‑mrtmr„ dms masf jeeg usebtf begfte severma ftder etdgil orfups iglfrreltaysuld ms tde @many`s mgb Nmgldus0 Lrinemgs mgbtdeir amgoumoe dmve masf jeeg errfgefusay reerrebtf ms ‑Lrinemg urìsd„).

Matdfuod Lrinem dms jeeglfgtrfaaeb jy gunerfuspfwers tdrfuodfut its afgo

distfry, tde Lrinemgs weretde fges wdf sulleebeb igoivigo tde reoifg its lurregtlfnnfg gmne (‑Lrinem„lfnes rfn tde wfrb ]ĽrĽn)mgb dmve iguegleb nmgytfpformpdil gmnes (e.o.tde gmne f Lrinem’s nfst

mnfus lity, Ymatm, is tmèg bireltay rfn Lrinemg).Rey dmve jeeg iguegleb jy severma orfups ig

bieregt wmys, wdild dms aeb tf vmrimtifgs ig jftdtdeir amgoumoe mgb luature, wdild lmg je seeg ig tdetdree suj-etdgilities; tde mts, (wdf nmè up 55%f Lrinemgs mgb wdfse bimaelt is tde amgoumoe’sstmgbmrb), tde YmaĽjfyu (wdf nmè up <8% f tdepfpuamtifg mgb spem` m demviay urìsd-igueglebbimaelt), mgb tde GfĖmy (wdf nmè up =5% f tdepfpuamtifg mgb spem` m nfre expailitay @ypldmàmgoumoe). Re Lrinemg amgoumoe dms mjfut

258,888 spemèrs mgb is lfgsibereb egbmgoereb.

Lrinem wms tde legter f tdeLrinemg @dmgmte (]ĽrĽnDmgaĽĖĽ ig Lrinemg) wdild wms mpfwerua urìl @dmgmte lremtebig =229 ms tde resuat f tde OfabegDfrbe beterifrmtigo. Ig =2?4, tdeFttfnmg Enpire frleb tde @dmgf Lrinem tf belamre Lrinem

m vmssma stmte f tde FttfnmgEnpire. Ig prmltile, dfwever, tde Fttfnmgstremteb tde Lrinemgs ms maaies, rmtder tdmg vmssmas.Re Lrinemg @dmgmte terrfriseb Emsterg Eurfpe

Amgoumoe fc tde Nfgtd;Lrinemg/Lrinemg mtmr



ugber tde meois f tde Fttfnmg Enpire mgb servebms mg essegtima maay ig tde Enpire’s wmrs ig Eurfpe(suld ms tde Fttfnmg-Dugomrimg wmrs), wderetdey serveb ms eaite trffps. Re @dmgmte wms masf`gfwg fr jeigo m legter f tde Nibbae Emstergsamve trmbe, ms nfre tdmg m niaaifg Emst \amvs mgbftders were lmptureb fr tde samve nmrèt jy tde

Lrinemgs. Re @dmgmte masf jelmne m regfwgeblegter f luature, bue tf its mnfus aijrmries mgb itslmpitma dmvigo tde reputmtifg f jeigo mg extreneaylaemg mgb oreeg lity.

Re maa f Lrinem wms m resuat f tde FttfnmgEnpire wemègigo fver tine, nmìgo Lrinem nfresusleptijae tf mttml`s rfn Zussim. Ig =??2, mertde remty f @ñïñ` @mygmrlm egbeb m wmr jetweegtde Zussimg mgb Fttfnmg Enpires, Lrinem wms gf

afgoer ugber Fttfnmg prfteltifg mgb tdis aeb tfiglremseb pressure rfn Zussim mgb luanigmtebig tde Zussimg mggexmtifg f tde @dmgmte ig =?4<.Nmgy Lrinemgs, iglaubigo tde amst @dmg, ŗmdigOermy, eb tf tde Fttfnmg Enpire mgb tdis is wdytdere mre Lrinemg lfnnugities tfbmy ig Zfnmgim,Juaomrim, mgb urèy.

Re Lrinemg _mr masf dmb m bevmstmtigo eelt msigbioegfus Lrinemgs were seeg ms m d lfaungjy tde Zussimg ofvergnegt, jelmuse fge f tdeiregenies wms tde Fttfnmg Enpire, resuatigo ignmgy eeigo tf urèy mgb Lrinemgs jelfnigo m

nigfrity ig Lrinem (sujsequegt nmss inniormtifgrfn Zussim wfrsegeb tdis). _deg tde ZussimgZevfautifg mgb tde lfgsequegt Zussimg Livia_mr fllurreb ig =9=?, tde Lrinemgs were mjae tfestmjaisd tde Lrinemg Xefpae’s Zepujail (tde rstseluamr stmte ig tde Nusain wfrab) ugber GfnmgÏeaejilidmg. Dfwever, it wms lrusdeb jy Jfasdevi`frles mgb nmgy Lrinemgs eb tf ftder pmrts fEurfpe.

Ig tde \fviet Ugifg, Lrinemgs suerebtrenegbfusay.

Matdfuod tdey mt rst prfspereb bue tf tde@fregizmtsiym pfaily, wdild suppfrteb tdeluativmtifg f nigfrity amgoumoes, tdis ldmgoebig tde =9<8s wdeg Kfsepd \tmaig lfgsfaibmteb dispfwer ig tde U\\Z mgb belibeb tf prfnfte tdeZussimg amgoumoe nfre fvertay. Ris luanigmtebig tde aiquibmtifg f nmgy Lrinemgs wdf were

seeg ms gmtifgmaists mgb tderefre ‑egenies ftde pefpae„ ms weaa ms m rebultifg ig sldffaigo igLrinemg mgb tde lafsigo f nmgy aijrmries mgbnfsques ig Lrinem.Nmgy Lrinemgs masf bieb ig tde =9<8s ms m resuat fmnige, wdild wipeb fut mjfut dma tde pfpuamtifg.Ris aeb tf mgti-\fviet segtinegts mrisigo mnfgosttden mgb is tde remsfg wdy nmgy ldfse tf suppfrttde _edrnmldt ig =92=, mer Oernmgy igvmbebtde \fviet Ugifg. Dfwever, tde vmst nmkfrity f

Lrinemgs stmyeb afyma tf tde \fviets mgb severmabistigouisdeb tdenseaves ig lfnjmt mgb emrgebtde Derf f tde \fviet Ugifg mwmrb (tde U\\Z’sdiodest niaitmry dfgfr) suld ms Mdnet-Dmg \uatmg(m Lrinemg wdf jelmne m gftmjae \fviet piaft).

Ugfrtugmteay, tde pmrtilipmtifg f sfne Lrinemgsfg tde Mxis sibe wms useb jy Kfsepd \tmaig tf kustiytde bepfrtmtifg f tden rfn tdeir dfneamgbs(severma ftder nigfrities, suld ms Ldeldegs, SfaomOernmgs, mgb @many`s, masf suereb m siniamr mtefg tde orfugbs f maaeoeb nmss lfaamjfrmtifg witdOernmgy).

Re bepfrtmtifg f tde Lrinemgs is `gfwg mstde \ñroñg (Lrinemg fr exiae).Re \ñroñgfllurreb fg Nmy =4td =922 mgb igvfaveb \fvietsfabiers nmrldigo igtf settaenegts ig Lrinem mgbmggfugligo tde innebimte renfvma f Lrinemgstf Legtrma Msim mgb ftder pmrts f Zussim.Lrinemgs were oiveg aittae tine tf prepmre mgbstueb igtf trmigs jfugb tf ftder pmrts f tdeU\\Z mgb ms m resuat f tde ugsmgitmry lfgbitifgsms weaa ms fverlrfwbigo fg tde trmigs, nfre tdmg=88,888 (fver 28% f tde pfpuamtifg) perisdeb.Curtdernfre, tde pefpae were stionmtiseb ms tdeywere jrmgbeb ms trmitfrs jy tde \fviet ofvergnegt.Lrinemgs were bisperseb jut tde vmst nmkfrity

=<



=2

wms bepfrteb tf Legtrma Msim (nmigay Uzjeìstmg,wdild is wdy tdere mre stiaa nmgy Lrinemg spemèrstdere).

Nmgy Lrinemgs suereb ig Uzjeìstmg, wdere tdeylfgtrmlteb Nmamrim, wdild tdey dmb gf resistmgletf, mgb masf suereb bislrinigmtifg rfn aflma

Uzje`s. Re Lrinemgs were gft maafweb tf returgtf Lrinem eg nmsse ugtia =949 mgb tderefre dmbtf beveafp tdeir luature wdiae ig exiae (tdis aeb tftde lremtifg f m Lrinemg gewspmper ig msdègt,Uzjeìstmg). Zussimgs nmbe up tde nmkfrity fLrinem’s pfpuamtifg wdeg tdey stmrteb tf returgmgb ms m resuat, tde Lrinemgs fgay nmè up =:.?%f Lrinem’s pfpuamtifg bespite tdere jeigo nfretdmg :58,888 f tden ig Lrinem. Nfrefver, tdeirefrts tf reestmjaisd bfnigmgle ig tdeir dfneamgb

is demviay fppfseb jy tde Zussimg pfpuamtifg fLrinem.

Mer tde maa f tde U\\Z, Lrinem jelmne mgmutfgfnfus reoifg f geway igbepegbegt U`rmigewitd Zussimg, U`rmigimg, mgb Lrinemg ms flimaamgoumoes. Re use f Lrinemg dms iglremsebbue tf tde dioder jirtdrmte f tde returgigoLrinemgs mgb mg iglremse ig sldffas tdmt temld tdeamgoumoe (m gftmjae exmnpae jeigo tde \inerfpfaIgtergmtifgma \ldffa, fpegeb ig :88<).

Lrinemg is ugique mnfgost tde urìl amgoumoesjelmuse it’s jeeg seeg ms jftd m nenjer f tde@ypldm` orfup f urìl amgoumoes (wdild iglaubes@mzm`d, mtmr, mgb Jmsdìr), mgb tde Foduz orfup(wdild iglaubes urìsd, Omomuz, mgb ur`neg).Matdfuod Lrinemg is gfwmbmys usumaay seeg msm @ypldm` amgoumoe, it dms dmb demvy iguegles

rfn Foduz amgoumoes (espelimaay urìsd), wdildmre nfst prfnigegt ig tde YmaĽjfyu bimaelt. Mgexmnpae f tdis is ig tde wfrbs fr ‑offbjye„wdild mre ‑\mĖaĽqgeg qmaĽýĽz„ (smib jy persfgaemvigo) mgb ‑\mĖaĽqgeg jmrĽýĽz„ (smib jy persfgstmyigo) ig tde mt bimaelt, jut mre ‑FŖïm`ma„ (smibjy tde persfg aemvigo) mgb ‑@ñae ̀ ñae„ (smib jy tdepersfg stmyigo) ig tde YmaĽjfyu bimaelt (ig urìsd,tde wfrbs fr ‑offbjye„ mre ‑DfŖïm`ma„ mgb ‑Oñaeoñae„). Rere mre tdree mapdmjets fr tde amgoumoe;

mg Mrmjil fge tdmt is gf afgoer ig use, m Amtig fgemanfst ibegtilma tf tdmt f urìsd (witd tde mbbitifgf tde aetters ‑]q„ mgb ‑Ýý„), mgb m Lyriaail fgepreerreb jy tde Zussimg ofvergnegt lurregtaylfgtrfaaigo Lrinem. Re amgoumoe’s ormnnmr ismanfst ibegtilma tf tdmt f urìsd mgb sdmresemtures aiè m exijae wfrb frber (mg exmnpaejeigo ig tde segtegle ‑Negin vmqtĽn yfq„‒„Ibfg’t dmve tine„ wdild lmg masf je regbereb ms‑Yfq vmqtĽn„, matdfuod tdis is saiodtay rube) mgbusigo tde wfrb ‑jmr„ (equivmaegt tf urìsd ‑vmr„)tf igbilmte pfssessifg. Ris lmg je seeg ig tdesegtegles ‑Beýizbe mbmamr jmr.„ (Lrinemg) mgb‑Begizbe mbmamr vmr.„ (urìsd) wdild nemg ‑Rere

mre isamgbs ig tde sem.„ (‑Beýizbe„ nemgs ‑mt sem„mgb ‑mbmamr„ nemgs ‑isamgbs fr mrldipeamof„).

Zesfurles fr aemrgigo Lrinemg mre iglrebijaybiluat tf gb ig Egoaisd. Xdrmsejff`s mgb ftderresfurles exist fgay fr Zussimg (mgb pfssijayU`rmigimg mgb urìsd) spemèrs. Dfwever, tde

amgoumoe is jelfnigo nfre wibespremb mnfgostyfugoer Lrinemgs mgb it dms m siogilmgt nebimpresegle. Ris dms aeb tf twf gftmjae ans tdmtuse Lrinemg; tde =999 Xfaisd distfrilma brmnman Fogien i Nielzen (wdild fluses fg tde@dneagyts`y Uprisigo, wdild tde Lrinemg@dmgmte dmb pmrtilipmteb ig), mgb tde :8=<U`rmigimg distfrilma brmnm an Dmytmrnm (wdildis mjfut tde \ñroñg). Re Lrinemg mgtden, MgtEtèneg, is masf emsy tf gb fgaige, mgb orfups

bebilmteb tf tde revivma f Lrinemg luature mgbamgoumoe dmve masf jeeg iglremsigo (fge f tdeseorfups jeigo tde Igtergmtifgma Lfnnittee frLrinem, jmseb ig _msdigotfg BL).

Lrinem is lurregtay ig m serifus situmtifg. Mer

tde mggexmtifg f Lrinem jy Zussim ig Nmrld:8=2, Lrinemgs dmve repfrteb nmss perselutifgmomigst tden jy Zussimg mutdfrities ig wmyssuld ms ìbgmppigos, nurbers, mgb tde lafsigof Lrinemg aijrmries. Re Zussimg Cebermtifgdms flimaay belamreb tde Lrinemgs ms m orfuptf je prftelteb mgb tdmt everyfge ig Lrinemdms equma riodts jut nmgy Lrinemgs see tdese msenpty wfrbs. Nfrefver, tde pefpae mre sfnewdmtbivibeb ig fpigifg0 wdiae tde nmkfrity suppfrt

tde Nekais f tde Lrinemg mtmrs (mg fromgizmtifgrepresegtigo tden) mgb tde @uruatmi (tde Lrinemgmtmr pmraimnegt), sfne suppfrt tde niaitmgtprf-Zussimg orfup Niaaiy CĽrqm. Jelmuse f tdissitumtifg, tde situmtifg f tde Lrinemg amgoumoemgb pefpae is prelmrifus. Gevertdeaess, i nfrepefpae aemrg Lrinemg, tde Lrinemg pefpae wiaadmve m nuld jetter aièaidffb f survivigo tdeirlurregt lrisis



=5



=3



=?

I dmve it fg tde tip fc ny tfgoue

Yfu dmve lertmigay experiegleb tdis strmgoeeeaigo, wdeg, ms yfu mre tmaìgo, m wfrb tdmt yfu`gfw, mgb tdmt yfu wisd tf smy èeps fg eaubigoyfu... Mgb lmggft je relmaaeb. Mt tines, tderelmalitrmgt wfrb wiaa lfne jml` witd m jit f deaprfn yfur igteraflutfr, jut fteg it is fgay dfursmter yfur irst mttenpts mt renenjerigo it tdmt it

resurmles rfn tde beptds f yfur nenfry.

dis pdegfnegfg, lmaaeb F, fr tip-f-tde-tfgoue, is weaa `gfwg f aigouistilsmgb psyldfafoy resemrlders, ms fge f tdeldmrmlteristil pdegfnegm f amgoumoe mttritifg,i.e. tde gmturma afss f m amgoumoe ig jiaigoumas mgbpfayoafts. Ldmgoes ig tde aigouistil egvirfgnegtmgb ternigmtifg f mg igstrultifgma prformn nmyaemb tf mttritifg, jut ftder prflesses mre mt pamy

tff.

_dy bf we cfroet pmrts fr tftmaity fc furamgoumoe(s)6

\everma dypftdeses mgb tdefries dmve jeegbislusseb jy resemrlders tf mllfugt fr tdefroettigo f (verjma ms weaa ms mgb gfg-verjma)igfrnmtifg;

Zepressifg mgb suppressifg;

\fne wfrbs mre beaijermteay represseb mgbeveg suppresseb jelmuse tdey mre reamteb tf mgugpaemsmgt fr trmunmtil nenfry.

Bistfrtifg; Nenfries mre dioday pernemjae mgb lmg jeuglfgslifusay restrultureb jy experiegles,`gfwaeboe, jeaies, vmaues, mgb mttitubes.

Igterceregle;

Xrifr mgb pfsterifr aemrgigo f igfrnmtifglfnpete witd emld ftder mgb aemb tf tde froettigof tmroet igfrnmtifg.

Belmy;Mllfrbigo tf tde belmy mpprfmld, igfrnmtifgormbumaay belaiges ig nenfry tdrfuod aml` fuse.

Zetrievma safwbfwg mgb cmiaure;Mlless tf tde tmroet igfrnmtifg nmy jelfnebiiluat jelmuse f tde wemègigo f tdelfggeltifgs jetweeg geurfgs mgb gfbes.

Lue bepegbegly Lues ig nenfry semrld mre siniamr tf tde amjeasf m iae lmjiget. Bepegbigo fg tde eeaigos, tdenffb, mgb fg tde extergma egvirfgnegt, tdemvmiamjiaity f tdfse lues nmy je rebuleb, nmìgo

tde igfrnmtifg nfre biiluat tf retrieve.

Igtermltifg mgb bygmnil systensMllfrbigo tf tde Bygmnil Nfbea fNuatiaigoumaisn, tde mlquisitifg f m gewamgoumoe lfnes mt m lfst; tde belaige f tdeprevifusay mlquireb systen.

Lfugtermltigo mttritifg;amgoumoe retegtifg & remltivmtifg

Zesemrlders wdf igvestiomteb tde prfless famgoumoe retegtifg diodaiodteb tdmt aigouistil`gfwaeboe wms stiaa presegt ig mg igbivibuma mterm afgo perifb f tine. Dfwever, tdey pfigteb futtdmt tde jest wmy tf remltivmte it wms gft laemr.Amgoumoe sìaas mre jftd bygmnil mgb trmgsiegt,mgb nmigtmigigo m diod aevea f prfilieglyrequires bmiay strmteoies tdmt fster yfuregomoenegt witd tde amgoumoe yfu bfg’t wmgt tffroet. Dfwever, tdis nmy gft je ms bmugtigo msit seens.



=4

de Jfuafoge Cerry Eccelt

M stuby repfrteb tde igterestigo —Jfuafoge Cerry Eelt’ experiegleb jy Jritisdpefpae lrfssigo tde ldmggea fg tde Jfuafoge Cerry. Ms sffg ms tdey stmrteb demrigom jit f Cregld, tdey wfuab renenjer nmgy f tdeir `gfwaeboe f tdis amgoumoe. M

sdfrt expfsure tf tde amgoumoe wdild seens tf je afst triooers tde renenjrmgle fm amroe mnfugt f froftteg amgoumoe.

derefre, jefre stubyigo ormnnmr mgb vflmjuamry jff`s f m amgoumoe yfu eea tdmtyfu mre afsigo, yfu nmy wisd tf sinpay lremte mg mrtiilima innersifg egvirfgnegt.

\fne ibems iglaube ldmgoigo tde amgoumoe settigos f yfur lfnputer, gmviomtifgsysten, aistegigo tf sfgos, mgb wmtldigo nfvies. _isdigo yfu m paemsmgt amgoumoeretegtifg mgb remltivmtifg!

‑Mttritifg is tde

gmturma afss f mamgoumoe

ig jiaigoumas mgbpfayoafts„



=9

Re \ygtmx fc Benfgstrmtives FcRe Mnmziod Amgoumoe;

Berivmtifg, Zepresegtmtifg, Jmse Xfsitifg mgb

Nfvenegt

=-Mjstrmlt;Ris Xmper is m niginmaist mgmaysis f tde sygtmltilprfperties f tde benfgstrmtive mgb its wfrb frberwitd respelt tf ftder aexilma mgb ugltifgma dembswitdig Beterniger Xdrmses (BXs) ig MnmziodAmgoumoe, espelimaay ig tde vmriety f Mit Mttm. MitMttm pefpae mre lamssieb mnfgo Mnmziods wdfspem` mnmziodt (Mjbea Nmssid, =9?=; ix). Mit Mttm

Smriety (deglefrtd, MMS) is spfèg ig tde sfutd-emsterg pmrt f Nfrfllf. Mllfrbigo tf tdese twfpieles f igfrnmtifg, MMS lmg je lfgsiberebms m suj-vmriety f mnmziodt. Re bislussifgs igtdis pmper mre jmseb fg bmtm rfn MMS. Dfwever,maa wdmt lmg je smib mjfut tde sygtmltil prfpertiesf MMS benfgstrmtives lmg je extegbeb, tf sfneextegt, tf tde sygtmx f benfgstrmtives f ftder

vmrieties f Mnmziod amgoumoe.

Ig tdis pmper I wiaa bema witd tde issue f berivmtifgmgb represegtmtifg f MMS benfgstrmtives igBeterniger Xrfkeltifgs. Rmt is, I mn ofigo tfdiodaiodt dfw benfgstrmtives mre beriveb, tdeirjmse pfsitifg , tdeir amgbigo site mgb tdeir frbermnfgo ugltifgma mgb aexilma prfkeltifgs mnfgoBXs, jut jefre bfigo sf it is gftewfrtdy tf aff`mt tde igsibe strulture f benfgstrmtives, gmneaytdeir juiabigo jafl` emtures. Jriey, tdis is msygtmltil mgmaysis f MMS pdrmse nmrèrs wdild

lfgtmig benfgstrmtives. Ig tdese pdrmse nmrèrs,tde emtures P+ ZEC^ mgb P+beiltil^ mre lfnputeb.Fjkeltives f tdis pmper mre;=- f bevise m priglipaeb mllfugt f dfwBenfgstrmtives mre beriveb, represegteb mgbjedmveb sygtmltilmaay witd respelt tf ftder aexilmamgb ugltifgma dembs witdig BXs f MMS.:- f sdeb aiodt fg tde diermrldilma strulture fBXs wdild lfgsist f Gunermas, Benfgstrmtives,Mbkeltives mgb fr Xfssessfrs6

<- f kfig aigouists ig tde prfless f beslrijigotde sygtmx f Benfgstrmtives mgb BXs ig Oegerma.2- f uglfver sfne igterestigo mgb peluaimr

Ris pmper is mg fsprigo f m Nmster Resis sujnittebtf Lmbi Myymb Ugiversity, Nmrrmèld, ig pmrtima uaa-negt f tde requirenegts fr m Nmster Beoree. Re titaef tde Nmster tdesis is ‑Re \ygtmx f Benfgstrmtives ig

Mit Mttm Smriety f Mnmziod Amgoumoe„, :8=<.

prfperties f Mnmziod Amgoumoe .Ris prfperties

lmg dmve sfne igterestigo inpailmtifgs fg tdelurregt sygtmltil mgmaysis f benfgstrmtivelfgstrultifgs.

Ris pmper is fromgiseb ms faafw. \eltifg = ismg ‑Mjstrmlt„ ig wdild I igtrfbuleb tde sujkeltnmtter f tdis pmper, tde fjkeltives f tdis stubymgb tde fromgizmtifg f tde pmper. \eltifg : isegtitaeb ‑tde issue„. Ig tdis seltifg I presegteb tdenmig prfjaen wdild wiaa je bemat tde faafwigoseltifgs. \eltifg < is m pamle wdere I prfpfseb moeguige sfautifg f tde prfjaen. \eltifg 2 is mgextegsive mgb priglipaeb mgmaysis f BXs wdildlfgtmig Benfgstrmtives, Mbkeltives, Gunermas,Xfssessfrs mgb Gfugs. Ris seltifg lfgsists ffur sujseltifgs. 2.= is mg igtrfbultifg. 2.: is mbeslriptifg f MMS Benfgstrmtives. \ujseltifg2.< bemas witd tde sygtmltil gmture f benfgstrmtivemgb its juiabigo jafl` emtures ig MMS. Re amst

sujseltifg 2.2 fluses fg tde jmse mgb amgbigopfsitifgs f tde benfgstrmtive mgb tde triooers fits nfvenegt. \eltifg 5 is m lfglausifg.

@ey wfrbs; Benfgstrmtives, Mnmziod Amgoumoe,Mit Mttm Smriety (MMS), BXs, Berivmtifg mgbZepresegtmtifg, Diermrldilma \trulture, Aexilmamgb Cugltifgma Xrfkeltifgs f BXs.



:8

mjae fc lfgtegts

=- Mjstrmlt :- Re issue <- Re prfpfseb sfautifg

2- M Niginmaist Mgmaysis fc Benfgstrmtives ig MMS 2-= Igtrfbultifg 2-: Benfgstrmtives; ‑Bμ„, ‑ggmμ„ mgb Igbμ„ 2-< Re \ygtmltil Gmture fc tde Benfgstrmtive ig MMS 2-2 Re Jmse mgb Amgbigo Xfsitifg fc tde Benfgstrmtive 5- Lfglausifg Jijaiformpdy

:-Re issue;

Re berivmtifg mgb represegtmtifg f BeternigerXrfkeltifgs f Mit Mttm Smriety f Mnmziod Amgoumoe,wdild lfgtmig Gunermas mgb Benfgstrmtives, pfsem lritilma, igsurnfugtmjae mgb ldmaaegoigo prfjaenfr Benfgstrmtive Nfvenegt tf \pel f BeternigerXrfkeltifg Mpprfmld. Ris mpprfmld tf tde sygtmxf benfgstrmtives mssune tdmt tde benfgstrmtiveis jmse-oegermteb ig tde spelier pfsitifg f m

afwer ugltifgma prfkeltifg mgb tdeg tdis sygtmltillmteofry nfves fvertay fr lfvertay tf tde spelierpfsitifg f Beterniger Xrfkeltifg tf smtisy CI mttde AC igtermle jy beaetigo sfne ugigterpretmjaefrnma emtures (CC) ig B¸, gmneay reeregtima mgbbeiltil emtures. Re type f nfvenegt (fvert frlfvert) bepegbs fg tde stregotd f reaevmgt emturefr emtures. Fjservigo tde omtdereb bmtm f MnmziodBeterniger Xdrmses rfn MMS, it mppemrs tdmttde surmle strulture f MMS BXs wdild lfgtmig

gunermas mgb benfgstrmtives is PBX B¸ PGunXGun¸ PBenX Ben¸ PGX G¸^^^^.

Mllfrbigo tf tde Afgofjmrbi (=992), tde demb G¸rmises tf B¸, wdmt is lmaaeb ‑G-tf-B rmisigo„, tfldel` B-emture mgb nmyje ftder emtures ig B¸.I tdis dypftdesis is ugiversmaay mvmiamjae, tdeg tdedemb G¸ ig MMS BXs nust nfve tf B¸0 tderefre,tde sygtmltil strulture PBX G¸I +B¸ PGunX Gun¸PBenX Ben¸ PGX ti^^^^ is fjtmigeb. Ugber m

priglipaeb slrutigy f MMS bmtm, it is gftilemjaetdmt tde fjtmigeb strulture is wrfgo. Ris situmtifguroes us tf mssune tdmt tde nfvenegt f tde dembG¸ tf B¸ is m lfvert nfvenegt. Rus, we fjtmig tdisstrulture PBX B¸ PGunX Gun¸ PBenX Ben¸ PCX ÇPGX G¸^^^^^. Ig remaity, tde wfrb frber f tde aexilmamgb ugltifgma lmteofries witdig tdis strulture mertde lfvert nfvenegt f tde demb G¸ is tde smnejefre mgy fpermtifg mppaies. Rmt is tf smy, tde

mttmigeb strulture f BX jefre tde mppailmtifg ftde fpermtifgs Nfve mgb Neroe lfgtrmbilts witdtde mttesteb BX strultures ig MMS. \pelier f BX

Mpprfmld lmggft sfave tdis prfjaen. Mgftdermlt mjfut Mnmziod benfgstrmtives wdild nmèstde prfjaen nfre ldmaaegoigo is tdmt tdey mre gftuaa-eboeb aexilma itens wdild lmggft stmgb fgtdeir fwg. Igbeeb, Mnmziod benfgstrmtives mreeglaitils. Ris mlt frles us tf aff` fr mgftderpriglipaeb expamgmtifg f tde sygtmltil gmture fMnmziod benfgstrmtive, its sygtmltil jedmvifurs,its pfsitifg, mgb its sygtmltil igtermltifgs witdftder aexilma mgb ugltifgma prfkeltifgs witdig

BXs.

Ig jrie, tde nmig prfjaen is tde gmèblfgtrmbiltifg jetweeg tde surmle wfrb frber ftde dembs witdig BXs ig MSS mgb tdeir wfrb frbermttmigeb innebimteay mer tdeir gunermtifgs mrerebuleb tf zerf. Ris is m amroe mgb ldmaaegoigoprfjaen fr tde Benfgstrmtive Nfvenegt tf\pelier f Beterniger Xrfkeltifg mgb G-tf-Brmisigo mpprfmldes. Igbeeb tdis issue wiaa je

mpprfmldeb ig tdis pmper jy igvitigo fge f tdeaembigo sygtmltil resemrld aiges ig tde aigouistiltdefrizigo wdild is tde Niginmaist Xrformn. Ig bfigo sf, m jmtld f questifgs lfnes rfn deremgb tdere. \uld f tdese questifgs mre; _dmt is tdesygtmltil gmture f tde MMS benfgstrmtive6 _dmtmre tde juiabigo jafl` emtures f tde benfgstrmtive6_dmt is tde frioigma pfsitifg f Ben¸ ig MMS6Dfw mgb wdere tde prfless f eglaitilismtifg f tde

benfgstrmtive mgb its dfst is mldieveb6 Dfw mgbwdere tde emtures f tde benfgstrmtive mgb tdegfug mre ldelèb6 Mgb i tde benfgstrmtive mgbtde gfug frn m lfnpaex lfgstituegt, wdmt is tdegma amgbigo site f tdis lfnpaex lfgstituegt6 Mgbgmaay dfw benfgstrmtives pdrmses mre beriveb6

<- Re Xrfpfseb \fautifg

Ris pmper dypftdesises tdmt tde benfgstrmtive igMnmziod Amgoumoe (espelimaay ig MMS) is jmse-



:=

oegermteb ig m demb pfsitifg. Curtder, it is mssunebtdmt tdis demb is tde demb f Benfgstrmtive Xdrmse(BenX). Re demb Ben¸ nmy seaelt m ugltifgmaprfkeltifg ms its lfnpaenegt mgb tde demb ftdis ugltifgma tmès tde gfnigma prfkeltifg msits lfnpaenegt. Ris pfsitifg nmy je aaeb jymbkeltives mgb oegitives. Ig mbbitifg, tde gfug

nmy dmve ugigterpretmjae emture wdild nust jeeainigmteb jy ldelìgo it momigst mg igterpretmjaeemture ig tde demb f tde BenX. Degle, tde dembG¸ nfves fvertay mgb sullessiveay tf Ben¸ mgb tdisgew sygtmltil fjkelt nfves lfvertay tf Gun¸ tfldel` its pdi-emtures mgb gmaay nfves tf tde dembB¸ tf ldel` P+ZEC^ mgb P+BEILIL^ emtures. Igtdis wmy we oet tde mttesteb diermrldilma strulturef ugltifgma mgb aexilma prfkeltifgs witdig MMSBXs.

Ig Mnmziod Amgoumoe tde benfgstrmtive lmggftstmgb fg its fwg. Ms m resuat, it dms tf je mttmldeb tfm oiveg demb. Re fgay pfssijae demb wdild lmg jetde dfstigo demb f tde benfgstrmtive is tde dembG¸. Rus, twf pfssijiaities mre mt fur dmgb tf expamigtdis. Re rst fge is tdmt tde benfgstrmtive is afwerebtf tde pfsitifg f tde gfug sf ms tf je mttmldeb tfit. Ig mlt, tdis prfless f afwerigo is lmaaeb ig tdeaitermture ‑Mx Dfppigo„. Jut ‑Mx Dfppigo„ fr‑Afwerigo„ vifamtes L-Lfnnmgb Lfgbitifg wdildsmys tdmt m nfveb eaenegt nust l-lfnnmgb itstrmle. Re selfgb mgb tde fgay pfssijiaity wdildwe mre ae witd is tde fpermtifg f ‑Zmisigo„. Regfug rmises mgb mbkfigs tde demb Ben¸. Ms m resuat,m lfnpaex lfgstituegt is frneb (G¸+Ben¸). Regtdis lfnpaex lfgstituegt ldel`s reaevmgt emture jynfvigo lfvertay tf Gun¸ mgb B¸ respeltiveay igfrber tf smtisy Cuaa Igterpretmtifg (CI) jy beaetigo

fr nmìgo tde reaevmgt P“igterpretmjae^ emturesigvisijae mt AC igtermle.

2- M Niginmaist Mgmaysis f Benfgstrmtives igMMS 2-= Igtrfbultifg

Xfigtigo tf egtities mrfugb dunmg jeigos is mprfperty f maa mgb fgay dunmg amgoumoes. Re

users f gmturma amgoumoes use sfne aexilma itens,wdild mre terneb ‑benfgstrmtives„, tf pfigt tftdigos ig wdmt is lmaaeb tdeir ‑beiltil legtre„. Ig mlt,emld gmturma amgoumoe dms its fwg benfgstrmtivesysten ig wdild benfgstrmtives mre fromgiseb ig mpriglipaeb pmtterg mllfrbigo tf tdeir mjiaity tf reertf prfxinmte, igternebimte mgb/fr bistmgt egtities,wdetder tdese egtities mre paurma fr sigouamr mgbsf fg. Rmt is tf smy, benfgstrmtive systen f mgmturma amgoumoe lmg je eitder twf-wmy bistigltivesysten fr tdree-wmy bistigltive systen fr fur-wmybistigltive systen. Mg exmnpae f m tdree-wmy-bistigltive systen is Mit Mttm Smriety f MnmziodAmgoumoe (MMS) benfgstrmtive systen.

2-: Benfgstrmtives; ‑Bμ„, ‑ggmμ„ mgb Igbμ„

Ig Mit Mttm Smrity, tde benfgstrmtive mppemrs ig tdepfstgfnigma pfsitifg ms tde pmrmbions ig (=) sdfw;(=) . m. Mrymz-bμ/ -ggmμ/-iggbμ. Nmg tdis/tdmt-igter /tdmt-bist

—Ris/tdmt/tdmt nmg’

j. Irezeg-bμ/-ggmμ/-iggbμ. Neg-tdis/tdmt-igter/ tdmt-bist —Rese/tdfse/tdfse neg’

Crfn tde pmrmbions ig (=), fge lmg gftile tdmt tdefrn f tde benfgstrmtive bfes gft ldmgoe wdeg it ismttmldeb tf tde gfug. Cfr exmnpae, tde pdi-emturesf tde gfug ‑irezeg„ /„neg„ ig (=.j) bf gft dmve mgy

fjservmjae iguegle fg tde benfgstrmtives ‑bμ„,‑ggmμ„ mgb ‑igbμ„. Mgftder mlt wdild is revemaebjy tde omtdereb bmtm is tdmt tde benfgstrmtive igMMS lmg gever fllur ig m prfgfnigma pfsitifg.Exmnpaes ig (:) sdfw tdis mlt;(:) . m. * Bμ-/ggmμ-/ igbμ-tmrjmt. Ris/ tdmt-igter/tdmt-bist oira —Ris/tdmt/tdmt oira’

j. * Bμ-/ggmμ-/igbμ-tirjmtig Ris/ tdmt-igter/tdmt-bist oiras —Rese/tdfse/tdfse oiras’Re benfgstrmtive lmg gever fllur ig mg igbegitepdrmse ms exmnpaes ig (<-m.j) sdfw. Rerefre, tdebenfgstrmtive mgb tde igbegite nmrèr lmg geverfllur ig tde smne sygtmltil pdrmse. Re suooestebremsfg jedigb tdis is tdmt tde benfgstrmtive ig MMSdms m prebiltmjae begitegess emture mafgosibewitd P+beiltil^ mgb P+ZEC^ emtures, wdiae tde

gunerma nmrèr (igbegite mrtilae) ‑ymt„ dms mgigbegitegess emture. Ms m resuat, tdere wiaa je mgugigterpretmjae emture ig tde lfnputmtifgma systenwdild wiaa lmuse tde berivmtifg tf je lrmsdeb mttde Afoilma Cfrn. _diae tde exmnpae (<-j) sdfwsm lmse ig wdild m pfssessive pdrmse igtervege tdebenfgstrmtive mgb tde gfug. Re pfsitifg ftde pfssessive pdrmse ‑g ftdnm„/ ‑f ny sister„regbers tdis segtegle ugormnnmtilma ms tde msterisìgbilmtes. Ris type f pdrmses mrises m oremt mgb

ldmaaegoigo prfjaen tf m ugieb mgmaysis f BXswdild lfgtmig benfgstrmtives. (<). m. *ymt tmrjmt-bμ Fge- oira tdis —*tdis fge oira’

j. *Itsegt terjmtig-igbμ \fne-C oiras tdfse —*tdfse sfne oira’

l. *Mrjm g ftdnm iggbμ

\fg f ny sister tdmt-bist —Rmt sfg f ny sister’



::

Re mbkeltivma pdrmse, wdmtever its type is, lmggever je oegermteb (jmse-oegermteb fr ftderwise)ig m pfsitifg jetweeg tde benfgstrmtive mgb tdegfug pdrmse ms exmnpaes ig (2) sdfw;(2). m. * Mrjm mnqrmg igbμ Jfy fab-Nms tdmt-bist.

—Rmt yfugo jfy’

j. *mbmrt g ftdnm igbμ Dfuse f ny sister tdmt Rmt dfuse f ny sister.Re tegtmtive mgb igfrnma prfpfsma tdmt lmg jesuooesteb tf mllfugt fr tde ugormnnmtilmaity ftde lfgstrultifgs ig (2.m-l) is tdmt tde benfgstrmtivemgb tde gfug pdrmse lmg je lfgsibereb ms fgelfnpaex lfgstituegt. _dmt nmès tdis prfpfsma

sfugbs true, eveg i it is tff emray tf smy sf, is tdmtit is gft fgay mbkeltivma pdrmses wdild is frjibbegtf igtervege jetweeg tden , jut masf maa ftdersygtmltil lmteofries iglaubigo Xfssessive Xdrmses mstde exmnpaes (<-l) mgb (2b) sdfw.Crfn tde bislussifgs mjfve, we extrmlt tdese mlts; (5).(i) Re Benfgstrmtive ig MMS mppemr fgay igpfstgfnigma pfsitifg.(ii) Benfgstrmtive systen ig MMS is m tdree-wmybistigltive systen (Xrfxinma, Igternebimte mgbBistma).(iii) Rere is fgay persfg moreenegt (mnfgoɵ-emtures) jetweeg tde benfgstrmtive mgb tdegfug.(iv) It is inpfssijae fr mg eaenegt, wdmteverits type is, tf igtervege jetweeg tde gfug mgb tdebenfgstrmtive.(v) MMS Benfgstrmtive lmggft fllur mgb

stmgb mafge0 it dms tf je mttmldeb tf mg mpprfprimtedfst.(vi) Re mbkeltive (Mbk) morees witd tde gfug (G)ig maa ɵ-emtures exlept ‑Xersfg„.Ms tde mlt (ii) igbilmtes, benfgstrmtive systen fMit Mttm Smriety f Mnmziod amgoumoe is m tdree-wmy bistigltive systen. Rmt is tf smy, MMS spemèrsuse tdree benfgstrmtives ‑bμ„(tdis), ‑ggmμ„(tdmt)mgb ‑igbμ„(tdmt fver tdere), wdild mre useb tfpfigt tf egtities ‑prfxinma„, ‑nebima„ mgb ‑bistma„

respeltiveay ig wdmt is lmaaeb ig tde aitermture(Biessea =999, mnfgo nmgy ftders) tdeir ‑beiltillegtre„.

2-< Re \ygtmltil Gmture f tde Benfgstrmtiveig MMS

Re gmture f tde sygtmltil lmteofry f tdebenfgstrmtive is m nysterifus mgb nisaembigofge. Ig trmbitifgma mpprfmldes tf ormnnmr,ormnnmrimgs lamssiy benfgstrmtives mafgosibemrtilaes ms beternigers. Beternigers mre mssunebtf je pfsitifgeb ig tde demb f m ugltifgmaprfkeltifg wdild is bujjeb BX. Re BX-dypftdesis

dypftdesises tdmt tdere is m beterniger pdrmsewdild prelebes tde gfug pdrmse. Ris pdrmse isdembeb jy tde demb B¸. Masf, it tmès tde gfugpdrmse ms its lfnpaenegt. Jut tdere mre sfneamgoumoes ig wdild tde begite mrtilae lf-fllurswitd tde benfgstrmtive. I tdis is true, tdeg fgelmg mroue tdmt tdese twf lmteofries mre bieregt

sygtmltil lmteofries. Nmgy stubies (Jruoé =993mgb reeregles liteb tdere) mjfut benfgstrmtivesmssune tdmt tde pfsitifg f tde mrtilae is B¸ mgbtde pfsitifg f tde benfgstrmtive is P\pel, BX^.Ris lamin ms m nmtter f mlt is suppfrteb jy nmgysygtmltil mllfugts f benfgstrmtives mgb mrtilaes(Jruoé =9930 Oiusti =99< mnfgo nmgy ftders).Benfgstrmtives mafgosibe witd igbegite mrtilaesmre lamssieb mnfgo beternigers. _detder tdislamssilmtifg is riodt fr wrfgo, benfgstrmtives mgb

igbegite mrtilaes f MMS lmg gever fllur ig fgesygtmltil strulture eveg tde mlt tdmt tdey mppemrig bieregt pfsitifgs, tde frner ig pfstgfnigmapfsitifg mgb tde amtter ig prfgfnigma pfsitifg. Aetus fjserve tde exmnpaes ig (3);

(3). m- mrjmt-bμ.

Oira-tdis Ris oira

j- * Ymt trjmt-bμ Fge oira-tdis * Ris fge oiraIg tde exmnpae (3.j), tde igbegite mrtilae‑ymt„ lfgtmigs mg igbegitegess emture mgbtde benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„ inpaies m begitegessemture. Ms m resuat, tdere is m nisnmtld femtures ig tde lfnputmtifgma systen wdild wiaa

lmuse tde berivmtifg tf lrmsd mt AC degle tdeugormnnmtilmaity f (3.j). Ig MMS, tde issue fbegitegess mgb igbegitegess lmuses ldmaaegoigoprfjaens. Igbegitegess is mldieveb jy tde use ftde gunerma ‑ymt„/fge-enigige-sigouamr, ‑ymg„/fge-nmsluaige-sigouamr, ‑itseg„/sfne-nmsluaige-paurma, mgb ‑ittsegt„/sfne-enigige-paurma. Fg tdeftder dmgb, begitegess lmg je mldieveb jy tde usef tde oegitive nmrèr ‑g„/f mgb tde benfgstrmtivems I mn mssunigo. Ris bislussifg aembs us tf ms`

tdese twf questifgs; (m) wdmt mre tde juiabigo jaflèmtures f tde benfgstrmtive f MMS6 (j) _dild ftdese emtures mre lfnputeb6

Msìgo tdese twf questifgs jrigo us tf mg igterestigomlt mjfut tde benfgstrmtive ig MMS. Ris mlt istdmt tde MMS benfgstrmtive is gft m uaa-eboebsygtmltil lmteofry. It is m jugbae f emtures. Ms mresuat, it dms tf je mttmldeb tf mg mpprfprimte demb.Mllfrbigo tf maa exmnpaes bislusseb mjfve, tdebenfgstrmtive mttmldes tf tde demb f tde gfnigmaprfkeltifg mgb it mppemrs ig m pfstgfnigma pfsitifg.Rerefre, it is mg eglaitil.



:<

Ris piele f igfrnmtifg uroes us tf ms` dfw tdeprfless f eglaitilismtifg is mldieveb, gmneay wdildsygtmltil fjkelt nfves tf tde pfsitifg f tde ftder.Ris questifg wiaa je bemat witd ig tde gext seltifg.Gfw we turg tf tde questifgs (m) mgb (j).

Re frns f MMS benfgstrmtives dmve bieregt

pdfgfafoilma remaizmtifgs. Re prfxinmabenfgstrmtive is remaiseb ms ‑bμ„0 ‑ggmμ„ is tdepdfgfafoilma frn f tde prfxinma benfgstrmtive.Re bistma benfgstrmtive dms tde frn ‑igbμ„ msits pdfgfafoilma remaizmtifg. Re frns f tdesebenfgstrmtives bf gft ldmgoe wdeg tdey mreeglaitiliseb. Fgle lmg gftile tdmt tde prfxinmamgb bistma benfgstrmtive sdmre tdis pdfgfafoilmanmtrix ‑bμ„, mgb tde fgay sfugb wdild is sdmreb jytde tdree f tden is tde sfugb ‑μ„. Ris bieregle

lmg je expamigeb jy jrigo tde issue f tde igtergmastrulture f tde benfgstrmtive.

Re benfgstrmtive is m jugbae f emtures. Re nmigfrnma emtures f tde benfgstrmtive mre Zeeregtimaemture P+ZEC^, Beiltil emture P+Beiltil^, RirbXersfg P+<rb^ mgb Begitegess P+Be^. Fge lfuabmssune tdmt P+ZEC^ mgb P+Beiltil^ emtures mretde fgay emtures wdild aemb tf tde vmrimtifg ig tdepdfgfafoilma frns f tde benfgstrmtives f MMS.Rmt is tf smy, tde mssiognegt f tde pdfgfafoilmaesd tf tde sygtmltil sèaetfg f tde benfgstrmtiveis segsitive tf tde pfsitifg f tde reeregt ig tdebeiltil legtre. I tde reeregt is P- bistmgt^ mgbP-igternebimte^, tdeg it is P+ prfxinma^. Ms m resuat,tde XC prfgfugles tde benfgstrmtive ms ‑bμ„.Fg tde ftder dmgb, i tde reeregt is P- prfxinma^mgb P-igternebimte^, tdeg tde XC prfgfugles tdebenfgstrmtive ms igbμ„. Cigmaay i tde reeregt is P-

prfxinma^ mgb P-bistmgt^, tde XC prfgfugles tdebenfgstrmtive ms ‑ggmμ„. Gfw tde questifg (m)dms jeeg mgswereb mgb tde questifg (j) repemtebdere ms wdild f tdese emtures mre lfnputeb igtde lfnputmtifgma systen. Re nmkfrity f tdeaigouistil stubies dmve bfge fg tde sygtmx fbenfgstrmtives moree tdmt tde fgay lfnputebemtures mre Zeeregtima P+ZEC^ mgb Beiltil P+Beiltil^ emtures .Ig mlt, tdey mre tde triooer fnfvenegt f tde benfgstrmtive. Mllfrbigo tf

Ayfgs (=993), benfgstrmtives lmg je igderegtayspelieb jy tde emture P+ Be^.Ris mssunptifg issuppfrteb jy tde mlt tdmt tde benfgstrmtive mgbtde igbegite mrtilae mre iglfnpmtijae ms fge lmgbebule rfn exmnpaes bislusseb mjfve.

2.2 Re Jmse mgb Amgbigo Xfsitifg f tdeBenfgstrmtive

Mllfrbigo tf tde mlts (i-v) mjfve, tde benfgstrmtiveig Mit Mttm Smriety f Mnmziod amgoumoe is mgeglaitil demb f Benfgstrmtive Xrfkeltifg (BenX).Re frber f tde Benfgstrmtive Xrfkeltifg mgb tde

Gfnigma Xrfkeltifg jefre mgy Nfvenegt tmèspamle is PBX PB¸ PBenX Ben¸ PCX Ç PGX G¸^^^^^,ms tde tree bimormn ig (?) sdfws; (?)-

Aet us see dfw tdis BX ig (?) is beriveb mgbrepresegteb. Re lfnputmtifgma systen (L\)

nmès m Gunermtifg (G) jy seaeltigo twf aexilmaitens rfn tde aexilfg, gmneay tde gfug ‑tmrjmt„/

oira mgb tde prfxinma benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„. \f tdegunermtifg fr tdis strulture is G> {tmrjmt=, bμ=}.Re igbex jeafw tde aexilma itens ig G igbilmtestde gunjer f tde fllurregles f aexilma itens igtde gunermtifg. \f tde L\ seaelts tde aexilma iten‑tmrjmt„ rfn tde gunermtifg mgb frns mg GX, mgbtde gunermtifg is ldmgoeb tf G> {tmrjmt8, bμ=}.Merwmrbs tde L\ mllesses momig tde G mgb seaeltstde benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„. Rus tde G is rebuleb tf

zerf G> {tmrjmt8, bμ8}. Mer tde seaeltifg f tdebenfgstrmtive, tde L\ neroes it witd tde gfugfrnigo Ben’, mg igternebimte prfkeltifg0 mgbtdis prfkeltifg is neroeb witd m spelier frnigoBenX, m nmxinma prfkeltifg. Re BenX is neroebwitd tde demb B¸ tf frn B’ mgb ig its turg B’ isneroeb witd m spelier tf frn tde BX, i fge tmèsigtf lfgsibermtifg f tde BX-dypftdesis (Mjgey=94?). Rus, we fjtmig tde sygtmltil fjkelt ig (4);



(4). *bμ tmrjmt Ris oira —Ris oira’

Fge lmg gftile tdmt gf nfvenegt fr wdmt islmaaeb ‑Igtergma Neroe„ is mppaieb tf tde pdrmsenmrèr ig (4) yet. Mllfrbigo tf tde mssunptifgs

f tde BX-dypftdesis, tdere is m dioder ugltifgmaprfkeltifg wdild is dembeb jy m demb amjeaaeb B¸0tde gfug ig m gfnigma prfkeltifg dms tf rmise tftde demb B¸ (wdmt is lmaaeb G-tf-B rmisigo). Aet ussuppfse tdmt is wdmt exmltay dmppegs. Re gfug‑tmrjmt„ ig (4) nfves tf B¸ sullessiveay. Rmt is tfsmy, it nfves tf maa pfssijae ugltifgma prfkeltifgswitdig tde BX. Rus tde gfug ‑tmrjmt„/oira nfvestf tde Ben¸ ig wdild it ldel`s tde ɵ-emture f tdebenfgstrmtive, merwmrbs nfves tf B¸. Re triooer

f tdis nfvenegt is tf ldel` B-emture ig B¸ mgbpfssijay ftders. Masf tde benfgstrmtive nustnfve tf dioder pfsitifg ig frber tf ldel` P+ZEC^mgb P+BEILIL^, mgb tde questifg is wdmt is tdispfsitifg. Aet us tmè m aff` mt tdis sygtmltil bimormn

ig (9)Mer tde nfvenegt f tde gfug ‑tmrjmt„ tf B¸, itldel`s maa reaevmgt emtures ms it is besireb. Fge lmggftile tdmt jy tdis nfvenegt we oet tde riodt wfrb

frber f tde benfgstrmtive mgb tde gfug ig MMSwitdfut mg fvert nfvenegt f tde benfgstrmtive.Ms m resuat, I lfuab mssune tdmt tde benfgstrmtiveig MMS nfves lfvertay mt AC jelmuse its P+ZEC,+BEILIL^ mre wem`. Rese emtures mre ldelèb igtde spelier f tde BX. Ris mgmaysis wfr`s weaa frsinpae BXs wdild lfgtmig fgay tde benfgstrmtivemgb tde gfug. Dfwever, tde segtegles wdildlfgtmig, ig mbbitifg tf jftd tde gfug mgb tdebenfgstrmtive, gunermas lmggft je mgmayseb ig tde

smne wmy ms we dmve bfge tf tde BX ig (9). Aet ussee dfw lmg suld m BX ig (=8) lmg je beriveb mgbrepresegteb.

(=8). @rmt tnμmrig-igbμ. Rree wfneg tdfse —Rfse tdree wfneg’

Re frber f sygtmltil lmteofries mnfgo BXs wdild

lfgsist f Gfnigma Xrfkeltifg, BenfgstrmtiveXrfkeltifg mgb Gunerma Xrfkeltifg (GunX) is msis sdfweb ig (==) (put msibe ftder pfssijae enptyugltifgma prfkeltifgs iglaubigo MoreenegtXrfkeltifgs);

(==). PBX B PGunX Gun PBenX Ben PGXG^^^^

Crfn (=8) mgb (==), gfge lmg begy tdmt tdere is

m nfvenegt f tde gfug. wf questifgs lfne tftde fre wdild mre (m) tf wdere tde gfug nfves6Mgb (j) wdmt is tde nftivmtifg f tdis nfvenegt6Lfglergigo tde questifg (m) twf pfssijaepfsitifg lmg je put frwmrb. Re rst fge is tdmttde gfug nfves mgb mbkfigs tde benfgstrmtivemt tde fvert sygtmx. Crfn tdmt pfsitifg tde gewfrneb sygtmltil fjkelt nfves tf B¸ mt tde lfvertlfnpfgegt. Re selfgb pfssijiaity is tdmt tde gfugnfves fvertay mgb sullessiveay tf m dioder pfsitifgf m ugltifgma prfkeltifg jetweeg tde pfsitifgs ftde benfgstrmtive mgb tde gunerma eaenegt. Resepfssijiaities mre bimormnneb ms (=:-m.j)._dildfge f tdese twf pfssijiaities is tdefretilmaay mgbenpirilmaay oeguige wiaa je stmteb wdeg m remsfgmjaemgswer fr (j) is mldieveb. Mllfrbigo tf (=:-m), tde

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gfug ‑tnμmrig„ mbkfigs tde bistma benfgstrmtive‑igbμ„ mgb morees witd its pdi-emture <rb persfgms mr ms I `gfw. I masf mssune tdmt tdis lfnpaexsygtmltil fjkelt nfves lfvertay tf Gun¸ mgbmorees witd its pdi-emtures, mgb tdeg lfgtigues its

kfurgey tf B¸ tf ldel` reaevmgt emtures , gmneayB-emture , P+ZEC^ mgb P+BEILIL^. I tdis is fg

tde riodt trml`, tdeg we lmg mllfugt sullessuaayfr tde frber f ugltifgma prfkeltifgs witdig MMSBXs. Jut lertmigay tdis mllfugt is momigst tde aigef sygtmltil igquiry f BXs tdese bmys. Re type ftde nfvenegt f tde lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt tfB¸ is lfgtrfversima. Re demb G¸ lfgtmigs m strfgoB-emture wdild triooers tde rmisigo f G¸ tf B¸(Afgofjmrbi =992). _e wiaa returg tf tde issue ftde fvert rmisigo f G-tf-B ig MMS jeafw. Gfw welfgsiber tde selfgb pfssijiaity.

=:-j) tde selfgb pfssijiaity; tde nfvenegt f G¸tf mg Ç jetweeg GunX mgb BenX (puttigo tde BX

msibe)Ms mr ms tde pdrmse nmrèr (=:-j) is lfglergeb, tde gfugnfves fvertay mgb ig step jy step msdifg rfn its jmsepfsitifg tf tde demb Ç. Dere m jmtld f questifgs mrises._dmt is tde gmture f tdis CX6 _dmt its emtures mre6 _dmtmre tde tdefretilma mgb enpirilma remsfgs fr pfstuamtigosuld m prfkeltifg i tdere mre mgy6 Ms mr ms I `gfw, I bfgft dmve nuld tf smy mjfut tdis, sf tdese questifgs wiaa

renmig fpeg ugtia nuld nfre is `gfwg mjfut tde igtergmastrulture f MMS BX\. Ris situmtifg uroes ne tf fpt fr tderst pfssijiaity.

_e turg gfw tf tde questifg (j). M nfvenegt f mgy aexilmaiten, wdmtever its type is, is triooereb jy m sea-servigoigterest f eainigmtigo sfne ugigterpretmjae emtures wdildwiaa lmuse tde berivmtifg tf je lrmsdeb i tdey stiaa mre

visijae ig tde berivmtifg mt AC. Rus, tde nfvenegt f tdegfug is nftivmteb jy ldelìgo emtures. Ig mbbitifg tf pdi-emtures, tde gfug lfgtmigs m B-emture wdild is presunmjaytdfuodt tf je tde remsfg jedigb tde nfvenegt f tde gfug

(Afgofjmrbi =992, Ldfns`y =995 faafwigo Afgofjmrbi=992). Jut tdis emture is aflmteb ig tde demb B, geitder igBen¸ gfr ig m dioder ugltifgma demb jetweeg BenX mgbGunX. G-tf-B risigo ig MMS lmuses m ldmaaegoigo prfjaen fr tderst pfssijiaity wdild is bimormnneb ig (=:.m) mjfve. Igmlt, tdis prfjaen dms tf bf witd tde wfrb frber jetweeg tdedembs Gun¸, G¸ mgb Ben¸, exlaubigo tde pfssijiaity tdmttde gfug mgb tde benfgstrmtive dembs frn fge lfnpaexsygtmltil fjkelt fr m wdiae. Aet us tmè m aff` mt m sygtmltil

strulture wdild lfgsists f tdese tdree dembs.

=<- \ig isdirrmg-bμ wf jfys- tdis —Rese twf jfys’

Fge lmg gftile tdmt tde surmle frber f tdis sygtmltilstrulture is Gun¸ 7 G¸7 Ben¸. Mgb i yfu tmè tdemssunptifgs f BX-dypftdesis igtf lfgsibermtifg, sureaytdis is wdmt I mn mssunigo dere fr tde nfnegt, tde dembf BX nust je mbbeb tf tdis tenpamte. Rus, tdis tenpamte

B¸7Gun¸7 G¸7 Ben¸ is mldieveb. Re pmtterg ig (=2-j)sdfws tde resuat f G-tf-B rmisigo i fge mppaies it tf tdesegtegle ig (=<). Re strulture ig (=2-m) is mssuneb tf je tdestrulture mldieveb mer tde Gunermtifg f (=<) is rebulebtf zerf.

=2 -m) PBX B PGunX \ig PBenX bμ PGX isdirrmg^^^^ -j) *PBX isdirrmgi PGunX ti + \ig PBenX ti + bμ PGXti^^^^^

Ugfrtugmteay, tde mttmigeb strulture ig (=2-j) mer tdeG ‑isdirrmg„ rmises sullessiveay rfn its jmse pfsitifg tftde demb pfsitifg f BX is ugormnnmtilma ig MMS mgbpresunmjay ig ftder Mnmziod vmrieties. Rus, fge lmglfglaube tdmt tde nfvenegt f tde demb G bfes gft remldmgy prfkeltifg mjfve tde gunerma prfkeltifg ig tde fvertlfnpfgegt. I tdis is sf, tdeg we lmg bebule twf fptifgs,eitder tde demb G¸ nfves tf tde demb B¸ lfvertay fr tdegfug bfes gft dmve tde B-emture mt maa mgb degle tdere isgf geeb fr tdis nfvenegt. Re rst fptifg inpaies tdmttde B-emture ig G¸ is wem` ig MMS mgb masf pfssijay ig maaMnmziod vmrieties0 tderefre, tde ldelìgo f tdis emtureis beamyeb ugtia tde lfvert lfnpfgegt. Re selfgb fptifg

begies tftmaay tde existegle f B-emture ig tde demb G¸.

Re rst fptifg spelies tdmt tde B-emture is wem` ig MMS.Mllfrbigo tf tdis spelilmtifg, tde gfug nfves lfvertay tfB. Aet us see dfw tde lfnputmtifg systen berives tde

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segtegle (=<) repemteb dere ms (=5).

=5. \ig isdirrmg-bμ wf jfys- tdis —Rese twf jfys’

M gunermtifg is frneb jy lfpyigo m oiveg lfaaeltifg faexilma itens rfn tde aexilfg. Re segtegle ig (=5) dms tdis

gunermtifg {G>isdirrmg=, sig=, bμ=}. Re lfnputmtifgmasysten mllesses tdis gunermtifg mgb seaelts emld tine maexilma iten mgb rebules its igbex jy fge. Re L\ seaeltstde gfug ‑isdirrmg„ mgb tdeg seaelts tde benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„mgb neroes tdese twf aexilma itens. Merwmrbs, it seaeltstde gunerma eaenegt ‑sig„ mgb neroes it witd tde mttmigebsygtmltil fjkelt f tde rst fpermtifg f ‑Neroe„ tf frn mnfre lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt. Ms m resuat, tde gunermtifgis exdmusteb mgb mppemrs ms {G>isdirrmg8, sig8, bμ8}.Cigmaay, tde pmtterg ig (=2-m) is mldieveb. \ujsequegtay,tde L\ nfbies tdis pmtterg jy igvfìgo tde ldelìgoprflebure. Ris prflebure tmès sygtmltil fjkelts witd

strfgo emtures mgb nfve tden tf mpprfprimte pfsitifgs igwdild tde P-igterpretmjae^ mre eainigmteb fr nmbe igvisijaetf tde igtermles. I tde rst fptifg is lfrrelt, tdeg we nustdmve tde sygtmltil pdrmse nmrèr ig (=3); =3. PBX B PGunX \ig PBenX bμ PGX isdirrmg^^^^

Mllfrbigo tf tde pdrmse nmrèr (=3), tde gfug ‑isdirrmg„nfves lfvertay mgb sullessiveay tf B¸ mgb tde benfgstrmtivenfves masf lfvertay tf B¸. Aet us suppfse tdmt tdese twfsygtmltil fjkelts ldel` tdere emtures ig B¸ mgb tde spelierf tde BX respeltiveay. Re prfjaen is tdmt tdere is gf mttesteb

pdrmse nmrèr suld ms (=3) ig MMS. Ris is jelmuse we bfgft dmve m wfrb frber suld ms ‑PB 7Ben 7G^„ ig MMS. Msm resuat, tde rst fptifg wdild spelies tdmt tde B-emtureig tde demb G¸ is wem` is wrfgo mgb aembs tf ugmttestebwfrb frber. _e mre ae witd selfgb fptifg eveg i tdere ism wmy ig wdild I lmg relfgliae tde rst fptifg. Ris wiaa jeigtrfbuleb mer we see wdmt tde selfgb fptifg wiaa fer.

Re selfgb fptifg smys tdmt tde demb G ¸ ig MMS bfes gftdmve B-emture mt maa , rmtder it dms mgftder strfgo emture.Ris emture nust je ldelèb ig m pfsitifg afwer tdmg

Gun¸0 tdmt is , ig tde demb Ben¸ fr m demb f m ugltifgmaprfkeltifg jetweeg GunX mgb BenX . Ris lamin is jmsebfg tde fjservmtifgs f MMS BXs wdild lfgtmig tde dembs B¸,Gun¸, Ben¸ mgb G¸. _e dmve seeg tdmt tde nfvenegt f G¸tf B¸ eitder fveray fr lfvertay aembs tf m wrfgo wfrb frber.Ig mlt, tde issue f pfstuamtigo mgftder CX is bislusseb mjfvemgb I dmve lfglaubeb tdmt tdere is gf enpirilma remsfg fr tdispfstuamtifg oivigo tde stmtus f fur ainiteb ugberstmgbigo ftde diermrldilma strulture f ugltifgma prfkeltifgs witdigMMS BXs. Rus, tde ibem f tde nfvenegt f G¸ tf m demb fm ugltifgma demb jetweeg GunX mgb BenX is ugmvmiamjae.Rus, we mre ae witd tde pfssijiaity tdmt tde gfug nfvesmgb mbkfigs tde benfgstrmtive.

f oet rfugb f tde prfjaen f wfrb frber mnfgo BXswdild lfgtmig tde dembs B¸, Gun¸, Ben¸ mgb G¸, I prfpfsetdmt tde demb G¸ dms m strfgo emture C .Ris strfgo emturenust je ldelèb momigst tde demb Ben¸ fvertay. Rus, tdedemb G¸ nfves mgb mbkfigs Ben¸ ig tde fvert sygtmx. Jybfigo sf, tde ugigterpretmjae emture is regbereb igvisijaemt AC. Mgb rfn tdmt pfsitifg tde lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt(G¸+Ben¸) nfves lfvertay tf tde demb Gun¸ witd wdild itldel`s pdi-emtures mgb tdeg nfves tf B¸ tf ldel` P+ZEC^

mgb P+BEILIL^. Everytdigo ofes snfftday.

Jefre nfvigo fg ig fur mgmaysis, I wfuab aiè tf jrigo sfnemttegtifg tf mg igterestigo mgb exlitigo issue. Ris issue isreamteb tf tde suooesteb strfgo emture C wdild triooers

tde demb G¸ nfvenegt tf tde demb Ben¸. _dmt is tdisemture6 Ris questifg tmès us jml` tf tde emtures f tdebenfgstrmtive. _e dmve mssuneb tdmt tde benfgstrmtive igMMS lfgsists f Zeeregtima emture P+ZEC^, Beiltil emtureP+Beiltil^, Rirb Xersfg emture P<rb^ mgb begitegessemture P+Be^0 Ayfgs (=999) mssunes tdmt benfgstrmtivesdmve mg igderegtay P+Be^ emture. Jmsigo fg Ayfgs’mssunptifg mgb tde bislussifg f tde juiabigo jafl` emtures

f MMS benfgstrmtive, I mroue tdmt tdis strfgo C ig G¸ isldelèb jy tde benfgstrmtive. Xresunmjay tdis emture isP½Be^ .I tdis turgs fut tf je lfrrelt, tdeg tde prfjaen ftde wfrb frber is sfaveb sullessuaay.

ree bimormn, ig (=?) sdfws tde sfautifg fr tde prfjaenf wfrb frber mnfgo MMS BXs wdild lfgtmig Gunermaeaenegts mgb benfgstrmtives.

Gfw tde mlts ig (5) mjfve lmg je expamigeb emsiay. Aet ustmè (5.iv) mgb (5.v) mgb see dfw fge lmg expamig tden. Remlts tdmt tde dembs G¸ mgb Ben¸ frn m lfnpaex sygtmltilfjkelt (5.iv) mgb tdmt tde benfgstrmtive is mg eglaitil wdildnust je mttmldeb tf m gfnigma demb mre twf mles f tde smnelfig. I we bislfver tde wfrìgo neldmgils f tde prflessf tde eglaitilismtifg f Ben¸ mgb G¸, tdeg we expamigmutfnmtilmaay tde mlt tdmt tde benfgstrmtive mgb tde gfugfrn m lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt. Ig mlt, we dmve bfge sfne

wfr` ig tdis bireltifg, jut it geebs tf je diodaiodteb dere.Mppmregtay, tde benfgstrmtives ig MMS mre eglaitils. Rmtis, tdey dmve tf je suxeb mt tde egb f m oiveg demb. Rus,gfge lmg iogfre tde mlt tdmt nfrpdfafoy dms m dmgb ig tdeprfless f eglaitilismtifg. Ig mlt, wdeg tde gfug nfvesmgb mbkfigs tde demb f tde Benfgstrmtive, it ldel`s itsemtures tdere mgb frnigo m lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt mgbtdeg tdis lfnpaex fjkelt nfves lfvertay tf ldel` ftderreaevmgt emtures ig B¸. Mer maa emtures ig tde berivmtifgmre ldelèb, tde fpermtifg \peaa-Fut mppaies. Ris fpermtifgspaits tde berivmtifg igtf twf lfpies, segbigo m lfpy f

pdfgfafoilma represegtmtifg tf XC mgb lfpy f senmgtilrepresegtmtifg tf AC. Re NX mssunes tde ibem tdmt tdere ism nfrpdfafoilma sujlfnpfgegt. I tdis is sf, I lmg mssunetdmt tde prfless f eglaitilismtifg, mgb degle tde frnigo ftde lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt PG¸+Ben¸^, tmès pamle ig

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tde nfrpdfafoilma lfnpfgegt. Re expamgmtifg f tde mlts(5.iv) mgb (5.v) is suppfrteb jy exmnpaes bislusseb mjfve.

Re aige f igquiry wdild is beviseb mjfve tf sfavetde prfjaen f wfrb frber f tde ugltifgma mgbaexilma prfkeltifgs ,espelimaay tde gunerma prfkeltifg ,benfgstrmtive prfkeltifg mgb gfnigma prfkeltifg witdigMMS BXs lmg je extegbeb tf BXs witd Oegitives mgb

mbkeltives, ig mbbitifg tf tde dembs Ben¸ , B¸ ,G¸ mgb frGun¸ .Mg exmnpae f suld BXs is ig (=4-m.j); =4. m- Mrjm-bμ g- fttnm \fg-tdis f-sister-ny ‑Ris sfg f ny sister„

j- *Mrjm g-ftdnm-bμ \fg f“sister-ny -tdis —Ris sfg f ny sister’Re surmle strulture f tde segtegle (=4-m) is PBX B¸ PGXPMrjm^ PBenX Pbμ^ POegXPg^ PGX Pfttnm^^^^. I we wmgt tfmgmayse tdis segtegle ig mllfrbmgle witd tde mssunptifgs f

tdis pmper, tde pdrmse nmrèr ig (=9) is beriveb. _deg tdegunermtifg f (=4.m) is rebuleb tf zerf, tde L\ lfnputesits berivmtifg ig frber tf nmè ugigterpretmjae emturesigvisijae mt AC. Ms we dmve mssuneb tde gfug ‑mrjm„/sfg lfgtmigs m strfgo emture wdild is ldelèb mt Ben¸0tderefre, it nfves fvertay mgb sullessiveay mgb mbkfigs tdebenfgstrmtive ‑bμ„/tdis ms tde tree bimormn (=4) igbilmtes.Mgb gmaay tde lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt nfves lfvertay tf

ldel` emtures f tde benfgstrmtive BX¸.Re segtegle (=4.j) is mnjioufus mgb sfne gmtive spemèrsf MMS gb it ugormnnmtilma. Re rst igterpretmtifg istdmt tde gfug ‑mrjm„/sfg mgb tde prfxinma benfgstrmtive‑bμ„ frn fge sygtmltil lfgstituegt (‑mrjm-bμ„/ tdis jfy)0ms m resuat, we oet tde segtegle ‑mrjm- bμ g-ftdnm„). Reselfgb fge is tdmt tde oegitive pdrmse ‑g-ftdnm/ f nysister„ mgb tde prfxinma benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„ frn tdis

lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt ‑g-ftdnm-bμ/ f ny tdis sister„.Jftd f tdese twf igterpretmtifgs mre sygtmltilmaay fbb.

Re prfjaen witd tde rst fge is tdmt tde oegitive igtervegesjetweeg tde gfug ‑mrjm„ mgb tde benfgstrmtive ‑bμ„. Risigtervegtifg ofes momigst fge f tdfse estmjaisdeb mltsmjfut MMS benfgstrmtive ig respelt tf gfugs ig BXs. Igtdis exmnpae tde OegX igterveges jetweeg tde gfug mgb tdebenfgstrmtive. Lfglergigo tde prfjaen witd tde selfgbigterpretmtifg, tde Oegitive Xdrmse ‑g-ftdnm„ lfgtmigs tdepfssessive nmrèr ‑g„ mgb mg GX ‑ftdnm/ny sister. _degtde gfug ‑mrjm„ nfves mgb mbkfigs tf tde demb Oegitive

Xdrmse, tdey frn m nfre lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt wdildnfves mgb mbkfigs ig its turg tf tde demb Ben¸ wdere itldel`s reaevmgt emtures. Jut tdis berivmtifg bfes gft smtisyCA jelmuse tdere is stiaa ugbeaeteb mgb ugigterpretmjaeemture f ‑*g-ftdnm-bμ/f ny sister„. Ris expamgmtifg isbimormnneb ig (:8);

Masf tde BXs wdild lfgtmig tde mbkeltivma eaenegts lmg jemllfugteb witd aess efrt. Aet us tmè tde segtegle ig (:=)

mgb fjserve tde diermrldilma frber f eaenegts witdig it;

:=. tmrjmt-ggmμ tmμzzm. Oira-tdmt-igtern tmaa-Cen —Rmt tmaa oira’

Re frber f tde ugltifgma mgb aexilma dembs ig tde segtegle(:=) is B¸7G¸7Ben¸7Mbk¸. Re gunermtifg G f (:=) isG> {tmrjmt=, tmμzzm=, ggmμ=}. Re L\ seaelts emld tine maexilma iten ugtia tde G is rebuleb tf zerf. It seaelts ‑tmrjmt„mgb tdeg seaelts tde mbkeltive ‑tmμzzm„0 tdese twf aexilma

itens mre neroeb tfoetder frnigo mg Mbkeltivma Xrfkeltifg(MbkX). Gext tde L\ seaelts tde igternebimte benfgstrmtive‑ggmμ„/tdmt (gemr tf tde mbbressee) mgb neroes witd tdeMbkX frnigo mgftder ugltifgma prfkeltifg wdild , ig itsturg, is neroeb witd tde demb f tde BX. Rerefre, tde

:?



faafwigo strulture is fjtmigeb;

PBX B¸ PBenX ggmμ PMbkX tmμzzm PGX tmrjmt^^^^

Mer tde gunermtifg is rebuleb tf zerf (G> {tmrjmt8,tmμzzm8, ggmμ8}.tde prflebure f ‑Igtergma Neroe„ frsinpay igvites itsea tf tde pmrty tf nmè ugigterpretmjaeemtures igvisijae jefre tdey remld AC. Rus, tde gfug ‑tmrjmt„

nfves fvertay mgb sullessiveay rfn its jmse pfsitifg tf tdedemb Mbk¸ tf ldel` its pdi-emtures momigst f pdi-emturesf tde mbkeltive, mgb rfn tdmt pfsitifg it rmises tf tde dembf BenX wdild it ldel`s its strfgo emture C mgb ftderreaevmgt emtures ig Ben¸. Ris lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt(tmrjmt+ ggmμ) nfves lfvertay tf B¸ tf ldel` tde emtures fBen¸, gmneay P+ZEC^ mgb P+ BEILIL^ emtures. Re treebimormn ig (::) sdfws tde strulture mttmigteb innebimteaymer tde gunermtifg f tde segtegle ig (::) is rebuleb tfzerf mgb tde tree bimormn ig (:<) sdfws tde surmle strulturef tde smne segtegle.

:<. Re surmle strulture f tde segtegle ig (:=);

BXs;:3.

::. Re strulture f tde segtegle (:=) wdeg tde fpermtifgs‑\eaelt„ mgb ‑Neroe„ mre gisdeb;

Mllfrbigo tf tde bislussifgs mjfve, I prfpfse tde faafwigodiermrldilma strulture f ugltifgma mgb aexilma lmteofrieswitdig MMS BXs ig (:2.m-j).Re strulture ig (:2.m) is

mldieveb mer tde gunermtifg is exdmusteb mgb tde strultureig (:2.j) is tde surmle strulture f MMS BXs.

:2.m. PBX B¸PGunX Gun¸ PBenX Ben¸ P MbkX Mbk¸POegXOeg¸PGX G¸^^^^^^

j. PBX B¸ PGunX Gun¸ PBenX G¸+Ben¸ PMbkX ti +Mbk¸ POegX ti + Oeg¸ PGX ti^^^^^^

Dere is m segtegle wdild represegts tde strulture ig (:2-j);

:5. @rmt tnμmrig-igbμ tiwssmrig g-Iniber

Rree wfneg-tdmt fab-Xa f-Iniber ‑Rfse tdree wfneg f Iniber„

Re tree bimormn ig (:3) sdfws tde prfpfseb diermrldilmastrulture f ugltifgma mgb aexilma lmteofries witdig MMS

:4



Lfglergigo tde frber f Mbkeltivma mgb Oegitive prfkel-tifgs, we nmy lfne mlrfss witd sfne MMS BXs ig wdildtde frber f MbkX mgb OegX is reverseb. Rmt is tf smy, wedmve suld m strulture PBX B (….) POegX Oeg¸ PMbkX Mbk¸ PPGX G¸^^^^^^ ms tde exmnpaes ig (:?) igbilmte;

:? m. \ig isdirrmg-ggmμ g-ftdnm inzymg wf ldiabreg-tdmt f-ny-sister snmaa-Xa

‑Rfse twf snmaa ldiabreg f ny sister„

j. \ig isdirrmg-ggmμ inzymg g-ftdnm wf ldiabreg-tdmt snmaa f-ny-sister ‑Rfse twf snmaa ldiabreg f ny sister„

Ig jrie, tde berivmtifg mgb tde wfrb frber f ugltifgmamgb aexilma prfkeltifgs witdig MMS BXs wdild lfgsist ftde dembs B¸, Ben¸ , Oeg¸ mgb G bf gft pfse mgy prfjaentf fur mssunptifgs futaigeb. Dfwever, nfre extegsive wfrìs lmaaeb fr ig frber tf mldieve m ugieb mgb priglipaeb ml-lfugt f tde diermrldilma strulture f BXs ig ftder Mnmziod

vmrieties.

5- LfglausifgRis pmper dms bemat witd tde issue f wfrb frber mnfgoMMS BXs wdild lfgtmigs tde dembs G¸ , Ben¸ , Gun¸mgb B¸. Ig tdese BXs, tdere is m lfgtrmbiltifg jetweeg tdewfrb frber f tdeir ugltifgma mgb aexilma dembs mer mgb je-fre \peaa-Fut. I fge tmès igtf lfgsibermtifg tde mpprfmldf G-tf-B rmisigo (Afgofjmrbi =992) mgb tde Benfgstrm-tive Nfvenegt tf \pel f Beterniger Xrfkeltifg Mpprfmld

(Oiusti =993), ig MMS BXs tde demb G¸ nfves fvertay tf B¸tf ldel` B-emture mgb tde demb Ben¸ nfves lfvertay tfP\pel, BX^. Ris wfr`s weaa fr sinpae BXs wdild lfgsist ftde benfgstrmtive mgb tde gfug. Jut tdis bfes gft wfr̀ frlfnpaex BXs wdild lfgtmig mgftder ugltifgma prfkeltifg,gmneay tde Gunerma prfkeltifg. Ig mlt, ig tdese BXs tdedemb f tde Gfnigma Xrfkeltifg lmggft nfve fvertay tf tdedemb f tde Beterniger Xrfkeltifg. I it nfves fvertay, tdeL\ berives m wrfgo frber ig MMS.

f oet mrfugb f tdis prfjaen, I dmve mroueb tdmt tde be-

nfgstrmtive ig MMS is jmse-oegermteb ig tde demb f tdeBenfgstrmtive Xrfkeltifg, m ugltifgma prfkeltifg. Curtder-nfre, I dmve mssuneb tdmt tde demb G¸ lfgtmigs m strfgoemture C (P½Be^) wdild triooers tde nfvenegt f tde gfugtf Ben¸, m demb pfsitifg ig wdild tdis emture C is regberebigvisijae mt AC. Igbeeb mt tdis pfsitifg tde lfnpaex sygtmltilfjkelt is frneb. Mgb tdeg tde PG¸+Ben¸^ nfves lfvertaymgb sullessiveay tf tde demb B¸ tf ldel` P+ZEC^, P+BEIL-IL^ mgb Ppdi^ emtures. Ig tdis wmy, we dmve estmjaisdeb mpriglipaeb mllfugt f tde diermrldilma strulture f tdis typef BXs ig MMS. Nfrefver, tde inpfssijiaity f tde igterveg-tifg f ftder sygtmltil lmteofries jetweeg tde gfug mgb tdebenfgstrmtive is mllfugteb fr. Re remsfg put frwmrb istdmt tdey frn m lfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt.

Ig bfigo sf, I dmve amugldeb mg extegsive mgmaysis f benfg-strmtives ig MMS. Begiteay I remld sfne igterestigo mltssuld ms tdese fges;

(i) Re Benfgstrmtive ig MMS mppemr fgay ig pfst-gfnigma pfsitifg.(ii) Benfgstrmtive systen ig MMS is m tdree-wmy bis-tigltive systen (Xrfxinma, Igternebimte mgb Bistma).

(iii) Rere is fgay persfg moreenegt jetweeg tde benfg-strmtive mgb tde gfug pdrmse.(iv) It is inpfssijae fr mg eaenegt, wdmtever its type is,tf igtervege jetweeg tde gfug mgb tde benfgstrmtive.(v) MMS Benfgstrmtive lmggft fllur mgb stmgb mafge0

it dms tf je mttmldeb tf mg mpprfprimte dfst.(vi) Mbkeltives mgb Gfugs ig Mnmziod BXs moree ig maaɵ-emtures exlept ‑Xersfg„.

mìgo tdese mlts igtf lfgsibermtifg, I dmve igvestiomteb tdegmture f MMS benfgstrmtives, flusigo fg tdeir juiabigojafl` emtures. I lfglaubeb tdmt benfgstrmtives f MMSlfgsist f P+ZEC^ ,PBEILIL^, P<rb persfg^ , mgb PBe-

gitegess^ emtures. P+ZEC^ mgb PBEILIL^ emtures mreldelèb lfvertay ig B¸ mer tde demb f Gfnigma Xrfkel-tifg mbkfigs tde demb Ben¸. Merwmrbs I dmve sdfwg dfwm BX wdild lfgtmigs Ben¸ mgb Gun¸ lmg je beriveb mgbrepresegteb. I dmve stmrteb jy sdfwigo dfw tde lfnputm-tifgma systen wfr`s. Mer tde frnigo f m gunermtifg G,tde L\ mllesses tdis gunermtifg mgb seaelts emld tine m aexi-lma iten mgb rebules its igbex jy fge. _deg tde gunermtifgis exdmusteb, tde L\ lfnputes tde frneb sygtmltil fjkelts,yieabigo tde XC mgb AC pmirs. Mer maa ugigterpretmjae em-tures mre ldelèb, tde fpermtifg ‑\peaa-Fut„ mppaies mgbsegbs tde pdfgfafoilma strulture tf XC-igtermle mgb tde

senmgtil strulture tf AC-igtermle tf oet tdeir pdfgfafoi-lma mgb senmgtil igterpretmtifgs respeltiveay. I tdere is mgyigeaioijae fjkelt mt eitder fr jftd igtermles, tde berivmtifglrmsdes.

I dmve suppfrteb ny mrounegts jy oivigo tdis exmnpae‑\ig bμ isdirrmg„/ tdese twf jfys’. Re gunermtifg f tdissegtegle is gunermtifg {G>isdirrmg=, sig=, bμ=}. Re lfn-putmtifgma systen mllesses tdis gunermtifg mgb seaelts emldtine m aexilma iten mgb rebules its igbex jy fge. Re L\ se-aelts tde gfug ‑isdirrmg„ mgb tdeg seaelts tde benfgstrmtive

‑bμ„ mgb neroes tdese twf aexilma itens. Gext it seaelts tdegunerma eaenegt ‑sig„ mgb neroes it witd tde mttmigeb syg-tmltil fjkelt f tde rst fpermtifg f ‑Neroe„ tf frn m nfrelfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt. Ms m resuat, tde gunermtifg is ex-dmusteb mgb mppemrs ms {G>isdirrmg8, sig8, bμ8}. Cigmaay,tdis pmtterg PBX B PGunX \ig PBenX bμ PGX isdirrmg^^^îs mldieveb. \ujsequegtay tde L\ nfbies tdis pmtterg jyigvfìgo tde ldelìgo prflebure. Ris prflebure tmès syg-tmltil fjkelts witd strfgo emtures mgb nfve tden tf mpprf-primte pfsitifgs ig wdild tde P-igterpretmjae^ mre eainigmtebfr nmbe igvisijae tf tde igtermles. Mllfrbigo tf tde mssunp-

tifgs mgb lamins f tdis pmper, tde gfug ‑isdirrmg„/ jfysnfves fvertay mgb mbkfigs tde prfxinma benfgstrmtive‑bμ„/tdis mgb ldelìgo its strfgo emture C0 tderefre, tdelfnpaex sygtmltil fjkelt ‑isdirrmg-bμ/ jfys-tdis is frneb.Mt tdmt kuglture , tde lfnpaex fjkelt nfves lfvertay tf tdedemb f Gunerma Xrfkeltifg ‑sig„/twf tf ldel` mgb moreewitd its pdi-emtures, mgb gmaay nfves tf B¸ tf ldel` tdeemtures f tde benfgstrmtive .Degle tde strulture P BXB¸PGunX \ig PBenX isdirrmgi + bμ PGX ti^^^^ is fjtmigeb.Rus we oet tde riodt mgb mttesteb wfrb frber witdig MMSBXs wdild lfgsist f tde benfgstrmtive mgb tde gunermaeaenegt ig mbbitifg tf tde demb f tde gfnigma prfkeltifg.

Ris aige f igquiry f MMS BXs is wfrtdwdiae tf pursuemgb presunmjay it is pfssijae tf extegb it tf ftder vmrietiesf Mnmziod amgoumoe. Ig mbbitifg, extegbigo tdis aige f ig-quiry tf MMS BXs wdild lfgtmig ftder eaenegts tdmg tdebenfgstrmtive mgb gunerma wiaa aemb resemrlders tf bislfvernuld nfre mjfut tde diermrldilma strulture f ugltifgmamgb aexilma lmteofries witdig tde BXs suld ms Oegitive Xrf-

keltifgs mgb Mbkeltivma Xrfkeltifgs .

:9



Nuld f tde nmrvea f dunmg lfnnugilmtifglfnes rfn tde mlt tdmt it is gft mbuats wdf aemrgtf lfnnugilmte ig m suld m lfnpaex mgb iggitewmy jut ldiabreg wdf lmg jmreay rug fr perfrnmgy ftder ldmaaegoigo mltivity. Yet, it is ldiabregwdf lmg, jy jftd initmtifg mgb remsfgigo, belfbemgb relfbe mgy nessmoe tdey perleive ig wdmteveramgoumoe tdeir pmregts lfnnugilmte.

\fne \liegtists ig \webeg eveg mroue tdmt, jelmusejmjies fgay dfurs fab lmg bieregtimte jetweegsfugbs rfn tdeir nftder’s gmtive amgoumoe mgb mfreiog amgoumoe0 tdey igbeeb aemrg amgoumoe wdiaestiaa ig tde wfnj=. Ms emray ms mrfugb ? nfgtds igtfpreogmgly m jmjy’s segsfry mgb jrmig neldmgisnsfr demrigo mre beveafpeb mgb burigo tde amst =8wee`s f oestmtifgma moe jmjies mre maremby mltiveayaistegigo tf tdeir nftders tmaìgo. Ig kust 8-=:

nfgtds jmjies aemrg tf nmtld tde pmregts’ vfilestf tdeir mles mgb sniae mt tde siodt f tde mles frtde sfugb f tde vfiles. Rey aemrg tf repemt tdesmne sfugb/wfrb m aft mgb nmè ouroaigo sfugbs,evegtumaay emsy sfugbs aiè (m, i, p, j,w, n) wiaa jetde rst tf je useb. Rey masf aemrg tf respfgb tftde wfrb ‑Gf„ mgb jeoig tf èegay aisteg wdegtmaèb tf, jy tde egb f tde rst yemr jmjies lmgemsiay bieregtimte lfglrete wfrbs aiè lmr, ̀ eys, lmtmgb prfbule emsy fges aiè ‑nmnm, giodt, jye jye,

bmbby„.

Ig tdmt systenmtil mgb ugperleiveb wmy ldiabregjeoig tf mllunuamte aigouistil bmtm ugtia mrfugb2-5 yemrs fab wdeg tdey surprise mbuats jy tdeirlfnnmgb f amgoumoe mgb bexterity f tdeirlmpmlity fr speeld0 tdey lmg gfw utter segteglesaiè ‑_e wegt tf tde pmr` jut dmb tf lfne dfneemray jelmuse it wms rmigigo dmrb„- m 5 yemrs fab jfytmaìgo tf dis mtder, fr ‑Yfu mre m jmb oira, very jmb,gf nfre lmgby fr yfu ugtia yfu smy sfrry, f`6„ -2 yemrs fab f oira pamyigo witd der bfaas. _itdfutmgy frnma igstrultifg per se, ldiabreg orfw up tfprfbule lfgsistegt igterpretmtifgs f tdeir remaity ig

gfvea segtegle lfgstrultifgs tdey prfjmjay geverdemrb jefre, mgb i tmuodt tf remb sffg mt mrfugb 2yemrs fab, tdey wiaa je nuld prfge tf use amgoumoeprfliegtay jefre 3 yemrs fab.

Rese mlts temld us sfnetdigo we dmve `gfwg frafgo jut gever remaay trieb tf ugberstmgb it0 ldiabregbf dmve mg igger superifr lmpmlity fr lfnpaexnmtdenmtilma lfnnugilmtifg wdild fpermtes jynemgs f maofritdnilmaay frberigo maremby lremtebeaenegts mgb sdmpigo tden mllfrbigo tf pmrtiluamrlfgbitifgs mgb mer prestmjaisdeb pmttergs.Re pfssijae pernutmtifgs fr lfnnugilmtifgoiveg m set f maofritdns ugber wdild fpermte mreegbaess0 mgb ldiabreg ms sffg ms tdey remase tdisjeoig tf nmè use f tde igtrilmte neldmgisnf amgoumoe’s sfwmre mgb dmrbwmre. Ig tde egbwdmt dunmgs strive fr jy nemgs f amgoumoe is tf

ugberstmgb mgb tf je ugberstffb, tf igquire mjfutsfnetdigo mgb tf reamte mjfut sfnetdigo.

Gft sf afgo mof m aigouistils resemrlder gftilebsfnetdigo peluaimr lfglergigo dfw ldiabreg aemrgmgb use amgoumoe, Bere` Jilèrtfg remaiseb tdmteveg wdeg m amgoumoe is gft innebimtay mvmiamjaefr tden tf use, tdey wfuab oegermte tdeir fwgnemgs f lfnnugilmtifg mgb lremte ‑fut f tdigmir„ tde gelessmry ruaes tf nemgigouaay mrrmgoe

tdeir ‑sfugbs-igvegtfry„.

De lamineb tdmt ldiabreg jy nemgs f mg igger,ugiversma mgb igstigltive, superifr lmpmlity frlfnnugilmtifg lmg jrigo tf aie mgy amgoumoe tdeygeeb tf0 ms prff f tdis pdegfnegfg de benfstrmtebdfw ldiabreg jfrg mgb rmiseb ig nuatiluaturma mgbnuatiaigouma lfnnugities wdild enpafy ‑piboigs„ms nemgs f lfnnugilmtifg mawmys oegermte,witdfut mgy aigouistil bireltifg, lrefae amgoumoeswdild mre very strultureb mgb systenmtil mgbwdild masf sdmre lfnnfg ldmrmlteristils mnfgotden reomrbaess f tde amgoumoes useb ms aigouistilfugbmtifgs.

Every Ldiab Is M Gmturma Lfgamgoer

<8



\fne ew \ygtmltil sinniamrities mre tde faafwigo;• \SF wfrb frber• Regse-Nfbmaity-Mspelt systens• Mbkeltives ms verjs• ]uestifg wfrbs• Xmssive equivmaegts

Nl_dfrter, mgftder remsemrlder mgb lfgtrijutfrtf tde ‑Amgoumoe Jifprformn Dypftdesis„ laminebtdmt maa lrefaes sdmre lertmig siniamrities tdmt settden mpmrt rfn ftder ‑gmturma amgoumoes„, deibegtieb tdese < nmig ldmrmlteristils;

=. Ormnnmtilma igeltifg jy nemgs f ‑Mxigo„:. Beveafpnegt f prfbultive, gfgtrmgspmregtberivmtifgma mxes<. Usmoe f tfge tf nmr` aexilma bieregles fr tf use

tden ms ormnnmtilma nmrèrs

f test tdigos urtder Jilèrtfg dmb tdis ugfrtdfbfxibem tf uaay benfgstrmte dis lamins ig wdild morfup f mniaies spremìgo nutumaay ugigteaaioijaeamgoumoes wfuab je set fg m ugigdmjitmteb isamgbfr sfne yemrs tf see dfw tde mbuats wfuab beveafpm piboig tf lfnnugilmte witd emld ftder mgbamter fg dfw ldiabreg wfuab use tdis ‑inpereltpiboig„ tf lremte m systenmtil lrefae tf uaay expresstdenseaves.

Fjvifusay tde experinegt wms lmgleaaeb fg nfrmaorfugbs bue tf tde lamineb dmzmrbs f it0 gfgetdeaess,sfne mgswers tf tde questifgs sfuodt mer ig tdisexperinegt maremby were mvmiamjae. Re rst bmtmlfnes rfn tde distfry f samvery ig Mnerilm, rfntde Mtamgtil samve trmbe mgb igbegtureb servitube igtde \futd Xmlil wdere fge f tde jest exmnpaes is

Dmiti.Rfusmgbs f samves rfn bieregt reoifgs f Mrilmwfrìgo tfoetder ig tde suomr, tfjmllf, lfttfg, etlpamgtmtifgs mgb geebigo tf lfnnugilmte witd emldftder fr perfrnigo tms`s mgb wdmtgft beviseb mamgoumoe nmbe up f pieles f tde nmgy frioigmaamgomuoes jfugbeb ig mg mweb ormnnmr tdmtwfuab stiaa maafw tden tf ugberstmgb emld ftder.Rese samve-pmregts wdeg mt wfr` lfuab gft tmè

lmre f tdeir fsprigo mgb wfuab aemve tden tfjmjy-sitters wdf wfuab spem` tf tden ig tdeirnftder tfgoue mgb tde lfnnfg piboig useb msaigoum rmglm mrfugb. Rese ldiabreg perleivigotde ainitmtifgs f tde piboig jeomg tf igtrfbulelfnpaex ormnnmtilma emtures wild tde ‑gmtivepiboig„ wms amlìgo ig frber tf expmgb tdeir rmgoe flfnnugilmtifg wdild resuateb ig m gew ugmttestebamgomuoe, m lrefae.

Re selfgb sfurle f bmtm lmnes rfn Gilmrmoumwdere ugtia mrfugb =9?8-48 tdere wms gf siogamgoumoe ms mib tf bem-nute pefpae. Ugtia tdeg,bem pefpae were amroeay isfamteb rfn emld ftder

‑_deg tde igergma nmldige f pamgtmtifgsamvery jeomg tf origb its wdeeas, irfg amws felfgfnils lmne igtf pamy, amws tdmt wfuab aembtf innemsurmjae suerigo jut wfuab masf, mgbequmaay igevitmjay, prfbule gew amgoumoes maa fvertde wfrab “ amgoumoes tdmt irfgilmaay, ig tde verynibst f nmg’s igdunmgity tf nmg, benfgstrmteb

tde essegtima ugity f dunmgity.„ “ Bere` Jilèrtfg, XDB.

mgb ig frber tf lfnnugilte mt dfne tdey wfuabuse jmsil privmte siogs witd tdeir lafse riegbs mgbmniay, dfwever severma lmses f ibifoafssim dmbmaremby jeeg mttesteb ig nmgy dfnes.

Reg, ig =9?? tde lfgbitifgs requireb fr m amgoumoetf beveafp eneroeb wdeg m legtre fr spelimaebulmtifg stmjaisdeb m prformn fr ebulmtigomgb tremtigo yfugo bem pefpae. Ms expeltebtde temlders’s preerreb netdfb fr temldigolfnnugilmtifg tf tdese inpmireb ldiabreg wmsaiprembigo mgb mapdmjetilma siog speaaigo ig \pmgisd0mgb ms prebilteb, tde prformn mldieveb aittae sullesig inprfvigo fr mttmigigo ldiabreg’s aitermly.

Mt sldffa ldiabreg, wdiae igtermltigo witd tdeirtemlders, persisteb aigouistilmaay betmldeb, tdeysinpay lfuab gft ormsp tde lfglepts f \pmgisdwfrbs, mt aemst gft ig tde wmy tdeir temlders were

temldigo tden0 yet burigo tde jrem`, fg tde street,mgb ig tde jus tf mgb rfn sldffa, ldiabreg weremltiveay lfnnugilmtigo witd emld ftder.

Kust ms ig tde lmse f tde samves ig tde pamgtmtifgs,tdey jrfuodt tdeir fwg siogs rfn dfne mgb nixebtden mgb useb tden ms tdey tdfuodt mpprfpimtemgb jefre tdeir temlders remaiseb sf, tdese ldiabregdmb maremby lremteb m piboig mgb amter fg m veryugltifgma mgb ormnnmtilma lrefae0 tdey dmb lremteb

tdeir fwg amgoumoe, m ‑Gmturma Lfgamgo„.

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Re temlders were mnmzeb mt tdis pdegfnegfg mgb mt rst tdey tdfuodtit wms nereay tde launsy ninilma represegtmtifg f m jutldereb\pmgisd, ugtia tdey belibeb tf ms` fr deap tf tde Gilmrmoumg Nigistryf Ebulmtifg wdild ig turg lfgtmlteb Kuby @eoa, mg Mnerilmg \iog

Amgoumoe aigouist rfn NI tf prfvibe tdese temlder witd mg mgswermgb ouibmgle fver tdese evegts.

Lfgtrmry tf wdmt tde temlders tdfuodt @eoa mgb ftder resemrlderspfigteb fut tdmt tdfse siogs were gft pmgtfnines mgb oestures, pamiglaunsy igvegtifgs f ldiabreg, fr lipders f spfèg \pmgisd0 faberstubegts were mltiveay usigo m piboig frn mgb tde yfugoer fges weremaremby beveafpigo m lrefae witd verj moreenegt mgb ftder eamjfrmteblfgvegtifgs f ormnnmr0 mgb ig tine rfn tdese siogs I\G wms jfrg -(Ibifnm be \eýms be Gilmrmoum) Gilmrmoumg \iog Amgoumoe.

Rese exmnpaes mgb tde bmtm lfaaelteb rfn resemrld sdfw us tdmtevery ldiab dms tde iggmte geeb mgb lmpmlity tf lfnnugilmte mgbeveg wdeg tde egvirfgnegt bfes gft prfvibe tde gelessmry tffas frmldivigo tde lfnpaex beoree f dunmg lfnnugilmtifg, ldiabreg wiaagb m wmy tf gmturmaay lremte nemgigo f tdeir fwg wiaa mgb paemsure,ms mgy offb lfgamgoer bfes.

*Re stuby wms lf-lfgbulteb jy prfessfrDuof Amoerlrmgtz mgb ugbeb jy tde Gmtifgma Igstitutes f

Dematd mgb Xmlil Autdermg Ugiversity’s \. Ervigo \evertsfg Cfrest CfugbmtifgUgberormbumte Zesemrld Xrformn.* Xilture f lfnpmrmtive tmjae rfn _iìpebim

‑Lrefaes mre gft jmstmrb tfgoues mcer maa.]uite tde lfgtrmry; tdey mre tde purest

expressifg we ̀ gfw f tde dunmg lmpmlity fr amgoumoe.„

“ Bere` Jilèrtfg, XDB.

<:



Igtrfbultifg;

Rere is gf bfujt tdmt writigo prfvibes amgoumoewitd m visuma represegtmtifg. It is utiaiseb pmrtiluamraytf trmgsnit nuatipae types f igfrnmtifg. Risseltifg wiaa igtrfbule tde rember tf tde writigoprfless. Merwmrbs, it wiaa ibegtiy tde bygmnilgmture f tdis lfogitive sìaa. Equmaay inpfrtmgt,tdis seltifg wiaa presegt sfne f tde types mbfptebtf nemsure m aemrger’s lmpmjiaity ig m lertmig eab.Ris seltifg is m preainigmry tf tde seltifg tdmt

faafws.

Re Gftifg fc _ritigo;

It ofes witdfut smyigo tdmt fge f tde ugbmnegtmaprfperties f dunmg amgoumoe is its mjiaity tf jewritteg. Ig mlt, tdere is m vmaumjae lamin tdmt writigoprfvibes m tmgoijae gmture f tde amgoumoe, sigle itrepresegts amgoumoe ig m nfre sfpdistilmteb frn

tdmg speeld bfes. Dfwever, Be \mussure, mnfgoftder sldfamrs, jeaieves tdmt amgoumoe mgb writigomre twf bistiglt systens (=959; :<). Ig tdis pmssmoe,we wiaa sdeb aiodt fg m vmriety f perspeltives nmbetfwmrbs writigo.

Re mjfve-negtifgeb issue dms jeeg rmiseb ugbertde bislipaige f mppaieb aigouistils. Ms mr ms \AMis lfglergeb, writigo mlts ms m smaiegt fugbmtifg

fr tde prfliegly f A:. It is ugbegimjae tdmtwritigo is oettigo m duoe igterest, nmigay bue tf itslfogitive gmture wdild neroes jetweeg tdigìgomgb aemrgigo (Gystrmgb, =99<). Gevertdeaess,

ew stubies dmve jeeg lfgbulteb tf belfbe tde

prflessigo f tdis lfogitive sìaa. Ris is perdmpsfwigo tf tde mlt tdmt it is dioday lfnpaex ig gmture.

Crfn mg mrtistil view, writigo is begeb ms m kfjexperinegt. ‑It is aiè mgy bislfvery kfj yfu bf gft`gfw wdmt is ofigo tf dmppeg ugtia yfu try it„ (Jfttfns mgb Ofuaisd, :88?; :=4). Ig ftder wfrbs,writigo vmries bepegbigo fg tde writer, lfgtext,luature mgb mptitube. Maa tdese lfnpfgegts, mnfgoftders, lfgtrijute tf nmè f writigo m ribbae tdmt

geebs tf je resfaveb. Bespite tdmt writigo dms jeegnmroigmaiseb ms m lfnnugilmtive netdfb. It istrue tdmt it is reomrbeb ms tde èy f aemrgigo A:,fr it is m bevile fr expressigo amgoumoe (Oeaj,=933; =:). Ris nemgs tdmt aemrgigo dfw tf writeig m oiveg amgoumoe i.e. lfnpfsigo, lfnjigigo tdesequegles f m amgoumoe, wfuab nmè tde stuby fmg A: nuld emsier, ms tde writigo lfgtmigs biluatms weaa ms eaeomgt aigouistil frns tdmg speeld bfes.Maa ig maa, writigo igvfaves mg igtermltifg jetweeg

tde dmgb mgb tde eye. It is mg mllurmte represegtmtifgf tde amgoumoe wdild mliaitmtes tde expressifgf tde dunmg nigb. f tdis egb, mgb ms tde gextpmssmoe wiaa expafre, writigo is m bygmnil prflesstdmt is mldieveb tdrfuod severma stmoes.

Re Xrfless fc _ritigo;

Re prfless f writigo iglaubes m set f sìaas mgbstmoes. Ig tdis respelt, Cafwer mgb Dmyes (=94=)stmte; ‑Rere is m vegermjae trmbitifg ig rdetfril mgblfnpfsitifg wdild sees tde lfnpfsigo prfless

estigo Aemrgers’ _ritigo

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ms series f belisifgs mgb ldfiles„ (Cafwer, Z.Dmyes, =94=). Ris nemgs tdmt tde pmtd espfuseb jymgy writer reomrbaess f tde tfpil mgb tde lfgtext isreelteb ig m set f prmltiles wderejy de/sde mttenptstf mldieve biverse purpfses suld ms igfrnigo,persumbigo, expressigo fr eveg nmgipuamtigo tderember. Ig tdis ugit, we sdmaa bisluss tde bistiglt

stmoes f m writteg wfr` tf belipder tde lfnpaexityf tde writigo prfless.

_riters tegb tf nfve jml` mgb frtd, sf tf spem`,ms m swigoigo pegbuaun burigo tdeir mttenpt tfprfbule m lfnpfsitifg. Ig frber tf lfne up witd m

vmaib piele f wfr`. Lfglergigo tdis nmtter, severmasldfamrs dmve prfvibeb quite bieregt stmoes tdmtbepilt tde prfless f writigo0 tde stmoes tdmt mrelfgsibereb dere mre nmigay beveafpeb jy Kfdgsfg

mgb Omrbger (=99?), mgb Cafwer, mgb Z. Dmyes(=94=).

Re rst step tfwmrbs writigo is reelteb ig tdepre-writigo stmoe, wderejy tde writer mllunuamtesigfrnmtifg mgb ibems tdmt mre reamteb tf m lertmigtfpil.

Ig tde selfgb stmoe, brmigo, tde writer lfnpfseswitdfut estmjaisdigo lfgvegtifgs. Ig tdis stmoe tdewritteg wfr` bfes gft geeb tf je gemt. It is fgay mtegtmtive mttenpt.

Zerembigo, tdis stmoe nmy igvfave ftder rembers, igfrber fr tde writer tf oet bistiglt perspeltives tdmtwiaa egmjae din/der tf inprfve dis/der lfnpfsitifg.

Mer fjtmigigo vmrifus fpigifgs, tde writer nmyldffse tf ebit tde strulture, tde pugltumtifg, tde

wfrbigo...etl.

Re stmoe tdmt faafws is tde exelutifg f tde gmabrm. Eveg tdfuod, tde writteg wfr` is mr rfnjeigo gma bue tf tde bygmnil gmture f writigo.‑Re writigo prfless is gft m dioday aigemr prfless,jut rmtder m lfgtiguma nfvenegt jetweeg tdebieregt steps f tde writigo nfbea„ Kfdgsfg mgbOmrbger (=99?). Ig mltumaity, writigo is m lfnpaexprfless wderejy nmgy bislrete stmoes mre jeigo

mppaieb.

estigo Sersus Evmaumtigo;

estigo;

_itdig tde eab f mppaieb aigouistils, temldigo,aemrgigo, mgb testigo mre maa f siogilmgle ig tdemlquisitifg f A:. Ig tdis suj-seltifg, biversequestifgs mssflimteb witd tde lfglept f testigo wiaaje mbbresseb. Ms m stmrtigo pfigt, m begitifg f tdetern testigo wiaa je presegteb. Nfre preliseay, igtde reman f amgoumoe temldigo mgb aemrgigo.

_itd m view tf oet mg mbequmte ormsp f tde prflessf testigo, it is essegtima tf ibegtiy tde tern ‑test„.Cfr tdmt remsfg, we reer tf Fvertfg (:884) wdfsmys tdmt m test is;‑M netdfb tf beternige m stubegt’s mjiaity tflfnpaete m lertmig tms` fr benfgstrmte nmstery f msìaa fr `gfwaeboe f lfgtegt P...^ m test is fge frn

f mg mssessnegt„. Fvertfg (:884)

Ris begitifg inpaies tdmt m test is m prflebureinpaenegteb jy tde igstrultfr witd respelt tf tdeebulmtifgma systen tf ldel` tde lfnpetegle f tdeaemrgers, ms weaa ms tde mbvmglenegt jeigo nmbe.Dmvigo prfvibeb tdis jrie, yet gemt begitifg,it is gelessmry tf put frwmrb m begitifg f furpriglipma lfglerg.

‑estigo is tde mssessnegt f tde aigouistil mgblfnnugilmtive mjiaities mt vmrifus stmoes ftde aemrgigo prfless P...^ It is mg igteorma pmrt famgoumoe temldigo P...^ estigo is m nemgs wdildlmg je regbereb very eliegt fr jftd temlders mgbaemrgers„. \mbiqi mgb Eggmki (:884)

Bieregtay smib, testigo is pmrt mgb pmrlea f tdetemldigo nmterimas tdmt pernits igstrultfrs tfbeternige tde stregotds mgb wem`gesses f tdeirstubegts. It is m jegelima ugbertmìgo fr aemrgers,sigle testigo stinuamtes tde aemrgigo prfless.

Re purpfses f amgoumoe testigo nmy vmry. \tiaa,tde legtrma fjkeltives f tdis amtter mre lfnnfg.Cirstay, testigo mttenpts tf beternige tde mnfugtf aemrgigo tdmt wms releiveb jy tde stubegt. fiaaustrmte, i we mre tf exmnige stubegts fg tdelfgtegt oiveg ig tde lamssrffn, it wfuab je pfssijae

fr tde temlder tf je mwmre f tde tdigos tdmt geebnfre prmltile mgb tdfse wdild mre prfperay aemrgt.Mgftder sujstmgtima purpfse is tf èep trml` f tdeprforess mldieveb jy tde aemrger. Uatinmteay, tfegsure tde uaaanegt f tde aemrgigo mins.

Re eab f testigo writigo dms lfgsibermjayinprfveb. It dms, dfwever, witgesseb nmgy ldmgoesrfn fge mpprfmld tf mgftder (Cmrdmby, =9?9). Itnmy sule fr tde tine jeigo, tf pfigt fut tdmt sfne

f tdese mpprfmldes wiaa je sepmrmteay mgmayseb igtde frtd-lfnigo seltifgs.

Evmaumtigo;

Mgftder prflebure tf mssess stubegts’ mjiaity, writigoig fur lmse, is evmaumtifg. f sfne extegt, nmgyresemrlders dmve bistigouisdeb jetweeg testigomgb evmaumtigo. Ris seltifg wiaa try tf expafre tdisprflebure (i.e. evmaumtifg), mgb tf pig bfwg tdebissiniamrity jetweeg testigo mgb evmaumtigo.

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‑Ig oegerma, evmaumtifg is tde systenmtil omtderigo figfrnmtifg fr purpfses f belisifg nmìgo mjfuttde qumaity f tde prformn itsea mgb belisifgs mjfutigbivibumas ig tde prformn. Re evmaumtifg ig tdeprformn nmy igvfave tde stuby f tde lurriluaun,fjkeltives, nmterimas mgb test fr ormbigo systens.Re evmaumtifg f igbivibumas igvfaves belisifgs

mjfut egtrmgle tf prformn, pamlenegt, prforess,mgb mldievenegt„ (Zildmrbs mgb \ldnibt, :88:)

\ulligltay, tdis begitifg begftes tdmt evmaumtifgis lfglergeb witd tde stubegt mgb tde ebulmtifgmasysten maiè. Re frner is ig terns f tdeinprfvenegt de/sde is nmìgo. Re amtter, dfwever,is ig terns f its mbequmly tf neet tde prfper lriterimf m useua aemrgigo-temldigo syaamjus.

Fver mgb mjfve, evmaumtifg frns m oafjma perleptifgf tde fvermaa systen. Fge mspelt f evmaumtifg istde lfaaeltifg f reaimjae mgb reaevmgt igfrnmtifgmjfut tde freofigo eaenegts. (Jmldnmg, :88<;::). Gfgetdeaess, tdere mre nuatipae mltfrs tdmtgeeb tf je lfgtrfaaeb, fwigo tf oumrmgtee m vmaibevmaumtifg, suld ms;

• \lfrigo teldgique0 wderejy ormbigo iglaubesprebeternigeb stmgbmrbs fr maa stubegts.

• e reaimjiaity fc tde evmaumtifg wdildrequires tdmt maa stubegts pmss tde exmn ugberibegtilma lirlunstmgles.

• e lfgtegt vmaibity, wdild sdfuab reelttde lfgtegt tdmt wms oiveg tdereig tde lamssrffn.Jy wmy f lfgtrmst, testigo mgb evmaumtigo mrebistiglt prflebures tf je mbfpteb.

‑Evmaumtifg bfes egtmia testigo. Jy tde smne tfèg,tests ig mgb f tdenseaves mre gft evmaumtive. estmre feg useb fr pebmofoilma purpfses, eitderms nemgs f nftivmtigo stubegts tf stuby, fr ms mnemgs f reviewigo nmterima tmuodt, ig wdild lmsegf evmaumtive belisifg is nmbe fg tde jmsis f tdetest resuats„ (fp. lit)

Ms tdis qufte pfsits, testigo is, pmrtiluamray, m nemgs

f exmnigigo aemrgers’ mjiaity ig m lertmig mrem0 witdrespelt tf tde ebulmtifgma syaamjus. Evmaumtifg isjrfmber tdmg testigo ms it dms m nfre exdmustiveperspeltive f m lertmig slfpe.

Ig tdis seltifg, m bistigltifg dms jeeg nmbejetweeg testigo mgb evmaumtigo. Lfgsequegtay, emldf wdild dms bistiglt bireltifgs mgb fjkeltives. Regext seltifg wiaa presegt sfne types f mssessnegt,spelilmaay, lfgtiguma mssessnegt mgb ternigmamssessnegt.

Lfgtiguma Mssessnegt mgb ernigma Mssessnegt;Ms gfteb emraier, tdere mre paegty f wmys tf nemsurem aemrger’s mptitube ig m lertmig slfpe, ldiey, testigo,mgb evmaumtigo. Rfuod, tdese netdfbfafoies mresusleptijae tf nfgftfgy mgb buaagess, igmsnuldms tde flus is, nmigay, birelteb upfg pmssigo tdeexmn, igstemb f tde mpprfprimte lfnnmgb f tde

lfglepts jeigo beaivereb witdig tde lamssrffn._itd tdis ig nigb, tdis lurregt pmrt wiaa expafre twfpriglipma types f mssessnegt gmneay, tde lfgtigumamgb tde ternigma mssessnegt.

‑_e ldffse tde pdrmse lfgtiguma mssessnegt tfbeslrije m type f mssessnegt tdmt dmppegs ig rematine rmtder tdmg mt tde egb f m wee` fr ugit. Itis lfgtigufus/fgofigo jelmuse it igvfaves bmiayfjservmtifgs mgb bflunegtmtifg f stubegts’ wfr`

wdiae tdey mre egomoeb ig igquiry igvestiomtifg mgbbislussifgs„. (Lmrasfg, :88<; :) Mllfrbigo tf tdismllurmte begitifg, m jeoiggigo rmtder tdmg mg egb ispreliseay dfw lfgtigufus mssessnegt is lfgsibereb.It is represegteb ms m nemgs tf fster tde aemrgigoprfless fg m bmiay jmsis. Mbbitifgmaay, tdis strmteoywiaa reigfrle tde temlder-pupias reamtifgs, ms de/sdewiaa lfgstmgtay trml` tde stubegts’ prforess.

Fg tde lfgtrmry, ternigma mssessnegt is tdmt wdildtmès pamle fgay mt tde egb f m lfurse (Nlmapige,:88:; 4). It is lmrrieb fut mt tde egb f m nmkfr ugit,e.o. jy sittigo mg exmnigmtifg mt tde egb f tdesenester.

‑ernigma mssessnegt nmy je mpprfprimte wderetdere is evibegle tdmt aemrgigo emld gew eab fstuby lfgtrijutes tf tde ugberstmgbigo f everyftder, mgb degle aemrgigo lmg fgay je mssesseb ms

m lfnpaete wdfae rmtder tdmg ms lfgstituegt pmrts„(fp. lit; 4)

Ig tdis lmse, ternigma mssessnegt nmy dmve mrpfsitive remldigo eelts fg tde stubegt. Yet it isprfjmjae tdmt tde stubegt wiaa je fverjurbeg witd sfnmgy gftifgs, tderemer tde stubegts wiaa lfgleivegftdigo rfn tde lfglepts stmteb.

Jy mgb amroe, it is aièay tdmt lfgtiguma mssessnegt

is m sustmigeb strmteoy f mssessnegt sigle it visumaises tde inprfvenegt f tde stubegts tfwmrbstde aemrgigo ofmas. \tiaa, ternigma mssessnegt is,essegtimaay, inpaenegteb fr sunnmtive purpfsessf ms tf beternige tde mjiaity f m aemrger tf nfvefrwmrb tf tde gext aevea.

Lfglausifg;

Fg tde wdfae, writigo is mr rfn jeigo gma. Jmsebfg tdmt, testigo tdis sìaa lmg je m tfuod tms` tfmttmig. Ig wdmt faafws, sfne f tde vmrifus typesf slfrigo writigo tests wiaa je tde nmkfr lfglept tfbema witd.

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Netdfbs cfr Mssessigo Aemrgers’ _ritigo;

Igtrfbultifg;

Amgoumoe tests presegt m sujstmgtima mspelt igtemldigo mgb aemrgigo. Rey mre mg mib tf bislfvernfre mjfut jftd, tde aemrger mgb tde temldigo

syaamjus. Cfr tdis remsfg, tdere dms tf je nfre flusfg tde reaimjiaity mgb vmaibity f tdis amtter. Risseltifg wiaa je bevfteb tf of fver tde prfless ftestigo writigo. Reg, it wiaa exmnige sfne f tdeslfrigo nfbeas mppaieb ig testigo.

estigo _ritigo;

estigo writigo, ig tde expafsiveay orfwigo eab f

\AM, lmg je m dmrb-tine lmusigo prfless ms tderemre vmrifus mltfrs tdmt geeb tf je lfgsiberebsuld ms, tde fjkeltivity f tde tests, tde slfrigonetdfbs f writigo, mgb tde reaimjiaity f tdeseamtter. Ugquestifgmjay, gft maa temlders remlt tf maaerrfrs ig tde smne wmy. Rey kuboe sfne tf je veryserifus, wdiae tdey nmy lfgsiber ftders quite trivima(Bmvies, =94:; :=).

Ig tdis seltifg, we sdmaa, rst, expafre sfne ftde issues egvismoeb wdiae mttenptigo tf test tdewritigo f A: aemrgers. Gext, we sdmaa see sfne ftde slfrigo netdfbs. Degle, it is dfpeb tdmt tderember wiaa dmve mg mpprfprimte ugberstmgbigo ftde mfrenegtifgeb lfglepts.

Ig mg mttenpt tf belipder tde prfless f testigo A:writigo @itmf, `mtdaeen mgb ègki (=993) stmte tdmt;‑estigo writigo f ECA aemrgers pfses twf nmkfr

prfjaens. Re rst is nmìgo belisifgs mjfut tdenmtter f lfgtrfa, fjkeltivity f tde evmaumtifg, mgbgmturmagess ig tde writteg test.

Re selfgb nmkfr prfjaen is tdmt, i tde test isbfge ig m wmy tdmt lmggft je ormbeb fjkeltiveay, itis gelessmry tf beveafp m slmae tdmt nmès ormbigoms fjkeltive ms pfssijae.„ @itmf, `mtdaeen mgb @itmfègki (=993)

Ris smib, tde lfnpfsitifg prfbuleb jy A: aemrgerssdfuab je lmptureb witdig tde nfst gmturmaistilegvirfgnegt i.e. tde igstrultfr dms tf mbfptmg fjkeltive netdfb tf ormbe tde writigos. Cfrtde tine jeigo, I wiaa gft eamjfrmte nfre fg tdenetdfbs f slfrigo. I wiaa try tf mllfnpaisd tdis igtde renmigber f tdis presegt seltifg.

Mt tdis pfigt, it nmy sule tf brmw yfur mttegtifgfg tde inpfrtmgt issue mbbresseb jy tde mutdfrsmjfve. f oet jml` tf fur pfigt, tde selfgb issuewitd testigo writigo is tde emtures tdmt sdfuab jetmèg igtf lfgsibermtifg. Ms tf iaaustrmte, i we mretf test tde writigo f A: aemrgers, nmgy lfnpfgegts

geeb tf je mllfugteb fr, spelilmaay;

- Ormnnmtilma mjiaity wdild reers tf tdenmstery f ormnnmr ruaes.

- Aexilma mjiaity tdmt is tf smy tde mllurmly ftde vflmjuamry inpaenegteb ig tde writigo.

- \tyaistil sìaas wdild mre represegteb ig ternsf tde trmgsitifgs nmbe witdig tde lfnpfsitifg.

It is quite fjvifus tdmt tde wiber mre tde itenstdmt lfgstitute tde lfnpfsitifg, tde nfre biluatis tf beternige tde aemrgers’ writigo mjiaity. Jesibes,mgftder mspelt tdmt pigpfigts tde mllurmly igmssessigo aemrgers’ writigo is tde temlder. Cirst, de/sde is suppfseb tf nmster tde A:. Nfre essegtimaay,

tde temlder nust dmve tde teldgiques tf respfgb tftde stubegts’ lfnpfsitifgs ms suld, tde eebjml`sdfuab je prfvibeb fgay wdeg gelessmry. (Cfr nfrebetmias see Aeì, Lunnigo, \iavm, :884).

f lfglaube, writigo egdmgles m lfnpaex gmture.Rereupfg, tde tester sdfuab try tf lfgsiber maatdese issues tf oive mg fjkeltive view f tde stubegts’writigo mjiaity.

\lfrigo Nfbeas cfr _ritteg Xrfbultifgs;

Oiveg tde ugbmnegtma rfae f slfrigo ig tests, tderedms jeeg m èeg igterest ig tde netdfbs f ormbigo.Ms mr ms fge lmg teaa, slfrigo aemrgers’ lfnpfsitifgslmg je remaiseb ig bistiglt nfbes. Gfgetdeaess,sfne f tdese mre geitder reaimjae gfr vmaib, mstdey bf gft prfvibe m lfgsistegt kubonegt f tde

aemrger’s writigo prfliegly. Bimogfsigo aemrgers’writigo mjiaity is m ldmaaegoigo tms` tf ugbertmè.Ormgteb tdis, tde rmter nust je ms fjkeltive ms s/de lmg0 aest tde stubegts wiaa gft je tremteb miray.Cfr tde purpfse f igtrfbuligo tde rember tf tde

vmrifus netdfbs f slfrigo tde aemrgers’ writtegprfbultifgs, tdis seltifg wiaa try tf tfuld upfg twfprfnigegt mpprfmldes f tests’ slfrigo.

Jriec Mllfugt fc tde \lfrigo Netdfbs;

estigo ig tde eab f \AM dms ugberofge severmanutmtifgs. Ris mlt is mttrijuteb tf tde lfgtigufusldmgoe ig tde netdfbfafoies f temldigo.Xrfpfgegts f tde Mubif-Aigouma netdfb lamintdmt tde aemrgigo f A: lmg je mldieveb tdrfuodormnnmr briaas. Rereupfg, tde testigo f A: sdfuabtmroet bislrete itens f tde amgoumoe. Re amtter istde sujstmgtima trmit f tde bislrete-pfigt evmaumtifg(\ee Cmrdmby, =9?9). Ris mpprfmld wms sujkelt tfquestifg0 tderefre, fppfgegts f tdis amtter mrouetdmt mssessigo bistiglt lfnpfgegts f

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m amgoumoe wiaa gft je f siogilmgle0 rmtder, wesdfuab lfgsiber amgoumoe ms m wdfae systen, tdeg,tf ormbe stubegts fg tde tftma use f A:. Dmvigo smibtdmt, tde renmigber f tde seltifg wiaa lfglegtrmtefg tde twf mpprfmldes previfusay stmteb.

2.<.: Bislrete-Xfigt \lfrigo Netdfb;

Bislrete-pfigt evmaumtifg fr mgmaytilma slfrigois m netdfb tf ormbigo writigo. Ig tdis reomrb,Smll (=949) stmtes tdmt ‑Mg mgmaytilma netdfbevmaumtes writigo qumaity tdrfuod mg mgmaysis ftde sepmrmte lfnpfgegts f tde writigo„ (Ijib;4?). Mppmregtay, ms tde previfus qufte dfabs, tdismpprfmld is ldmrmlteristilmaay reaimjae. It lfgsibers mset f emtures suld ms ormnnmr, wfrbigo, speaaigo,pugltumtifg, emld f wdild is ormbeb ig isfamtifg. Igftder respelts, mgmaytilma slfrigo is fge f tde birelt

lfnpfsitifg slfrigo teldgiques fr tde test-tmèr ismaremby mlqumigteb witd wdmt de/sde dms tf flusfg. \tiaa, tdis mpprfmld nmy je tine lfgsunigo frtde rmter, it is evibegt tdmt it prfvibes m nfre betmiaebprfae f tde lmgbibmte’s stregotds mgb wem`gesses(_eia, :885; =94).

f put it pamigay, mgmaytilma slfrigo revemas tde mremstdmt tde aemrger geebs tf beveafp ms weaa ms tde mremstdmt geeb nfre prmltile. Ig wdmt faafws, we sdmaaegbemvfr m bistiglt slfrigo netdfb i.e. tde dfaistilmpprfmld.

Dfaistil \lfrigo Netdfb ;

Je tdmt ms it nmy, dfaistil slfrigo is m lfnnfgnetdfb useb mnfgo ormbers0 it dms represegteb mrelegt sdi ig amgoumoe testigo mgb writigo. Cfr tdis

nmtter, Smll (=949) stmtes tde faafwigo0

‑Dfaistil mpprfmld igvfaves rembigo m writigosmnpae quilày mgb nmìgo mg fvermaa kubonegtmjfut its qumaity tdrfuod mg evmaumtifg f tdesmnpae ms mg egtity witdfut mgmayzigo its spelilemtures„ (Ijib; 4?).

Ig sinpae terns, tdere is mg mjsfaute geoaelt ftde writigo lfnpfgegts tdmt lfgstitute tde wdfae

lfnpfsitifg. Ig mllfrbmgle witd tdmt, tde dfaistilmpprfmld is jmseb fg tde inpressifg f tde ormber.f m amroe extegt, tdis slfrigo netdfb bfes gftreelt tde aemrgers’ writigo mjiaity ms Jreamigb mgbOmygfr (=9?9) put it0

‑Igbirelt netdfbs aml` mle vmaibity mgb lrebijiaitymnfgo nenjers f tde Egoaisd prfessifg mgbebulmtfrs oegermaay, mgb tdey tegb tf beaiver tdenessmoe tdmt writigo is gft inpfrtmgt„Jreamigb mgb Omygfr (=9?9; =:?, liteb ig Igoaesm,=993).

Ris smib, aemrgers wdfse writigo is slfreb igmg igbirelt netdfb nmy gft view writigo ms mgessegtima sìaa tf je aemrgt. Masf, tdey nmy gft jemjae tf mldieve m uaa lfnnmgb f tde writigo sìaagfr lmg tdeir temlders igterpret tdeir pftegtimas igwritigo.

Ig very oegerma terns, slfrigo prflebures mre iglfgstmgt vmrimtifg oiveg tde mlt tdmt tde temldigonetdfbs mre ig reouamr ldmgoe.

Lfglausifg;

Ms Dirsld (=9??) nmbe laemr ‑Re mssessnegt fwritigo mjiaity is tde sigoae nfst inpfrtmgt sgmotf prmltilma prforess ig lfnpfsitifg temldigo mgb

resemrld„ (Dirsld, =9??, liteb ig Ldmrgey, =942).

Degle, it is prerequisite tf egsure m reaimjae testigo,slfrigo f tde aemrgers’ lfnpfsitifgs. Ig wdmtlfnes gext, tde amst seltifg wiaa enjmr` fg sfne ftde frner stubies reamteb tf fur lurregt tfpil.

<?



Netmpdfr(n)

M tdefry is m pilture f tde wfrab0 fge wmy tftdig` mjfut remaity0 m suooesteb netdfb fr seeigoexperiegle ig tdmt wmy. It suooests jftd is mgb isgft, mgb eveg, I mssert, sdfuab je mgb sdfuab gft je.Mrtists lmg pilture aie pmrtiluamray weaa, tdus jeigoinpailitay tdefrists. \nmaa ldmgoes ig tde piltureswitd wdild we tdig`, ig fur netmpdfr jmse, tde stuf tde lremtive mrts, dmve nmkfr inpfrtmgle. Refpermtifgs f extegbigo, eamjfrmtigo, lfnpfsigomgb, nfst f maa, questifgigo nmy seen saiodt

tffas, yet tdey lmg juiab inpressive ebiles fugberstmgbigo. Netmpdfr tdefry ig oegerma mgb nynetmpdfr(n) ibem, ig pmrtiluamr, pfigt fut sfne ftde igstmgtimtifgs f tdis brive. rfpe-ms-remsfgigoaig`s tdefrizmtifg mgb lremtivity tf everybmytdfuodt fg tde fge dmgb, mgb tf reveamtfry ibemtifgfg tde ftder.

Mg eglafseb quftmtifg is egaiodtegigo dere. Ris is

Jaffn litigo Enersfg, mbbigo rmnigo lfnnegtswdild mre equmaay inpfrtmgt.

Enersfg is tftmaay Sildimg wdeg de ibegtiesrdetfril mgb remaity, ig dis amte essmy ‑Xfetry mgbInmoigmtifg„;Cfr tde vmaue f m trfpe is tdmt tde demrer is fge; mgbigbeeb Gmture itsea is m vmst trfpe, mgb maa pmrtiluamrgmtures mre trfpes. Ms tde jirb maiodts fg tde jfuod,tdeg paugoes igtf tde mir momig, sf tde tdfuodts

f Ofb pmuse jut fr m nfnegt ig mgy frn. Maatdigìgo is mgmafoizigo, mgb it is tde use f aie tfaemrg netfgyny.

_dmt Enersfg is gft smyigo is tdmt we mre ig tdebugoefg f amgoumoe. Amlmg msserts tdmt ‑it is tdewfrab f wfrbs tdmt lremtes tde wfrab f tdigos,„ mgbKm`fjsfg, aess ourmtiveay, maafws dinsea tf igsisttdmt tde pfetry f ormnnmr prfbules tde ormnnmrf pfetry. Enersfg, aiè maa legtrma pfets, `gfws

tdmt tde ormnnmr f pfetry prfbules tde ormnnmrf pfetry, sigle pfetry is m bislursive mgb gft maigouistil nfbe. Dfanes renmrèb tdmt ‑Enersfgwms enigegtay smge fr mg ibemaist,„ mgb suld smgity

is enigegtay useua gfw ig lurregt bislussifgs f

tde mrts f igterpretmtifg.Equmaay resfgmgt is Jaffn’s typilma aml` ffftgftigo. De sees igterpfetilma, ms fppfseb tfigtertextuma, netmaeptilma mgmafoizigo ms pmrt mgbpmrlea f dis fwg tdfuodts. Jfrrfweb netmpdfrsmre refrneb jy tde oamss f fge’s fwg msdifg, tdusjelfnigo fge’s fwg.

De is sldfamr egfuod tf gmne tde pefpae rfnwdfn de dms jfrrfweb, jut mrtist egfuod tf see gf

remsfg tf nmè m spelil rfmbnmp tf mg ibem’s ‑rst„expressifg. Ris lmg je mlmbenilmaay rustrmtigo,yet yieabs mg (I jeaieve uglfgslifus) ugity f frnmgb lfgtegt ‒ tdus it is Jaffn’s fwg netmpdfr(n).It mssunes tde visuma, ormpdil presegle f m bfujaeigbegtmtifg wdeg qufteb jy ne, diodaiodtigo tdistrmit.

Ny tdefry f netmpdfr(n), mgb tde mrtilaes fg

tdis wejsite, mssert tde preenigegle f tde semrldfr nemgigo, tdrfuod netmpdfril lremtivity, ig mrt.Ris is gft mg mttenpt tf restfre sfne inmoigeb,nissigo digt f m purpfrt prelebigo tde lremtebtext fr fjkelt. It is mg mrnmtifg f tde quest frnemgigo ms tde legtrma struooae ig lremtivity.

It is gf afgoer vimjae tf see` tf bislfver sfneinmoigeb igtegtifg f nemgigo ‒ tde mrtwfr` istde mldieveb nemgigo tdrfuod its netmpdfr(n).

Emld mrtwfr` is m lfnpaex f nuatipae nemgigosperfrnmtiveay enjfbieb. Distfrilma mlt is mgelessmry mgb egaiodtegigo rmne f reeregletf mgldfr ger mssflimtifgs0 gevertdeaess, wdmtm lremtfr priglipmaay igtegbeb is mawmys fr tdmtspelil fjkelt tf exist. _dmt maa lremtfrs try tf bflmg aièwise je pamigay beslrijeb.

Rey try tf teaa trutds ‒ witd enpdmsis pamleb fg tde verj mgb tde paurma gfug egbigo. Yet tdese sinpae-

sfugbigo essegtimas mre tde jmses fr innemsurmjayrild lremtifgs. Rere is gf fjkeltivity jeyfgb tdis.Ig tde smne wmy, m pureay sujkeltive respfgse is faittae prmonmtil vmaue, fgay perdmps igmbvertegtay

Aigìgo Ny Refry fcNetmpdfr(n) tf Xrmonmtil Use

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ms m bireltifg fr m viewer’s fwg tdfuodt fr ms m ouibe tf tde tdfrfuoday perpaexeb. Mtdefry f lremtive netmpdfril tdfuodt lmggft je wdfaay ‑fjkeltivist,„ ‑sujkeltivist,„igtegtifgma, strulturma, pmrmaigouistil, belfgstrultive, jiformpdilma, mgb nfst f maa gftfrnmaistil. Emld f tdese netdfbs f igterpretmtifg pamles tde weiodt f tde nemgigos igm text fr mrt wfr` ig sfne inmoigeb, mjstrmlteb lmnp mr rfn dfne, fr ig sfne lua-be-sml f ugrelfogiseb lmtmldresis.

Re oremtest bmgoer f tdefrists is tdmt tdey tegb tf lremte situmtifgs wdereig wfr`s f mrtmre mrjitrmriay expuromteb rfn mgy aivigo prfless mgb rfn maa lfgtexts, (je tdey lfogitive,distfrilma, elfgfnil, fr vmrifus ftders). Ms m prmltiligo mrtist mgb mrt distfrimg witdstrfgo mgmaytil prflaivities mgb tde pegldmgt tf lerejrmte, I dmve mttenpteb tf lfgstrultm tdefry ig resistmgle tf tdis, mg mgti-tdefry f sfrts, i yfu wiaa; fge wdild enpdmsisesaivigo prfless, persfgma struooae, lfogitifg, moegly mgb distfrilma lfgtext.

<9



Xdfgfafoists sigle mt aemst Km`fjsfg mgb rujetz`fy (l. e.o. rujetz`fy =9<9) dmvejeeg lfglergeb witd wdy amgoumoes bispamy tdeir pmrtiluamr mrrmy f sfugb pmttergs.

Re legtrma questifgs rmiseb ig tremtnegts f tde bistrijutifg f vfwea systensig pmrtiluamr mre (i) wdy vfweas maa igtf tde pmrtiluamr zfges f tde perleptijae/prfbulemjae spmle tdmt tdey bf, (ii) wdy sfne sfugbs mre nfre jmsil mgb tdus prifrig tde sygldrfgil mgb bimldrfgil evfautifg f seonegt igvegtfries.

Refries f vfwea igvegtfry typfafoies;

]umgtma Refry - prifritises perleptuma igvmrimgle; tde pfigt vfweas {m i u} mretypfafoilmaay preerreb jelmuse tdey represegt reoifgs f tde mrtiluamtfry spmle igwdild vmrimjiaity ig prfbultifg dms m niginma mlfustil inpmlt.

(\tevegs =9?:, =9440 Amgo &Fdmam =993)

rmbitifgma nmrèbgess tdefry - berives its diermrldy rfn pdfgfafoilma jedmvifrmgb lrfss-aigouistil bistrijutifg fr tde nfst pmrt, tdfuod \mgbers =9?:, XmrtilaeXdfgfafoists (e.o. \ldmge =942), Iversfg mgb \fdg =992, tde frfgtf \ldffa (l.Zile =999, :88:, Bresder :88<), tde Ofvergnegt Xdfgfafoists (e.o. Dmrris &Aigbsey :88=),mgb nfst relegtay Laenegts :88< berive it rfn emture lfugtigo.

Bispersifg Refry - (B) nmigtmigs tdmt tde strulture f igvegtfries berives rfnugltifgma priglipaes suld ms ‑niginise efrt„ mgb ‑nmxinise lfgtrmst.„

Sfwea \ystensMrfugb Re _frab(m seaeltifg fc texts)

(rfn;dttp;//www.mlmbenim.ebu/:8?22</ExpamigigoVvfweaVsystensVBispersifgVRefryVvs.VGmGmturV\eaeltifg9

28



* Re twf frner oures mre rfn m stuby.( dttp;//lfurses.unmss.ebu/aigouist?=3-`nyu/stmtil/pmoes/rembigos/aigbj-

* ( d t t p ; / / l f u r s e s . u n m s s . e

b u / a i g o u i s t ? = 3 - ` n y u / s t m t i l / p m o e s / r e m b -

i g o s / a i g b j a f n = 9 4 3 . p

b c ) .

2=



ypes fc Sfwea \ystens (dttp ; / /l ams .nq.ebu.mu/speeld/pdfgetils/pdfgetils/vfweasysten/vfweaVsystens.dtna)

Re systens mre juiat up rfn m gunjer f vfweaemtures. Maa vfwea systens dmve mt aemst twf deiodt

mgb twf rfgtigo lfgtrmsts. Curtder lfgtrmsts mrejuiat up rfn tde emtures aegotd (masf `gfwg msamx/tegse), gmsmaity, mgb aip rfugbigo. \fne extrm,aess lfnnfg, emtures tdmt bege vfwea systensmasf exist mgb wiaa je bemat witd easewdere. Ig tdefaafwigo exmnpaes fgay nfgfpdtdfgos wiaa jeexmnigeb sigle tde nfre lfnpaex bipdtdfgosmre biluat tf lmteofrise ig terns f tdeir pamle fmrtiluamtifg (dmvigo m sepmrmte pamle f mrtiluamtifgfr emld tmroet). Re exmnpaes mre nfstay rfn Amss

(=942, pp=<9-=23).

DIOD-AF_ \ystensAmgoumoes witd niginma vfwea systens typilmaaydmve tdree vfwea pdfgenes; fge diod rfgt, fgediod jml`, mgb fge afw vfwea witd gf aegotdlfgtrmst.

Ig ftder wfrbs tdere is m nmxinun bispersma f vfwea qumaity tfwmrbs tde mr lfrgers f tde vfweaspmle.

Aegotd lfgtrmst.\fne amgoumoes mre jmseb fg tdis jmsil systen jutdmve ig mbbitifg tde mbbeb binegsifg f vfweaaegotd.

DIOD-NIB-AF_ \ystens

Gf aegotd lfgtrmst.

Aegotd lfgtrmst.

Gfte tdmt tdis tmjae cfr Mustrmaimg Egoaisd

bfes gft inpay tdmt tdere mre igternebimte

aeveas jetweeg nib mgb eitder diod fr afw.

Rde igternebimte pfsitifgs cfr / / mgb / /nereay igbilmte igbelisifg mjfut wdetder tf

nmè / / nib fr diod mgb wdetder tf nmè

/ / nib fr afw.

2:



CFUZ DEIOD LFGZM\\Zfugbigo mgb Gmsma lfgtrmst.

Re upper ainit is mjfut := nfgfpdtdfgopdfgenes (eo. \wiss Oernmg mgb MasmtimgOernmg witd aegotd mgb rfugbigo lfgtrmsts).

Cfr nfre (sinpae) igfrnmtifg see tdis oremt resfurle;dttp;//oesl=9?32.pwp jaueyfgber. lf.u`/vfweas/

vfweaVsystens.dtna

2<



=8 LfnnmgbnegtsCfr \ullesscua Lfgamgoigo

=. Bf yfur dfnewfr`

:. Je pmtiegt

<. Bf ms` cfr deap wdeg geebeb

2. Mawmys igquire ‑wdy/dfw is it sf6„

5. Je fromgiseb

3. _ealfne ldmaaegoes

?. Aet yfur inm oigmtifg of wiab,

jut gft tff wiab

4. Je lritilma fc yfur lfgamgo/s

9. Rmè pribe ig yfur lremtifg/s

=8. Dmve cug!

I dmve gmrrfweb bfwg severma ‑nusts„ fr

sullessua lfgamgoigo tf tde tfp teg mer msìgo mgblfnpmrigo witd sfne eaafw lfgamgoers sfne f tdenfst lfnnfg prfjaens. Rese =8 lfnnmgbnegtsmre tde bistiaaeb mbvile nmgy f us wfuab dmveafveb tf dmve dmb wdeg we stmrteb fur lfgamgos,sf aemrg rfn fur nistmès mgb experiegles mgb jesullessua mt lfgamgoigo.

=.- Bf yfur dfnewfr`

I aisteb tdis fge rst jelmuse I wmgt yfu tf uaayugberstmgb tde inpfrtmgle f bfigo resemrldmgb f aemrgigo ms nuld ms yfu lmg/wmgt jefremgb burigo lfgamgoigo. Lmg yfu lfgamgo witdfutnmìgo mgy resemrld mt maa6 YE\, jut tde resuats wiaareelt suld aml` f resemrld0 yfu wiaa prfjmjay oetstul` perfrnigo jmsil prflesses mgb yfu wiaa eearustrmteb mt gft `gfwigo wdmt tf bf gext0 dfw tfugberstmgb lertmig emtures fr dfw tf bisegtmgoae

sfne ̀ ey lfglepts fr ldmaaegoes. Rerefre, tde jestwmy tf fverlfne tdese issues is tf stuby m sujkeltlmreuaay sf tdmt yfu `gfw egfuod mjfut it ig frbertf bema witd it sullessuaay.

Of fgaige mgb stmrt bfigo sfne aiodt resemrld fg

tfpils suld ms; amgoumoe, pdfgetils, nfrpdfafoy,ormnnmr, sygtmx, senmgtils, etl. _iìpebim dmsm oremt bema f igfrnmtifg fg maa tdese tfpils msweaa ms fg oegerma aigouistils. Aemrg mjfut ftderamgoumoes tff0 bfg’t ainit yfursea tf yfur gmtiveamgoumoe0 tdere is gf geeb tf jelfne m pfayoaft, jut`gfwigo mjfut dfw ftder amgoumoes ugltifg mgbbeveafpeb wiaa oive yfu m jrfmber perspeltive fgdfw dunmg lfnnugilmtifg wfr`s mgb masf dfw

vmrieb it lmg je.

Erof, tde mbvile f dmvigo egburmgle ig tdis lrmis sfnetdigo tf je tmèg tf demrt0 nmgy mnfuslfgamgoers suld ms faìeg gever gisdeb tdeirlfgamgos, jelmuse tdey èpt fg revisigo, nfbiyigomgb beveafpigo tdeir lremtifgs ugtia tde egb ftdeir bmys0 nmyje tdis is fge f tde remsfgs wdy tdispmssifg is pursueb ig tde rst pamle0 lfgamgoigonmy weaa je m afgo-tine mgb beep reamtifgsdip witd

amgoumoe.

\f, wfr` ig yfur lfgamgo/s wdeg yfu lmg mgb wdegyfu eea aiè bfigo sf0 tdere is gf rusd fr geeb tfspeeb tdigos up (ugaess yfu mre jeigo pmib fr it f

22



lfurse, fgay tdeg wiaa tine biltmte wdmt tf prifritisemgb wdmt tf smlrile), aemrg tf afve tde lrm mgb itwiaa afve yfu jml`0 renenjer, pmtiegle is sfnetdigoyfu aemrg mgb it requires prmltile tff.

I aemve yfu sfne prfverjs tdmt nmy lfne upaiigowdeg eeaigo bfwg mgb remby tf quit.

‑rees tdmt mre safw tf orfw jemr tde jest ruit.„- Nfaiäre -

‑Re pmtiegt nmg sdfws nuld offb segse, jut tdequil`-tenpereb nmg bispamys faay mt its deiodt„-@igo \fafnfg-

‑Xmtiegle is gft pmssive0 fg tde lfgtrmry, it is mltive0it is lfglegtrmteb stregotd„

- Ebwmrb O. Juawer-Ayttfg “

<.- Bf ms` cfr deap wdeg geebeb

_deg I wms yfugoer, I useb tf je reaultmgt tf ms`fr deap eveg wdeg I `gew I nfst bireay geebebit, jut ms tine pmsses fge nmtures mgb lfnes tfugberstmgb tdmt it is tde sun f lfaaeltive efrtswdild dmve nmbe dunmgìgb mbvmgle sf mr igbeveafpnegt tdrfuodfut tde moes. Gfjfby dmsever ofge mr fg tdeir fwg, perifb.

dere is gf wmy mrfugb it mgb lfgamgoigo issfnetdigo ig wdild eebjml`, mbvile mgb lritiquewiaa deap yfu nfre tdmg yfu tdig`. Zenenjertdmt tdere is gf geeb tf reigvegt tde wdeea0 yfunmy je stul` fg m tfpil yfu ugberstmgb aittaemjfut mt tde nfnegt jut i yfu ms` m eaafw

lfgamgoer, m aigouist fr m amgoumoe temlder mjfutit yfu wiaa nfst aièay oet fver suld ldmaaegoemster mgb nfve frwmrb tf tde gext fge.

Ny mtder useb tf repemt tf ne m prfverj de mawmysrenenjereb wdeg geebigo mbvile rfn ftders;

‑_dere tdere is gf ouibmgle, m pefpae maas, jut ig

mg mjugbmgle f lfugseafrs tdere is smety „

“@igo \fafnfg-

\f bfg’t je mrmib mgb of ms` fr deap wdeg geebigoit, tdere mre paegty f pefpae wiaaigo tf sdmre tdeir`gfwaeboe mgb experiegle rfn wdild yfu lmginnegseay jeget, mgb ms yfu `gfw ‑tde quest fr`gfwaeboe requires miaigo mt tines„ mgb lfnnfgdigbrmgles usumaay iglaube tdese persfgma questifgs;_dmt i tdey smy ‑gf„ tf ne6_dmt i tdey iogfre ne6_dmt i tdey see ne ms m wmste f tine6

Oet fver tden, je jfab mgb bmre tf ms`!Jelmuse ms Lmra \momg fgle smib;

‑Rere mre gmive questifgs, tebifus questifgs, iaa-pdrmseb questifgs, questifgs put mer igmbequmtesea-lritilisn. Jut every questifg is m lry tfugberstmgb tde wfrab. Rere is gf suld tdigo ms mbunj questifg„

Reg, wdere tf of tf ms` questifgs mjfut lfgamgoigo6

_e dmve m gile orfup fg Cmlejff` witd fver :`nenjers rfn severma prfessifgma mgb luaturmajmlòrfugbs wiaaigo tf aegb m dmgb wdeg geebeb;

Aigouistils & Lfgamgosdttps;//www.mlejff`.lfn/orfups/Aigouistils.mgb.lfgamgos/

Ftder cfruns;dttp;//www.ugiamgo.fro/

dttp;//www.iglmtegm.fro/

2.- Mawmys igquire ‑wdy/dfw is it sf6„

Ig tde distfry f dunmgìgb tdere dmveg’t jeegnfre pfwerua wfrbs tdmg _dy mgb Dfw6Rey mre tde remsfg we dmve oftteg tdis mr ig furlurregt teldgfafoilma beveafpnegt mgb tde remsfgjedigb tde sliegtil netdfb mgb maa tde mgswerssliegle dms prfvibeb us witd fver tde legturies.

_fgberigo wdy sfne amgoumoe bfes sfnetdigo ig mlertmig wmy fr dfw it mllfnpaisdes it wiaa temld yfutf èep yfur nigb’s eye fpeg tf gew pfssijiaities,pmttergs, ugique ldmrmlteristils, ibifsyglrmsies, etl.mgb tdis mttitube is m nust fr mgy lfgamgoer.

Every lfgamgoer is m jfrg igquirer mjfut tdewfrìgos f tde nigb mgb dfw tdis fge lremtes

nemgigo mgb uses it tf expafre mgb mbvmgle diswfrab. Re nfre yfu ms` wdy mgb dfw, tde nfrequestifgs mgb mgswers yfu wiaa oet mgb tde jetteryfu wiaa beveafp yfur lfgamgo0 sf dmve gf emr mgbquestifg yfur fwg gmtive amgoumoe ms m stmrt, bfresemrld fg ftder amgoumoes mgb questifg tden tff.Yfu wiaa bislfver mgb aemrg nfre tdmg yfu tdig`mgb tde rewmrb wiaa je uaaaigo, trust ne.

‑Mssune gftdigo, ]uestifg everytdigo!„

5.- Je Fromgiseb

Ris mbvile lmggft je fverstmteb0 jeigo fromgisebis jeigo ig lfgtrfa mgb tde amst tdigo yfu wmgt istf afse lfgtrfa/trml` f tde beveafpnegt f yfurlfgamgo. Fgle yfu’ve oft nibwmy igtf yfur lremtifgyfu wiaa dmve sf nuld bmtm/nmterima mjfut it tdmt itwiaa je jurbegsfne tf èep everytdigo laemg mgbfromgiseb0 we maa dmve ofge tdrfuod suld m pdmsemgb it’s m aft jetter tf jeoig m lfgamgo `gfwigowdere mgb dfw everytdigo wiaa je pamleb. Re jestwmy tf fromgise yfur lfgamgo is tf lremte m faber

25



ig yfur lfnputer igsibe wdild yfu wiaa pamle maatde resfurles pertmigigo tf yfur lfgamgo sfrtebigtf bieregt sujfabers0 masf oegermte mg exlea(sprembsdeet) bflunegt mgb lremte bieregt tmjsigsibe tde bflunegt ig frber tf èep tde bieregteaenegts f yfur lfgamgo gemtay frbereb mgb rembytf je ebiteb mt wiaa.

Ris is kust mg exmnpae f dfw yfu lmg fromgiseyfur lfgamgo0 sfne fptifgs nmy vmry rfn lfgamgotf lfgamgo;

Zenenjer, m offb amyfut deaps yfur systen tf

je jetter ugberstffb0 mgb m lfgamgo is m verylfnpaex systen wdild requires m offb mnfugt ffromgismtifg. Mafgo witd suld fromgismtifg tdereis mgftder mspelt aigèb tf suld trmit, BF mawmysnmè m jmlùp f yfur lfgamgo, gft kust fgejmlùp jut twf fr tdree, smve tden ig m msdbrive,fg yfur lafub mllfugt, ig mg extergma dmrb-brive,etl mpmrt rfn tde frioigma ae ig yfur lfnputer.Nmgy lfgamgoers wiaa teaa yfu mjfut tde rustrmtifgmgb prfjaens tdey dmve eglfugtereb mer afsigo mae ig wdild tdey dmve wfrèb fr yemrs.

3.-_ealfne ldmaaegoes

Ris is sfnetdigo yfu wiaa eglfugter feg;‑Ldmaaegoes„0 everytdigo mjfut lfgamgoigo ism ldmaaegoe, tdis is gft aiè nmìgo m pre-nmbenmlmrfgi mgb ldeese bisd fg tde nilrfwmve. Renfre yfu beave igtf lfgamgoigo tde nfre yfu wiaa

eglfugter mlets f tde lrm tdmt seen bmugtigo mgbperpaexigo. \f bfg’t je mrmib f suld ldmaaegoesmgb wealfne tden jelmuse tdmt’s tde fgay wmy tfoet tdrfuod tden.

Gft every lfgamgoer mles tde smne ldmaaegoes, frsfne pdfgfafoy is m ldmaaegoe, fr ftders vflmjuamrylremtifg is tmxigo, ftders nmy gb nfrpdf-sygtmxisinpfssijae tf uaay ormsp mgb sfne ftders nmy gblmses ugnmgmoemjae tf wfr` witd0 wdmtever yfur

ldmaaegoe nmy je, wealfne it! Ms` fr deap wdeg

BF mawmys nmè mjmlùp f yfur lfgamgo,gft kust fge jmlùp jut

twf fr tdree!

geebeb (<rb lfnnmgbnegt), sfave yfur prfjaenmgb nfve tf gext ldmaaegoe0 ig tde egb tdis is wdmtnmès lfgamgoigo sf spelima ‑de LdmaaegoigoExperiegle„ f lremtigo nemgigo mter yfurfwg tmste mgb wiaa.Ms \egelm fgle smib; ‑Biiluaties stregotdegtde nigb, ms amjfr bfes tde jfby„.

?.-Aet yfur inmoigmtifg of wiab, jut gft tffwiab.

Lfgamgoigo is suld m lremtiveegbemvfr tdmt wiaa benmgbtf squeeze yfur jrmig’s kuilesmaa fver yfur wfr`. _deg

lfgamgoigo bfg’t desitmte tf mbb mgb/fr renfve msnmgy emtures ms yfu besire. Rere mre fver 3888

mttesteb amgomuoes ig tde wfrab gf fge f tden ismg exmlt lfpy f mgftder, emld fge f tden dms itsfwg mvfr mgb ldmrmlteristls fut f wdild yfu lmgberive iggite igspirmtifg fr yfur lremtifg/s.

Bf yfu wmgt tf dmve =88 lmses, =8 ormnnmtilmaoegres, :8 prfgfugs, etl. of fr it! Experinegt mgbsee wdmt wfr`s jest fr yfu, bfg’t aet yfur nigb jejfxeb igsibe m sigoae pmtterg, jut je lmreua witdlrmvigo tf mbb every pfssijae emture yfu remb mjfutevery gmtamgo yfu nmè resemrld fg.

Ugexperiegleb lfgamgoers feg mia mt tdis, aaebwitd tde pmssifg f nmìgo sfnetdigo sf ugiquemgb spelima tdey stmrt egbaessay mbbigo emturestdey wiaa amter reoret0 we dmve maa jeigo tdere mtsfne pfigt mgb ig sfne wmy, sf aemrg rfn ftderlfgamgoer’s experiegles mgb èep yfursea rfnlremtigo m @itldeg-\ig`-Lfgamgo.

Zenenjer mgb repemt tdis tf yfursea ms nuldms geebeb; ‑wdeg lfgamgoigo lfderegle is m jionust „. Mgy tdrivigo systen tdrives jelmuse f tdelfderegle f its mrremgoenegt mgb tde prfper wfr`f its igtergma ugits, mgb m lfgamgo is m very lfnpaexsysten.

‑Inmoige witd maa yfur nigb, Jeaieve witd maa yfurdemrt mgb Mldieve witd maa yfur niodt„

4.- Je lritilma fc yfur lfgamgo/s

Gf fge wiaa ever je m jetter lritil f yfur wfr`tdmg yfursea, fgay yfu `gfw mgb ugberstmgb yfurigtegtifgs, ofmas mgb purpfse f yfur lfgamgo.Rerefre ebulmte yfursea (=st lfnnmgbnegt) igfrber tf beveafp tde gelessmry lriterim tf lritilisemgb inprfve tde systen yfu mre lremtigo, bf gftemr dmvigo tf temr bfwg tdmt wdild is gft wfrìgoms it sdfuab0 Rfnms Ebisfg dmb tf tdrfw mwmynmgy miaigo experinegts ig frber tf mldive tde‑perelt fge„.

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Re Gmtifgma Lfuglia fr Exleaaegle ig Lritilma Rigìgo beslrijes lritilma tdigìgoms ‑tde mjiaity tf lfgleptumaise, mgmayse, sygtdesise, mppay, mgb/fr evmaumteigfrnmtifg omtdereb rfn, fr oegermteb jy, fjservmtifg, reeltifg, experiegle,remsfgigo, fr lfnnugilmtifg, ms m ouibe tf jeaie mgb mltifg„. Ms Msday Niaaer (writer)

puts it ‑Lritilma tdigìgo deaps yfu fjkeltiveay exmnige tdese mltfrs, lfgsiber tdeirinpfrtmgle mgb inpmlt fg yfur lfurse f mltifg, wdiae sinuatmgefusay nmigtmigigoprfessifgma betmldnegt mgb m gfg-jimseb mttitube.„ Mppay tdis tf yfur lfgamgomgb see it furisd ms m jemutiua piele f mrt.

9.- mè pribe ig yfur lremtifg/s.

mìgo pribe ig yfur lremtifg is gft mjfut oettigo rewmrbs mgb mbnirmtifg rfnftder pefpae fr eaafw lfgamgoers, it’s mjfut respeltigo tde efrt yfu dmve put igtf

lremtigo yfur mrtwfr`. Gever binigisd yfur wfr` mgb gever lfnpmre it tf ftder’sms tdeir igtegtifgs mgb ofmas wiaa nfst aièay bier rfn yfurs.

Lmre mjfut wdmt yfu bf mgb dfw yfu oet it bfge sf mt tde egb f bmy yfu lmg smy‑weaa bfge lfnrmbe!„. Zespelt mgb dfgfur wdmt yfu bf, je true tf yfur vmaues mgbaet yfur lfgamgo/s je m sfurle f egkfynegt mgb persfgma pribe, mer maa it’s m pmtdgft nmgy mre wiaaigo tf tremb tdrfuod.

=8.- Dmve Cug!

Amst jut gft aemst, dmve ug wdiae lfgamgoigo, nfst lfgamgoers maremby afveamgoumoes mgb everytdigo reamteb tf it, mgb tdmt’s wdy tdey dmve sf nuld ug igspegbigo dfurs, bmys, nfgtds mgb yemrs mt it, eveg wdeg tdere is gf nfgey mt tdegegb f tdeir egbemvfrs.

Bfg’t aet yfursea je lmuodt jfreb mt lfgamgoigo, nmgy f us dmve jeeg tdere mtsfne pfigt mgb nmyje nfre tdmg fgle, ugigspireb, mpmtdetil mgb ugnftivmteb tflfgtigue, jut je pmtiegt (:gb lfnnmgbnegt), tmè sfne tine f mgb of jml` tf

it wdeg yfu `gfw yfu’aa eea egomoeb mgb egtertmigeb ig yfur lrm. Yfu’aa aemrg tfafve lfgamgoigo mgb yfur lfgamgo/s, fr gfjfby ever afves sfnetdigo jfrigo mgbtebifus.

2?



Jmlòrfugb; Fge netdfb f lamssilmtifgf amgoumoes prfpfseb ig aigouistils isoafttfldrfgfafoy. Oafttfldrfgfafoy bemas witdldrfgfafoilma reamtifgsdips jetweeg amgoumoes. Jyusigo m wfrbaist mgb m set f frnuams, it uatinmteaymins tf nmp tde evfautifg f amgoumoes tfoetder witdbmtes f sepmrmtifg, wdild nirrfrs tde reamtebgessf amgoumoes tf emld ftder. Re mssunptifgs mreldmaaegoeb jy vmrifus mutdfrs, mgb oafttfldrfgfafoyis oegermaay gft useb ig nmigstremn aigouistils.

Re \wmbesd Aist; Nfrris \wmbesd beveafpeb tdeaist ig =958s ms m tffa f oafttfldrfgfafoy, ig frbertf serve ms jmse vflmjuamry tf wdild reamtifgsdipsjetweeg amgoumoes mre tf je beriveb. De amtermrriveb tf m =88 wfrb aist rfn m stmrtigo 588 wfrbaist. It it aisteb ig mjae =. fbmy, dfwever, tde :8?wfrb aist is nfre lfnnfgay useb.

Mssunptifg; Rere exists m jmsil vflmjuamrywdild is reamtiveay ree f luaturma iguegles, mgb istderefre nfst innuge tf aexilma ldmgoe jrfuodtjy luaturma bieregles. I tde jmsil vflmjuamryis reamtiveay innuge tf aexilma ldmgoe jrfuodtjy luaturma bieregles, tdeg siniamrities ig jmsil

vflmjuamry jetweeg twf fr nfre amgoumoes wfuabtderefre je mttrijutmjae tf tde existegle f lfnnfgmglestfr fr tde twf fr nfre amgoumoes lfnpmreb.

Lfnpfsitifg; Re aist iglaubes prfgfugs, pmrts fdunmg jfby, jmsil wfrbs fr mginmas, pamgts, verjswdild beslrije mltifgs dunmgs wfuab bf reomrbaessf teldgfafoilma aevea, mgb pdegfnegm f gmturewdild lmg je experiegleb (manfst) everywdere fgemrtd.

Issues; Re wfrbs iglaubeb ig tde aist mre ree fluaturma iguegles, fgay reamtiveay. \everma mutdfrspfigteb severma exmnpaes f wfrbs iglaubeb ig tdeaist wdild mre eitder mltumaay luaturmaay igueglebfr lertmig amgoumoes fr is igmpprfprimte fr ftderamgoumoes bue tf tde lfgbitifgs wdere tdey mrespfèg.

Re \wmbesd Aist

Re nmtdenmtils f oafttfldrfgfafoy wms amterprfveg tf je igmllurmte, ms it sdfws m lfgstmgtrmte f ldmgoe fr emld lmse, matdfuod lertmigpdegfnegm suld ms isfamtifg mgb jfrrfwigo lmglmuse ldmgoes tf amgoumoes mt vmrifus rmtes. Mgexmnpae wfuab je Ileamgbil mgb Egoaisd. Jftd mreOernmgil amgoumoes mgb dmb gmtive spemèrs aivigoig mg isamgb, jut dmve biveroeb very mr sf tdey bfgft aff` tde smne. Egoaisd dmb sf nuld expfsurewitd ftder amgoumoes jut Ileamgbil wms weaa isfamtebmgb tdus preserves severma emtures f Fab Gfrse.(I yfu mre gft lfgvigleb witd lfnpmrigo Egoaisdwitd Ileamgbil, yfu lmg repamle it witd mgftderGfrbil amgoumoe.) Ris is jelmuse tde ldmgoe ig

vflmjuamry is gft m ugltifg sfaeay f tine (wdildis tde mssunptifg f oafttfldrfgfafoy), jut masf fbenformpdil, sflima, luaturma, mgb pfaitilma ldmgoe.Gfw; Re ibem f lfnpmrigo lfogmtes dms lfgtiguebig aexilfstmtistils0 dfwever, oafttfldrfgfafoy

is oegermaay rekelteb ig nmigstremn aigouistils(tfoetder witd mgy netdfb tdmt reaies fgay fg tinems vmrimjae f amgoumoe ldmgoe)0 rmtder, m lfnjigeblfnpmrisfg f aexilfg, nfrpdfafoy, mgb sygtmx isuseb tf beternige tde reamtifgsdips.

Ftder mutdfrs dmve useb matergmtive wfrb aists mgbtdere were eveg prfpfseb nmtdenmtilma netdfbswdild bf gft use lfgstmgt rmtes f sepmrmtifg tfprebilt tde rmtes f sepmrmtifg.

Cfr Lfgamgoers; Re \wmbesd aist is orfugbeb upfgtde lfglept f m jmsil vflmjuamry innuge rfnluaturma iguegles, wdereig siniamrities ig wfrbsjetweeg twf amgoumoes wfuab suooest reamtifgsdipjetweeg twf amgoumoes.Dfwever, tdis bfes gft mllfugt fr amgoumoelfgtmlt pdegfnegm, prinmriay jfrrfwigo, wdild ism luaturma, pfaitilma, mgb sflima pdegfnegm. \evermaexmnpaes mnfgo gmturma amgoumoes prfve tdmteveg tde jmsil vflmjuamry lmg je ugber luaturmaiguegles.

24



Use tde \wmbesd aist witd lmutifg.

mjae =. Frioigma \wmbesd aist=. I (Xers.Xrfg.=.\o.):. Yfu (:.so! =95: tdfu & ye)<. we (=955; iglausive)2. tdis

5. tdmt3. wdf6 (‑6„ gft =9?=)?. wdmt6 (‑6„ gft =9?=)4. gft9. maa (f m gunjer)=8. nmgy ==. fge=:. twf=<. jio=2. afgo (gft —wibe’)

=5. snmaa=3. wfnmg=?. nmg (mbuat nmae dunmg)=4. persfg (igbivibuma dunmg)=9. sd (gfug):8. jirb:=. bfo::. afuse:<. tree (gft afo):2. seeb (gfug!):5. aem (jftmgils):3. rfft (jftmgils):?. jmr` (f tree):4. sìg (=95:; persfg’s):9. esd (=95: nemt, esd)<8. jaffb<=. jfge<:. oremse (=95:; mt, fromgil sujstmgle)<<. eoo

<2. dfrg (f juaa etl., gft =95:)†<5. tmia<3. emtder (amroe, gft bfwg)<?. dmir (fg demb f dunmgs)<4. demb (mgmtfnil)<9. emr28. eye2=. gfse2:. nfutd2<. tfftd (rfgt, rmtder tdmg nfamr)

22. tfgoue (mgmtfnilma)25. lamw (gft ig =95:)†=23. fft (gft aeo)2?. `gee (gft =95:)†24. dmgb29. jeaay (afwer pmrt f jfby, mjbfneg)58. gel` (gft gmpe!)5=. jremsts (enmae0 =955 stiaa jremst)†5:. demrt5<. aiver52. brig` (verj)55. emt (verj)53. jite (verj)5?. see (verj)

54. demr (verj)59. `gfw (mlts)38. saeep (verj)3=. bie (verj)3:. ìaa (verj)3<. swin (verj)32. y (verj)

35. wma` (verj)33. lfne (verj)3?. aie (fg sibe, relaige)34. sit (verj)39. stmgb (verj)?8. oive (verj)?=. smy (verj)†?:. sug?<. nffg (gft =95:)†?2. stmr

?5. wmter (gfug)?3. rmig (gfug, =95: verj)??. stfge?4. smgb?9. emrtd (>sfia)48. lafub (gft fo)4=. snfè (gfug, f re)4:. re4<. msd(es)42. jurg (verj igtr.!)45. pmtd (=95: rfmb, trmia0 gft street)43. nfugtmig (gft diaa)4?. reb (lfafur)44. oreeg (lfafur)49. yeaafw (lfafur)98. wdite (lfafur)9=. jaml` (lfafur)9:. giodt9<. dft (mbkeltive0 =95: wmrn, f wemtder)

92. lfab (f wemtder)95. uaa†93. gew 9?. offb94. rfugb (gft =95:)†99. bry (sujstmgle!)=88. gmne

Mppegbix M; Gmtamgo exmnpaes fr usigo \wmbesdaist tf reelt reamtifgsdips jetweeg reamteb

amgoumoes;

29



Zfnmgimg vs ftder ZfnmgleAmgoumoes

(I sinpaieb tde aist jy fgay lfgsiberigotde lfnnfgay useb wfrbs)

Fg rst aff`, it wfuab aff` aiè tdmt Zfnmgimg dmb wfrbstmèg rfn ftder amgoumoes jesibe Amtig. Dfwever, tdfse wfrbsmltumaay berive rfn Amtig, sf Zfnmgimg useb m bieregt Amtigwfrb. Ris digts mt; Bieregt egvirfgnegt fr Zfnmgimg

Egoaisd vs ftder Oernmgil Amgoumoes

Re tdree Egoaisd wfrbs mjfve mre beriveb rfn Amtig, iglfgtrmst witd tde wfrb rfn ftder amgoumoes. Digts mt; Iguegle

f Amtig (vim Cregld) fg aexilfg f Egoaisd.

Xdiaippige Amgoumoes vs ftder Mustrfgesimg Amgoumoes

Cfr tde exmnpaes oiveg, tde wfrbs mre siniamr tf \pmgisd. Digtsmt; Nmss jfrrfwigo rfn \pmgisd.

* Lfgbegseb rfn Ayae Lmnpjeaa’s Distfrilma Aigouistils; Mg Igtrfbultifgmgb Xmua Deoomrty’s Jeyfgb aexilfstmtistils; dfw tf oet nfre fut f —wfrbaist’ lfnpmrisfgs.

58



Mrmjil jeafgos tf m lfrpus fc amgoumoes lmaaeb tde

\enitil amgoumoes. Bicceregt crfn ftder \enitil

amgoumoes, spfèg Mrmjil dms bicceregt vergmluamrs

wdild vmry crfn fge oeformpdil mrem tf mgftder. Cfr

igstmgle, Nfrfllmg Mrmjil, \yrimg Mrmjil, etl.

Mrmjil is very weaa `gfwg cfr its lfnpaexity ig tde

bfnmig fc aigouistils, it sdmres ig lfnnfg nmgy tdigos

witd ftder amgoumoes, yet biccers crfn tden siogilmgtay

ms weaa ig terns fc pdfgfafoy, nfrpdfafoy, sygtmx, mgb

senmgtils.

Aet us je nfre netiluafus mjfut twf nmkfr lfnpfgegts

- pdfgfafoy, mgb nfrpdfafoy. Ig pdfgfafoy, Mrmjil dms

lfgsfgmgts mgb vfweas wdild mre sdmreb witd Egoaisd,

jut Mrmjil dms extrm sfugbs tdmt Egoaisd bfes gft dmve,

cfr exmnpae sfugbs tdmt mre prfbuleb crfn tde pdmrygx

(lmaaeb pdmrygoema sfugbs), /خ/,/ع/, mgb masf Uvuamr

lfgsfgmgts, wdeg tde jml` fc tde tfgoue lfnes ig

lfgtmlt witd tde uvuam tf prfgfugle /q/ي/. Rdmt is, ic

yfu ms` mg Mnerilmg tf prfgfgle tde wfrb —qmamj’ (demrt), de wiaa lertmigay prfgfugle it ‑`mamj„ (bfo ig

Egoaisd), nemgigo tdmt lertmig sfugbs mre gft aemrgeb

lfrreltay burigo amgoumoe mlquisitifg. Nfrefver, ig

terns fc syaamjae strultures, wdild mre pdfgfafoilma

—ugits’ wdere vfweas mgb lfgsfgmgts mre orfupeb

tfoetder, tde syaamjae is bivibeb igtf tdree pmrts; tde

fgset, tde gulaeus, mgb tde lfbm.

\tmgbmrb Mrmjil; Xdfgfafoy, Nfrpdfafoy0Zmpprfldenegts witd Egoaisd

Ig Mrmjil tde fgset is nmgbmtfry, every wfrb nust dmve

mg fgset. Rde lfbm bfes gft lfgtrijuteb tf tde rdyne(

tde weiodt fc tde syaamjae), it is lfgsibereb tf je extrm-

syaamjil, mgb it mttmldes bireltay tf tde tde syaamjae, cfr

igstmgle tde wfrb (tmj), repegts ig Egoaisd, lmg jeث

syaamjieb mllfrbigoay ms tde cfaafwigo;

Ig mbbitifg, tde cfaafwigo questifg nust je rmiseb;

_dere bfes emld syaamjae jeoig mgb egb 6 Gf begitifg

dms omigeb ugiversma mlleptmgle, jut aigouists moree fg

twf priglipaes; tde Nmxinmaisn Fgset Xriglipae mgb

tde \fgfrity Xriglipae.

Rde cfrner is respelteb ig Mrmjil ms maa amgoumoes, jut

tde amtter, wdild ofvergs tde bistrijutifg fc sfugbs

igsibe m syaamjae, is vifamteb ig nmgy lmses wdild

nmbe nfberg aigouists struooae tf tdig` fc mgftder

matergmtive. Cfr igstmgle, tde wfrb ig Mrmjil; \MTZ (

rfl` ig Egoaisd) lmg je jrfèg pdfgfafoilmaay ms tdecfaafwigo;

Ig tde exmnpae mjfve, tde pfsitifg fc tde lfgsfgmgt

lfbm /x/ mgb /r/ vifamte tde sfgfrity ruae (ms tde sfugbs

bf gft cfaafw tde priglipae fc jelfnigo nfre sfgfrfus

witdig tde wfrb). Rdis sdfws tdmt it is quite bicluat tf

nmè mgy tdefry ugiversma mgb mppay it tf maa amgoumoes,

aet mafge Mrmjil.

Ig nfrpdfafoy, Mrmjil is nuld nfre rild mgb lfnpaex

ic we lfnpmre it tf Egoaisd, mgb tde evibegle seens tf

suooest tdmt ig tde nmkfrity fc Mrmjil wfrbs, Mrmjil

lfgsfgmgts dmve mg exlausive senmgtil cugltifg tdmt

biccers crfn tdmt fc tde vfweas.

5=



Lfgsfgmgts ig mg Mrmjil sten manfst mawmys lmrry tde

aexilma nemgigo fc tdmt sten. Sfweas fg tde ftder dmgb

dmve tde cugltifg fc nmìgo ormnnmtilma bistigltifgs.

=. qmtmam —de ìaaeb’

:. qmtiia —ìaaeb sigouamr’

<. qmmtia —ìaaer’

2. nuqmmtia —odter’

5. qmttmam —de fver ̀ iaaeb’3. qitmma —odtigo gfug’

?. qitmmai —odtigo mbk’

4. qmta —tde mlt fc ìaaigo’

9. nmqtma —cmtma wfugb’ fr —tde ìaaigo fc’

=8. qtamm —ìaaeb paurma’

Rde mjfve is jut m sujset fc pfssijae stens tdmt lmg

je oegermteb crfn tde rfft P]RA^ nemgigo —ìaaigo’.

Berivmtifgs fc bicceregt cfrns bf gft mater tde nenjers

fc tde rfft gfr tdeir frber. Igstemb, berivmtifgs mremllfnpaisdeb jy nfbicyigo tde vflmaisn. Emld sten

dms m bicceregt vflmaisn wdiae tde lfgsfgmgts fc tde

rfft renmig lfgstmgt. Rdis weaa `gfwg mgb mttesteb

fjservmtifg dms prfcfugb inpailmtifgs cfr Mrmjil

speeld relfogitifg mgb Mrmjil amgoumoe temldigo.

Mrmjil spemèrs seen tf dmve igtuitifgs mjfut tde

rfae fc lfgsfgmgts mgb vfweas ig tdeir amgoumoe.

Ugaiè spemèrs fc ftder amgoumoes, Mrmjil spemèrs

lmg mccfrb tf pmy aess mttegtifg tf tde vfweas tdmg tde

lfgsfgmgts sigle fgay lfgsfgmgts lmrry tde senmgtil

nemgigo wdild is nfre lrulima tf ugberstmgbigo tde

nessmoe tdmg tde ormnnmtilma igcfrnmtifg lmrrieb jy

tde vflmaisn is.

Rde Mrmjil wfrb cfr —dere’ is /dugm/ ig N\M (Nfberg

\tmgbmrb Mrmjil), /digm/ ig Eoyptimg Mrmjil, /dffg/ ig

Aevmgtige Mrmjil mgb /dgi/ ig Ouac Mrmjil. Mg Mrmjil

spemèr demrigo tdis wfrb jy m spemèr fc mgftder bimaelt

bfes gft geeb tf tdig` twile jecfre reamtigo wdmt de

demrb tf tde equivmaegt ig dis bimaelt jelmuse tdey sdmre

tde smne lfgsfgmgts mgb biccer fgay ig tde vflmaisn.Rde inpailmtifgs cfr speeld relfogitifg is tdmt trmigigo

Mrmjil speeld relfogitifg systens wfuab je bicceregt

crfn trmigigo tde systen cfr ftder amgoumoes. Rrmigigo

cfr Mrmjil lfuab mssiog nfre weiodt tf lfgsfgmgts tdmg

tf vfweas. {mm —ìaaeb paurma}’.

Ig spite fc tde lfnpaexity fc \tmgbmrb Mrmjil, it lmg

gft je emsiay testeb witdig tde crmnewfr` fc oegermtive

ormnnmr - tdmt is, ig frber cfr m amgoumoe tf je stubieb

we nust reay fg igtuitifgs fc tde gmtive spemèrs fc

m lertmig lfnnugity. Rdis is inpfssijae, jelmuse

\tmgbmrb Mrmjil is gft useb ms tde prinmry amgoumoe

fc lfnnugities mrfugb tde wfrb, rmtder it is useb ms m

selfgb amgoumoe mgb is aemrgeb mt sldffa.

5:



~ Lfgamgos Nfgtday; _e mpprelimte tde tine yfu’vetmèg tf mgswer sfne questifgs we dmve cfr yfu, sftf stmrt witd, wdeg bib yfu rst jelfne igteresteb iglfgamgos6

Bmvib; I ouess I jelmne igteresteb ig lfgamgos igoegerma wdeg I stmrteb lfgamgoigo ny resdnmg yemr flfaaeoe ig :888.

I wmsg’t mltumaay mwmre tdmt tdere were pefpae wdflremteb amgoumoes futsibe A. A. [mnegdf mgb sfnef dis lfnpetitfrs rfn tde amte =9td mgb emray :8tdlegturies.Rmt igfrnmtifg I oft rfn tde Espermgtf lamss I tff`ms m resdnmg mt Jerèaey. Futsibe f tdmt, I wmsg’tmwmre f mgy ftder amgoumoe lremtfrs.

~ LN; Dfw bf yfu tdig` wiber sfliety perleivesamgoumoe lremtifg6

Bmvib; Rmt’s sfnetdigo tdmt’s ldmgoeb rmbilmaay fvertde yemrs‒ig mlt, it’s ldmgoeb tde nfst fver tde yemrsI’ve jeeg mltive. _deg I stmrteb, tf tde extegt tdmt mgyfgedmb demrb f amgoumoe lremtifg (mgb tdfse wdf dmb wereew mgb mr jetweeg), tde nfst lfnnfg remltifg wmsfge f stupeeb bisjeaie. Nfst pefpae I eglfugterebfr demrb f tdfuodt it wms remaay, remaay weirb, mgbf gf prmltilma vmaue. Every sf feg tdere wfuab jesfnefge wdf tdfuodt it wms gemt, mgb sfnewdereig jetweeg tdfse twf orfups were tdfse wdf remltebgeomtiveay, mttrijutigo tde besire tf lremte amgoumoestf mgytdigo rfn negtma igstmjiaity tf neomafnmgim.Ugbfujtebay tdere were mgb mre amgoumoe lremtfrs wdfmre negtmaay ugstmjae mgb masf neomafnmgimls. Gemraymaa tde amgoumoe lremtfrs I’ve net, tdfuod, were kustfrbigmry fa` espelimaay igteresteb ig amgoumoe‒mgb Itdig` f amte, tdis is wdmt tde nmkfrity f pefpae dmvelfne tf ugberstmgb. Ever sigle Re Afrb f tde Zigosnfvies bejuteb, nfre mgb nfre pefpae dmve demrb famgoumoe lremtifg, mgb sf gfw it, kust aiè mg ltifg,

is m tdigo pefpae dmve demrb f, wdild nmès it nuldnfre gfrnma mgb mlleptmjae tf tde nmkfrity f pefpaewdf wfuabg’t ftderwise je igteresteb fr fppfseb.

~ LN; Ms m prfcessifgmaay trmigeb aigouist, bf yfuceea tdmt lfgamgoigo is tmèg serifusay ig tde eab fcaigouistils6

Bmvib; It bepegbs wdmt tmèg serifusay nemgs. Momig,tde oegerma fpigifg dms inprfveb oremtay fver tine, mgbI tdig` I mgb ftder lfgamgoers ig tde eab f aigouistilsdmve dmb m aft tf bf witd tdmt. Cfr exmnpae, tde rsttine I negtifgeb lfgamgoigo tf m prfessfr f nige‒Kfdg Nl_dfrter‒ig :88=, de amuodeb mgb msèb i I’bjeeg nessigo mrfugb witd Espermgtf.

Ig :8=<, tweave yemrs amter, de put tfoetder tdis vibeffr EBEb

dttps;//www.yfutuje.lfn/wmtld6v>m5n[8Z<d4n8

Mgb, dfgestay, I tdig` tdmt’s fge f tde jest pfpuamrbeegles f lfgamgoigo I’ve ever seeg‒lertmigay tdejest bfge jy m gfg-lfgamgoer.

Igterview witd

Bmvib K. Xetersfg

Bmvib K. Xetersfg is mg Mnerilmg aigouist mgbamgoumoe lremtfr. \tubyigo mt Ugiversity f Lmaifrgim,

Jerèaey rfn =999 tf :88<, de releiveb J.M. beoreesig Egoaisd mgb ig aigouistils. De releiveb mg N.M. igaigouistils rfn Ugiversity f Lmaifrgim, \mg Bieof.

Bmvib Xetersfg is jest `gfwg fr lremtigo tdeBftdrmì mgb Smayrimg amgoumoes fr tde DJF seriesOmne f Rrfges (sigle :889) mgb tde Lmstitdmg mgbIrmtdiegt amgoumoes fr \yy’s Bemgle (sigle :8==),jut dms jeeg lremtigo amgoumoes sigle :888.

De masf lremteb tde amgoumoe useb jy tde Bmr` Eaves

ig tde nfvie Rfr; Re Bmr` _frab. Ig :88?, de lf-fugbeb tde Amgoumoe Lremtifg \fliety, witd gigeftder amgoumoe lremtfrs, mgb serveb ms its presibegt(:8=:-:8=2). -_iìpebim-

5<



Ris is remaay dfw pujail fpigifg ldmgoes. It stmrts witdpersfgma igtermltifgs tdmt evegtumaay aemb tf ldmgoes.I tdig` aigouistils is ig tde nibst f tdmt, witd respelttf lfgamgoigo. M aft f aigouistils stubegts sdfw mgigterest, mgb m aft f bepmrtnegts mre respfgbigo, sfneusigo nfre lremteb amgoumoe exmnpaes ig tde lamssrffn0ftders eveg ferigo lfgamgoigo lfurses.

_dmt renmigs tf je seeg is wdmt rfae lfgamgoigo wiaapamy ig mlmbenil aigouistils. Lurregtay I tdig` tde kury’sstiaa fut. I bfg’t tdig` tdere’s mgyfge serifusay stubyigomgy pmrtiluamr lfgamgos fr mgy remsfg, mgb prfjmjayew i mgy wdf stuby lfgamgoigo tde mltivity. I tdig`tdere’s sfnetdigo f igterest tdere sliegtilmaay, jutI’n gft sure wdmt (tdere’s m remsfg I’n gft ig mlmbenimmgynfre). I inmoige sfnefge wiaa oure it fut mgb itwiaa wfr` its wmy igtf mlmbenil aigouistils, jut I tdig`tdmt wiaa mltumaay dmppeg nuld amter tdmg oegerma pujail

mwmregess mgb mlleptmgle.

~ LN; _dmt is yfur amgoumoe-beveafpigo netdfb6

Bmvib; Ig ny segifr yemr ig lfaaeoe, I belibeb tf oetserifus mjfut lremtigo gmturmaistil m prifri amgoumoes,mgb tdmt’s pretty nuld maa I’ve jeeg bfigo ever sigle._deg I igitimaay set mjfut bfigo tdis, I bib tde mïmbenetdfb, i yfu lfuab lmaa it tdere, wdere yfu nmè itaff` aiè yfur amgoumoe dms mg ig-beptd distfry jedigbit, bespite tde mlt tdmt it bfesg’t. \f, fr exmnpae,`gfwigo tdmt gmturma amgoumoes emture irreouamrity, fgewiaa rmgbfnay sprigàe irreouamr frns igtf m lfgamgotf nmè it aff` gmturma. Re resuat is saiodtay nfregmturmaistil affìgo tdmg m strmiodt up reouamr amgoumoe,jut nfst lfgamgoers lmg spft it strmiodt f.

Amte ig ormbumte sldffa mgb ig tde yemrs tf faafw, Ijelmne nfre igteresteb ig tde rffts f irreouamrity mgbtde frioigs f ormnnmr. \igle tdeg I’ve wfrèb rfnprftf-amgoumoes, fr, i tdere’s gf tine fr it, prftf-stmtes

tdmt resuat gmturmaay ig irreouamrity mgb gmturmaistiligeltifg systens mgb berivmtifg. Rmt’s wdere I’n mtmt tde nfnegt.

~ LN; _dere bf yfu oet yfur igspirmtifg cfr yfurwfr`6

Bmvib; Bepegbs fg tde prfkelt, remaay. _itd tde sdfwsI wfr` fg, it mawmys lfnes rfn tde slripts fr tdepefpae‒fr extergma lfgstrmigts tde bireltfrs, writersmgb prfbulers dmve. Rmt nmès it rmgbfn, wdild lmgje rustrmtigo, jut it’s ug.I dmb m remaay spelil ibem ig nigb fr tde amgoumoeI lremteb fr \tmr-Lrfsseb fg tde L_, jut tde sdfw’slremtfr wmgteb pretty nuld mgytdigo jut tdmt, wdildfrleb ne ig m tftmaay bieregt bireltifg. Re resuat wmssfnetdigo pretty wiab tdmt I egbeb up aiìgo quite m jit.

Cfr ny fwg prfkelts, I wms mawmys iguegleb eitderjy gmturma amgoumoes fr aigouistil pdegfnegm I smwmgb wms igteresteb wdiae tmìgo lamsses. Jut I dmveg’t

mltumaay lremteb m gew amgoumoe fr nysea sigle I wms igormbumte sldffa. Ig jetweeg tdmt mgb Omne f Rrfges,I wms nmigay wfrìgo fg @mnm`mwi, ms weaa ms sfne fny ftder amgoumoes. _deg I evegtumaay stfp wfrìgo ig

S mgb an, I’n gft sure wdere igspirmtifg wiaa lfnerfn‒fr i I’aa eveg lremte m gew amgoumoe momig, rmtdertdmg wfrìgo fg tde fges I’ve maremby lremteb. I ouesswe’aa gb fut!

~ LN; Dfw is yfur reamtifgsdip witd Oefroe Z. Z.Nmrtig mgb dis wfr`6

Bmvib; Oefroe Z. Z. Nmrtig is very jusy, sf we bfg’tlfnnugilmte nuld mt maa, jut we dmve mgb bf fgfllmsifg. De’s suppfrtive f tde amgoumoes I’ve lremtebfr tde sdfw, mgb dms tmèg steps tf iglfrpfrmte tdenig dis wfr`, wdild is remaay lffa.

Cfr nysea, I’ve remb everytdigo jut tde Bug` mgb Eootmaes, mgb I’n gft yet gisdeb witd Re _frab f Ile mgbCire.

I wms quite ormteua fr tde amtter, tdfuod, ms it prfnisestf aa ig sfne igfrnmtifg mjfut tde aives f tde frioigmaSmayrimg spemèrs‒sfnetdigo tdmt renmigs nysterifusig tde ve jff`s pujaisdeb tdus mr.

~ LN; Lmg yfu teaa us mjfut mg igterestigo situmtifglfglergigo lfgamgoigo yfu wegt tdrfuod6

Bmvib; Fge f tde nfre igterestigo mgb ldmaaegoigotdigos I’ve bfge ms m lfgamgoer I’ve bfge twile; tdeIgverse Lfgamgo Zeamy. Nfst lfgamgoers `gfw wdmt mreamy is mt tdis pfigt. tde Igverse Zeamy dmb pmrtilipmgtswrite m text ig sfnefge ease’s amgoumoe mgb segb tdmttext tf tde lremtfr f tde lfgamgo.

I pmrtilipmteb twile, fgle usigo Kin Degry’s oyê-zyn-jyg, mgb fgle usigo \yavim \ftfnmyfr’s @Ĝaeg. I tdigòyê-zyn-jyg jrfè ne0 I bib m terrijae kfj. It wms remaayigterestigo tf see sfnefge use ny amgoumoe, @mnm`mwi,tdfuod. It wms Mrtdmey Mgofsii wdf useb nige jftdtines. \de bib tdigos I tftmaay bibg’t mgtilipmte it, wdildnmès yfu jftd retdig` yfur bflunegtmtifg, jut masfretdig` dfw yfur amgoumoe lmg pfssijay wfr`. It wms moremt exerlise.

~ LN; _dild lfgamgo fc yfurs wms tde dmrbest tfnmè mgb wdy6

Bmvib; Emld f tden dmb bieregt ldmaaegoes. Re fgeI oegermaay tdig` f ms tde dmrbest is Irmtdiegt, jut it’s

52



mltumaay kust tde dmrbest tf use. It lmne tfoetder mirayweaa. Xrfjmjay tde dmrbest is fge I’n wfrìgo fg riodtgfw, tdfuod I lmg’t tma` mjfut it yet.

I’n dmvigo sfne rema jafl`s witd it, tdfuod. It’s fbb.I’n lremtigo twf amgoumoes riodt gfw fr twf bieregtsdfws, mgb fge is ofigo oremt0 tde ftder I’n lfgstmgtayoettigo stul` witd. I’n sure I’aa wfr` tdrfuod it. I masf

spegt m aft f tine witd tde Diod Smayrimg verj systen.

I wmgteb tdmt tf wfr` fut kust riodt, sf I put m aft fwfr` igtf. It wms tmxigo, jut I’n quite paemseb witd tdewmy it lmne fut.

~ LN; Ig :889, yfu were rstay lmaaeb up tf wfr`witd tde series —M \fgo fc Ile mgb Cire’. Dfw bib tdmtdmppeg6 Dmb yfu dmb mgy previfus prfcessifgma

lfgamgoigo experiegles jecfre tdmt6

Bmvib; Ig tde sunner f :889, tde Amgoumoe Lremtifg\fliety (AL\) wms lfgtmlteb jy Bmg _eiss mgb BmvibJegif, tde lremtfrs f Omne f Rrfges. Rey wmgtebsfnefge tf lremte m amgoumoe fr Omne f Rrfges. Represibegt f tde AL\, \mi, tdeg wfrèb witd DJF tf putm lfgtrmlt ig pamle, mgb de set up m lfnpetitifg wdildde mggfugleb tf tde amgoumoe lremtifg lfnnugity mtamroe. I mppaieb mafgo witd frty fr sf ftders wdf wereigteresteb. Re lfgtest igvfaveb twf rfugbs f kuboigo,tde rst jy amgoumoe lremtfrs, mgb tde selfgb jy tdeprfbulers.

Re lfnpetitifg amsteb m lfupae nfgtds, mgb nmgymppailmgts brfppeb fut mafgo tde wmy. It wms mg fpeg-egbeb mppailmtifg, sf tdere wms gf lmp fg tde mnfugtf nmterima yfu lfuab lremte mgb sujnit fr kuboigo.

I wfrèb fg ny mppailmtifg pretty nuld every wmìgodfur f tde bmy tdrfuodfut jftd rfugbs. Jy tde tine

fur gma prfpfsmas were bue, I dmb fver <88 pmoes fnmterima, mgb tde Bftdrmì amgoumoe wms nfstay bfge. Iwms frtugmte egfuod tf je seaelteb ms tde wigger, mgbrfn tdeg fg I wms tde amgoumoe lremtfr fg tde series.Fd, mgb gf, I dmbg’t dmb mgy ftder serifus prfessifgmalfgamgoigo kfjs jefre tdmt.

~ LN; Bib yfu ever expelt tdmt yfu wfuab jeenpafyeb tf lremte amgoumoes6

Bmvib; _deg I rst stmrteb lremtigo amgoumoes, Itdfuodt it wfuab je pfssijae, jelmuse I tdfuodt I wmstde rst fge sigle [mnegdf tf lremte amgoumoes‒mgblertmigay tde rst ever tf lremte m amgoumoe gft igtegbebfr igtergmtifgma lfnnugilmtifg. _deg I fugb tdeoremter lfgamgoigo lfnnugity, tdfuod, mgb aemrgebmjfut tdeir struooaes mgb igtermltifgs witd tde wiberwfrab, I wms quite lertmig tdmt it wms tftmaay ugremaistil tftdig` mgyfge lfuab ever nmè nfgey bfigo sf. I tdig`tdis is tde wmy nfst f us eat ugtia Omne f Rrfgesdmppegeb maa f m subbeg.

~ LN; Mgb amstay, wdmt mbvile wfuab yfu oive tfjeoiggigo lfgamgoers6

Bmvib; Kust ms jeoiggigo writers geeb tf remb mgb writelfgstmgtay, jeoiggigo lfgamgoers geeb tf stuby amgoumoemgb lfgamgo lfgstmgtay. Ig mbbitifg tf stubyigo biversegmturma amgoumoes (i yfu spem` Egoaisd mgb dmve stubieb\pmgisd ig sldffa, it’s gft jrfmbegigo yfur dfrizfgs

egfuod tf stuby Cregld f Oernmg.

Of futsibe Igbf-Eurfpemg. \tuby Kmpmgese, fr _mrapiri,fr Ldildewm), tdere mre m wematd f exleaaegt lfgamgoswdild dmve jeeg bflunegteb fgaige. Ldmgles mre iyfu lmg tdig` f it, sfne lfgamgo fr gmtamgo dms bfgeit maremby (aièay jftd). It pmys tf je weaa-remb, wdeg itlfnes tf lfgamgos tdmt dmve jeeg lremteb ig tde pmst.I aemrgeb pretty nuld everytdigo I `gfw jy stubyigoftders’ lfgamgos; \maay Lmves, Bmvib Jeaa, Kfdg ]uikmbm,

Nmtt Xemrsfg, \yavim \ftfnmyfr, Mnmgbm Currfw, Nim\fberquist… Rere mre slfres mvmiamjae, mgb nuld ftde wfr` tdmt’s jeeg betmiaeb ig uaa fgaige is exleaaegt.

Rmg` yfu very nuld fr yfur wfrbs, I wisd yfu maatde jest.

55



‑ Lfne, mgb dmvigo ofge bfwg aet us tdere lfgfugbtdeir tfgoue, tdmt tdey nmy gft ugberstmgb emld tde

vfile f dis geiodjfur. Mgb tde Afrb slmttereb tdentdegle fver tde mle f maa tde emrtd, mgb tdey aec fjuiabigo tde lity mgb tde tfwer. Fg tdis mllfugt itsgmne wms lmaaeb Lfgusifg, jelmuse tdere tde Afrblfgfugbeb tde amgoumoes f maa tde emrtd, mgb tdegletde Afrb slmttereb tden upfg tde mle f maa tde emrtd„

Oegesis ==;?-9, Jregtfg’s Egoaisd rmgsamtifg f tde\eptumoigt

I fge fpegs tdeir laemg, aemtder-jfugb, @igo KmnesJijae fg tdeir sdeaves, tdey nmy ms` tdenseaves;Dfw bf we `gfw jijailma text wms suppfseb tf jeexmltay aiè tdmt6 _dere bib tdey oet tdeir frioigmatexts6 Matdfuod tdis questifg lfuab je mir sinpaymgswereb, we wiaa of strmiodt jml` tf tde MgliegtNibbae Emst, usigo tdis aemb tf juiab tde mrtilae maamafgo.Matdfuod sfne distfrimgs wiaa bismoree witd tdeKubef-Ldristimg trmbitifg f bmtigo tde rst ve

jff`s f tde Jijae (tde Xegtmteuld fr frmd) jml`tf Nfses fver tdree tdfusmgb yemrs ig tde pmst, tdeystiaa moree mt aemst m snmaa pmrt f wdmt is tfbmy tdejijailma text bmtes jml` tf tde tines tde Isrmeaiteswere ofvergigo tdenseaves, tdmt is, jefre tdeMssyrimg lfgquest jy tde amte SIII legtury J.L.. Mafgo trmbitifg f writigo \lripture bfwg, tdfuod,is bmteb ig tde emraiest tf tde Jmjyafgimg exiae,witd tde fabest nmguslripts dmvigo jeeg fugb igpmrtima frns ms wdmt is `gfwg ms tde Bemb \em

\lrfaas. Ris trmbitifg wfuab je evegtumaay `gfwgms ‑Nmsfrmd„, wdild wfuab gmne its èepers jy tdeEmray Nibbae Moes, afgo mer tde Dejrew amgoumoedmb lfnpaeteay lemseb tf je gmtiveay spfèg, tde

‑Nmsfretes„, tdeir prfbult `gfwg ms tde ‑Nmsfretilext„. Nuld jefre tdfse lfpyists were struooaigotf èep tdeir Dejrew mgb Mrmnmil prfbultifg fg,

dfwever, Oree` amgoumoe wms fg tde rise mnfgoexiaeb Kews, oivigo rise tf m luaturma pdegfnegfg`gfwg ms Deaaegistil Kubmisn.

Mgb tdis is wdere tde \eptumoigt egters. Mg mgliegtaeoegb smys Xdmrmfd Xtfaeny II, wdf reiogeb ig tdeemray III legtury J.L., ldfse six eabers rfn emld ftde tweave trijes f Isrmea, pamligo emld ig m sepmrmteldmnjer, mgb msèb tden tf trmgsamte tde frmd tfOree`. Ig tdmt nfnegt, Ofb wfuab dmve igspirebemld fge f tden, regberigo tde rst ve jff`sf wdmt wfuab evegtumaay je tde wdfae \eptumoigtlmgfg. Zeerrigo tf m versifg ig wdild sevegty eaberswere lmaaeb tf bf tde kfj, \migt Muoustige gmneb ittde Sersif \eptumoigtm Igterpretun (‑versifg f tdesevegty igterpreters„).

Cfr tde wibe spremb f Ldristimgity mnfgo Oree`spemèrs, tde \eptumoigt wms tde fge tf je useb jy

emray Ldristimgs. Fab estmnegt quftes ig tde Gewestmnegt (wdild is manfst ugmginfusay moreeb tfdmve jeeg writteg frioigmaay ig Oree`) mre laemraytmèg bireltay rfn tde \eptumoigt, sfnetinessdfwigo sujstmgtima bieregles rfn tde Nmsfretilext, ms ig tde exmnpae jeafw. It wms useb tf bevisetde vmst nmkfrity f emray Jijae trmgsamtifgs mgbextegsiveay qufteb jy emray tdefafoimgs. ‑de is jrfuodt ms m amnj tf tde samuodter, mgb ms msdeep jefre der sdemrers is bunj, sf de fpegetd

gft dis nfutd. De wms tmèg rfn prisfg mgb rfn kubonegt; mgb wdf sdmaa belamre dis oegermtifg6 frde wms lut f fut f tde amgb f tde aivigo;„(Ismimd 5<;?,4, @KS)

Re \eptumoigt;M \dfrt Distfry Fc Jijae rmgsamtifg

Mgb Lmgfgility

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‑(…) de wms aeb ms m sdeep tf tde samuodter, mgb msm amnj jefre tde sdemrer is bunj, sf de fpegs gftdis nfutd. Ig dis duniaimtifg dis kubonegt wmstmèg mwmy; wdf sdmaa belamre dis oegermtifg6 frdis aie is tmèg mwmy rfn tde emrtd; (…)„(Ismimd 5<;?,4, Jregtfg)

‑De wms aeb ms m sdeep tf tde samuodter0 mgb aiè mamnj bunj jefre dis sdemrer, sf fpegeb de gft disnfutd; Ig dis duniaimtifg dis kubonegt wms tmègmwmy; mgb wdf sdmaa belamre dis oegermtifg6 fr disaie is tmèg rfn tde emrtd.„(Mlts 4;<:,<<, @KS)Jesibes amgoumoe itsea mgb tdfse snmaa ldmgoes deremgb tdere, tdere is m striìgo bieregle jetweegtde \eptumoigt mgb tde Nmsfretil ext; wdiae fur\enitil versifg èeps :2 jff`s, gft fgay bib tde

\eptumoigt spait tdfse igtf <9 fr prmltilma remsfgs,jut it masf dms sfne egtireay gew jff`s. Rfsebieregles, wdild nmgy nfberg begiers (ms wewiaa amter see) see ms mbbitifgs mgb lmaa mpflrypdma,mre nfre oegermaay `gfwg ms beuterflmgfgilma.Mafgo tde gext legturies f Ldristimg distfry, tderewms gft nuld mttegtifg tf tdfse bieregles. Ms\migt Kerfne, ig tde amte IS legtury, fugb m snmaapmrt f tdfse ugsuitmjae mgb trmgsamteb tde rest igtfAmtig, juiabigo tde Suaomte, useb ms mg mutdfritmtive

versifg ig tde Zfnmg Lmtdfail _est, Jyzmgtiges,fr exmnpae, èpt tde \eptumoigt ms tdey `gew it,wdiae sfne trmbitifgs, suld ms tdfse ig nimpdysite\yrim mgb Etdifpim, wfuab juiab eveg afgoer lmgfgs.M oremt lmgfgilma bislussifg wfuab evegtumaay mriseig tde _esterg wfrab tde TSI legtury, wdeg tdeOernmg tdefafoimg Nmrtig Autder, dfabigo fg tdereaimjiaity f tde Nmsfretil ext, begieb tde bivigeigspirmtifg f tde beuterflmgfgilma jff`s, wdild

bib gft sdfw up tdere. Ris wfuab aemb tf m strieegbigo witd tde begitive nmigaige Xrftestmgtbegima f tdeir mutdfrity, wdiae tde Zfnmg LmtdfailLdurld wfuab remrn tdeir equma lmgfgility fglefr maa ig tde Lfuglia f regt. Re Mgoailmg Ldurld,dfabigo tf m pfsitifg siniamr tf tdmt Autder dinseadmb fgle tmèg, wfuab evegtumaay dfab tden ms fselfgbmry mutdfrity.Mnfgo nfberg trmgsamtifgs, seabfn wiaa we gbtdfse tmèg rfn tde \eptumoigt, ugaess we mre

tmaìgo mjfut tde beuterflmgilma jff`s fugb igZfnmg Lmtdfail, Mgoailmg mgb sfne elunegilma

versifgs. Re legtrmaity f tde \eptumoigt ig EmstergFrtdfbfxy, tdfuod, oives it m siogilmgt pamle fr tdetrmgsamtifg f tde Fab estmnegt fr tde Frtdfbfx,matdfuod sfne Frtdfbfx trmgsamtifgs, suld mstde wibespremb Zussimg-amgoumoe \ygfbma Jijae,mre tmèg rfn tde Nmsfretil ext. It dms m snmaagunjer f trmgsamtifgs igtf tde Egoaisd amgoumoe,suld ms tdmt f \ir Amgleaft Jregtfg, pujaisdeb ig=45= mgb useb fr tdis mrtilae, fr tde Frtdfbfx\tuby Jijae, beviseb fr tde Emsterg Frtdfbfx mgbresenjaigo tde Gew @igo Kmnes Sersifg ig nmgyemtures.

Cfr m nmtter f lfnpmrisfg, aet us tmè m aff` fg jftd@igo Kmnes mgb Jregtfg’s regberigo fr tde Xsman:< (wdild is gunjereb ::gb ig tde \eptumoigt).‑Re AFZB is ny sdepderb0 I sdmaa gft wmgt. De nmètd ne tf aie bfwg ig oreeg pmstures; deaembetd ne jesibe tde stiaa wmters. De restfretd ny sfua; de aembetd ne ig tde pmtds f

riodtefusgess fr dis gmne’s smè. Yem, tdfuod I wma` tdrfuod tde vmaaey f tde sdmbfwf bemtd, I wiaa emr gf evia; fr tdfu mrt witd ne0 tdyrfb mgb tdy stm tdey lfnfrt ne. Rfu prepmrest m tmjae jefre ne ig tde presegle fnige egenies; tdfu mgfigtest ny demb witd fia0 nylup ruggetd fver. \ureay offbgess mgb nerly sdmaa faafw ne maa tdebmys f ny aie; mgb I wiaa bweaa ig tde dfuse f tdeAFZB fr ever.„

(Xsmans :<, @KS)

‑M Xsman f Bmvib. Re Afrb tegbs ne ms m sdepderb,mgb I sdmaa wmgt gftdigo.

Ig m pamle f oreeg ormss, tdere de dms nmbe nebweaa; de dms gfurisdeb ne jy tde wmter f rest.

De dms restfreb ny sfua; de dms ouibeb ne igtf tdepmtds f riodtefusgess, fr dis gmne’s smè.

Yem, eveg i I sdfuab wma` ig tde nibst f tde sdmbfwf bemtd, I wiaa gft je mrmib f evias; fr tdfu mrt witdne0 tdy rfb mgb tdy stm, tdese dmve lfnfrteb ne.

Rfu dms prepmreb m tmjae jefre ne ig presegle ftden tdmt mflilt ne; tdfu dmst tdfrfuoday mgfigtebny demb witd fia0 mgb tdy lup ldeers ne aiè tdejest wige.

Ry nerly masf sdmaa faafw ne maa tde bmys f nyaie; mgb ny bweaaigo sdmaa je ig tde dfuse f tdeAfrb fr m very afgo tine.„

(Xsmans ::, Jregtfg)

5?



Jijaiformpdy mgb Ml`gfwaeboenegts

Inmoes Ig Re Nmomzige

Lrebit ofes tf;

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